Arctocephalus

Arctocephalus
New Zealand fur seal
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Suborder:	Caniformia
Parvorder:	Pinnipedia
Family:	Otariidae
Subfamily:	Arctocephalinae
Genus:	Arctocephalus É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & F. Cuvier in F. Cuvier, 1826
Type species
"Phoca ursina" [1] Schreber, 1775
Species
Arctocephalus gazella Arctocephalus townsendi Arctocephalus philippii Arctocephalus galapagoensis Arctocephalus pusillus Arctocephalus forsteri Arctocephalus tropicalis Arctocephalus australis
A. townsendi   A. galapagoensis   A. philippii   A. australis   A. gazella   A. tropicalis   A. pusillus   A. forsteri
Synonyms
Arctophoca Cynophoca

The genus Arctocephalus consists of the southern fur seals . Arctocephalus translates to "bear head".

Taxonomy

The number of species within the genus has been questioned, primarily based on limited molecular data. The issue is complicated because some of the species are able to produce fertile hybrids. A recent review recommended the retention of seven species, deprecating the New Zealand fur seals to a subspecies of the South American fur seal, while also questioning the status of the Guadalupe fur seal. ^[2] Other recent studies have indicated the genus may be paraphyletic, and some taxonomic reshuffling was previously done to account for this; however, more recent studies support it being monophyletic, with the alleged paraphyly being a consequence of incomplete lineage sorting. ^{[3] [4]}

Extant species

Cladogram [5]

Arctocephalus Brown fur seal Subantarctic fur seal Antarctic fur seal Guadalupe fur seal Juan Fernández fur seal Antipodean fur seal Galápagos fur seal South American fur seal

Genus Arctocephalus – É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & F. Cuvier, 1826 – eight species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Antarctic fur seal	Arctocephalus gazella (Peters, 1875)	Subantarctic islands	Size: Male: 180 cm (71 in) long; 130–200 kg (287–441 lb) Female: 120–140 cm (47–55 in) long; 22–50 kg (49–110 lb) [6] Habitat: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine [6] Diet: Krill, cephalopods, fish, and penguins [6]	LC  700,000–1,000,000
Guadalupe fur seal	Arctocephalus townsendi (Merriam, 1897)		Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Juan Fernández fur seal	Arctocephalus philippii (Peters, 1866)		Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Galápagos fur seal	Arctocephalus galapagoensis (Heller, 1904)	Galápagos Islands	Size: Male: 150–160 cm (59–63 in) long; 60–68 kg (132–150 lb) Female: 110–130 cm (43–51 in) long; 27–33 kg (60–73 lb) [7] Habitat: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine Diet: Small squids and a variety of fish	EN  10,000
Brown fur seal or Cape fur seal	Arctocephalus pusillus (Schreber, 1775) Two subspecies A. p. pusillus(Cape/South African fur seal) A. p. doriferus(Australian fur seal)	Southern African and Australian coasts (dark blue indicates breeding grounds)	Size: Male: 201–227 cm (79–89 in) long; 218–360 kg (481–794 lb) Female: 136–171 cm (54–67 in) long; 41–113 kg (90–249 lb) [8] Habitat: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine Diet: A wide variety of fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans, and sometimes African penguins and other seabirds	LC  1,060,000
New Zealand fur seal	Arctocephalus forsteri (Lesson, 1828)		Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Subantarctic fur seal	Arctocephalus tropicalis (Gray, 1872)		Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
South American fur seal	Arctocephalus australis (Zimmermann, 1783)		Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC

References

1. Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN   978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC   62265494.
2. Berta, A.; Churchill, M. (2012). "Pinniped Taxonomy: evidence for species and subspecies". Mammal Review. 42 (3): 207–234. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x.
3. Yonezawa, T.; et al. (2009). "The monophyletic origin of sea lions and fur seals (Carnivora; Otariidae) in the Southern Hemisphere". Gene. 441 (1–2): 89–99. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2009.01.022. PMID   19254754.
4. Lopes, Fernando; Oliveira, Larissa R; Kessler, Amanda; Beux, Yago; Crespo, Enrique; Cárdenas-Alayza, Susana; Majluf, Patricia; Sepúlveda, Maritza; Brownell, Robert L; Franco-Trecu, Valentina; Páez-Rosas, Diego (2020-12-26). "Phylogenomic Discordance in the Eared Seals is best explained by Incomplete Lineage Sorting following Explosive Radiation in the Southern Hemisphere". Systematic Biology. 70 (4): 786–802. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syaa099. hdl: 10923/20564 . ISSN   1063-5157. PMID   33367817.
5. Berta, Annalisa; Churchill, Morgan; Boessenecker, Robert W. (2018-05-30). "The Origin and Evolutionary Biology of Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 46 (1). Annual Reviews: 203–228. Bibcode:2018AREPS..46..203B. doi: 10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010009 . ISSN   0084-6597. S2CID   135439365.
6. Hofmeyr, G. J. G. (2016). "Arctocephalus gazella". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T2058A66993062. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T2058A66993062.en .
7. Trillmich, F. (2015). "Arctocephalus galapagoensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T2057A45223722. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T2057A45223722.en .
8. Hofmeyr, G. J. G. (2015). "Arctocephalus pusillus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T2060A45224212. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T2060A45224212.en .