List of fossil pinnipedimorphs

Last updated February 22, 2024

Pinnipeds are marine mammals that evolved from arctoid carnivorans that includes seals, eared seals, and walruses. There are 34 recent species of pinnipeds^[1] and 102 species of fossil pinnipeds and their stem-relatives (Pinnipedimorpha), collectively referred to as pinnipedimorphs.^[2] Scientists still debate on which lineage of arctoid carnviroans are the closest relatives to the pinnipedimorphs, being either more closely related to bears or to musteloids.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] Two stem-pinniped families found outside of Pinnipedimorpha, Amphicynodontidae and Semantoridae, were in the past considered to be subfamilies of Ursidae and Mustelidae respectively.^[8] In comparison to the two other major groups of marine or sea mammals, cetaceans and sirenians, pinnipeds are a relatively younger group having appeared about 24 to 38 million years ago and are still able to return on land to breed.

Phylogeny
Stem-pinniped arctoids
†Amphicynodontidae Simpson, 1945
†Semantoridae Orlov, 1931
Stem-pinniped pinnipedimorphs
†Enaliarctidae Mitchell & Tedford, 1973
Stem-pinniped pinnipediforms
†Pinnarctidion Barnes, 1979
†Pacificotaria Barnes, 1992
†Pteronarctos Barnes, 1989
Pinnipeds
Phocoidea J.E. Gray, 1821
Otarioidea J.E. Gray, 1821
See also
References

The list of fossil taxa is based on mostly the historiographical data from Valenzuela-Toro and Pyenson (2019).^[2] The two stem-pinniped arctoid families Amphicynodontidae and Semantoridae are included here as well, although neither family are members of Pinnipedimorpha.^[9] The list does not include the recently extinct Caribbean monk seal (Neomonachus tropicalis) and the Japanese sea lion (Zalophus japonicus), as they became extinct within the last two centuries.

Phylogeny

Below is an overall phylogeny of the taxa covered in the article followed after a composite tree in Berta et al. (2018)^[8] and a total-evidence (combined molecular-morphological) dataset in Paterson et al. (2020):^[9]

† Pinnarctidion

	† Pacificotaria

	† Pteronarctos

Pinnipedia

Phocoidea

	Phocidae

	† Eotaria

	Otariidae

Stem-pinniped arctoids

†Amphicynodontidae Simpson, 1945

† Amphicticeps Matthew & Granger, 1924
- †Amphicticeps makhchinusWang et al., 2005
- †Amphicticeps dorogWang et al., 2005
- †Amphicticeps shackelfordiMatthew & Granger, 1924
† Drassonax Galbreath, 1953
- †Drassonax harpagopsGalbreath, 1953
† Parictis Scott, 1893 [CampylocynodonChaffee, 1954]
- †Parictis primaevusScott, 1893
- †Parictis personi(Chaffee, 1954) [Campylocynodon personiChaffee, 1954]
- †Parictis montanusClark & Guensburg, 1972
- †Parictis parvusClark & Beerbower, 1967
- †Parictis gilpiniClark & Guensburg, 1972
- †Parictis dakotensisClark, 1936
† Kolponomos Stirton, 1960
- †Kolponomos newportensisTedford et al., 1994
- †Kolponomos clallamensisStirton, 1960
† Allocyon Merriam, 1930
- †Allocyon loganensisMerriam, 1930
† Wangictis L. de Bonis et al., 2019
- †Wangictis tedfordi(Wang & Qiu, 2003) [Pachycynodon tedfordiWang & Qiu, 2003]
† Pachycynodon Schlosser, 1888
- †Pachycynodon tenuisTeilhard de Chardin, 1915
- †Pachycynodon filholiSchlosser, 1888
- †Pachycynodon boriei(Filhol, 1876) [Cynodon robustusFilhol, 1876; Pachycynodon gryei(Filhol, 1876); Pachycynodon leymeriei(Filhol, 1876); Pachycynodon curvirostris(Filhol, 1876); Pachycynodon ferratus(Quenstedt, 1885)]
- †Pachycynodon crassirostrisSchlosser, 1888
† Amphicynodon Filhol, 1881 [CynodonAymard, 1848, name already taken by a fish]
- †Amphicynodon mongoliensisJanovskaja, 1970
- †Amphicynodon teilhardi(Matthew & Granger, 1924) [Cynodon teilhardiMatthew & Granger, 1924]
- †Amphicynodon typicusSchlosser, 1888
- †Amphicynodon chardiniCirot & De Bonis, 1992
- †Amphicynodon cephalogalinusTeilhard, 1915
- †Amphicynodon gracilis(Filhol, 1874) [Cynodon gracilisFilhol, 1874]
- †Amphicynodon crassirostris(Filhol, 1876) [Cynodon crassirostrisFilhol, 1874]
- †Amphicynodon brachyrostris(Filhol, 1876) [Cynodon brachyrostrisFilhol, 1876]
- †Amphicynodon leptorhynchus(Filhol, 1874) [Cynodon leptorhynchusFilhol, 1874]
- †Amphicynodon velaunus(Aymard, 1846)

†Semantoridae Orlov, 1931

† Necromites V. V. Bogachev, 1940
- †Necromites nestorisV. V. Bogachev, 1940
† Potamotherium Geoffroy, 1833
- †Potamotherium miocenicumPeters, 1868
- †Potamotherium valletoniGeoffroy, 1833
† Puijila Rybczynski et al., 2009
- †Puijila darwiniRybczynski et al., 2009
† Semantor Orlov, 1931
- †Semantor macrurusOrlov, 1931

Stem-pinniped pinnipedimorphs

†Enaliarctidae Mitchell & Tedford, 1973

† Enaliarctos Mitchell & Tedford, 1973
- †Enaliarctos barnesiBerta, 1991
- †Enaliarctos mealsiMitchell & Tedford, 1973
- †Enaliarctos tedfordiBerta, 1991
- †Enaliarctos mitchelliBarnes, 1979
- †Enaliarctos emlongiBerta, 1991

Stem-pinniped pinnipediforms

† Pinnarctidion Barnes, 1979

†Pinnarctidion rayiBerta, 1994
†Pinnarctidion bishopiBarnes, 1979
†Pinnarctidion iverseniEverett, Deméré & Wyss, 2023

† Pacificotaria Barnes, 1992

†Pacificotaria hadrommaBarnes, 1992

† Pteronarctos Barnes, 1989

†Pteronarctos piersoniBarnes, 1990
†Pteronarctos goedertaeBarnes, 1989

Pinnipeds

Phocoidea J.E. Gray, 1821

Phocidae J. E. Gray, 1821
- † Noriphoca Dewaele et al., 2018
  - †Noriphoca gaudini(Guiscardi, 1870) [Monotherium gaudiniGuiscardi, 1870]
- †Devinophocinae Koretsky & Holec, 2002
  - † Devinophoca Koretsky & Holec, 2002
    - †Devinophoca emryiKoretsky & Rahmat, 2015
    - †Devinophoca claytoniKoretsky & Rahmat, 2002
- Monachinae E.L. Trouessart, 1897
  - † Australophoca Valenzuela‐Toro et al., 2016
    - †Australophoca changorumValenzuela‐Toro et al., 2016
  - † Virginiaphoca Dewaele et al., 2018
    - †Virginiaphoca maguraiDewaele et al., 2018
  - † Properiptychus Ameghino, 1897
    - †Properiptychus argentinusAmeghino, 1897
  - † Pristiphoca Gervais, 1853
    - †Pristiphoca rugidens(Meyer, 1845) [Monachus rugidensMeyer, 1845]
    - †Pristiphoca occitanaGervais, 1853
  - † Terranectes Rahmat et al., 2017
    - †Terranectes parvusRahmat et al., 2017
    - †Terranectes magnusRahmat et al., 2017
  - † Magnotherium Rahmat et al., 2021
    - †Magnotherium johnsiiRahmat et al., 2021
  - † Afrophoca Koretsky & Domning, 2014
    - †Afrophoca libycaKoretsky & Domning, 2014
  - † Pontophoca Kretzoi, 1941
    - †Pontophoca jutlandicaKoretsky et al., 2014
    - †Pontophoca sarmatica(Alekseev, 1924) [Phoca sarmaticaAlekseev, 1924]
    - †Pontophoca simionescuiKretzoi, 1941
  - † Palmidophoca Ginsburg & Janvier, 1975
    - †Palmidophoca callirhoeGinsburg & Janvier, 1975
  - † Messiphoca Muizon, 1981
    - †Messiphoca mauretanicaMuizon, 1981
  - † Auroraphoca Dewaele et al., 2018
    - †Auroraphoca atlanticaDewaele et al., 2018
  - † Seronectes Hafed et al., 2024
    - †Seronectes meherrinensisHafed et al., 2024
  - Monachini E. L. Trouessart, 1897
    - † Pliophoca Tavani, 1941
      - †Pliophoca etruscaTavani, 1941
    - † Eomonachus Rule et al., 2020
      - †Eomonachus belegaerensisRule et al., 2020
  - Miroungini Muizon, 1981
    - † Callophoca van Beneden, 1876
      - †Callophoca obscuravan Beneden, 1876
  - Lobodontini J.E. Gray, 1869
    - † Sarcodectes Rule et al., 2020
      - †Sarcodectes magnusRule et al., 2020
    - † Acrophoca Muizon, 1981
      - †Acrophoca longirostrisMuizon, 1981
    - † Homiphoca Muizon & Hendey, 1980
      - †Homiphoca capensis(Hendey & Repenning, 1972) [Prionodelphis capensisHendey & Repenning, 1972]
      - †Homiphoca murfreesiHafed et al., 2022
    - † Kawas Cozzuol, 2001
      - †Kawas benegasorumCozzuol, 2001
    - † Piscophoca Muizon, 1981
      - †Piscophoca pacificaMuizon, 1981
    - † Hadrokirus Amson & De Muizon, 2013
      - †Hadrokirus martiniAmson & De Muizon, 2013
      - †Hadrokirus novotiniHafed et al., 2022
    - † Magophoca Dewaele & de Muizon, 2024
      - †Magophoca brevirostrisDewaele & de Muizon, 2024
- Phocinae J.E. Gray, 1869
  - † Leptophoca True, 1906
    - †Leptophoca amphiatlanticaKoretsky et al., 2012
    - †Leptophoca proxima(van Beneden, 1876) [Phoca proximavan Beneden, 1876; Leptophoca lenisTrue 1906]
  - † Nanophoca Dewaele et al., 2017
    - †Nanophoca vitulinoides(van Beneden, 1871) [Phoca vitulinoidesvan Beneden, 1871]
  - † Frisiphoca Dewaele et al., 2018
    - †Frisiphoca affine(van Beneden, 1876) [Monotherium affinevan Beneden, 1876]
    - †Frisiphoca aberratum(van Beneden, 1876) [Monotherium aberratumvan Beneden, 1876)]
  - † Cryptophoca Koretsky & Ray, 1994
    - †Cryptophoca maeotica(Nordmann, 1860) [Monotherium maeoticaKoretsky 2001]
  - † Monotherium van Beneden, 1876
    - †Monotherium delogniivan Beneden, 1876
  - † Prophoca van Beneden, 1876
    - †Prophoca rousseauivan Beneden, 1876
  - † Monachopsis Kretzoi, 1941
    - †Monachopsis pontica(Eichwald, 1850) [Monachus ponticaEichwald, 1850]
  - † Sarmatonectes Koretsky, 2001
    - †Sarmatonectes sintsoviKoretsky, 2001
  - † Phocanella van Beneden, 1877
    - †Phocanella pumilavan Beneden, 1877
  - Erignathini Chapski, 1955
    - † Platyphoca van Beneden, 1876
      - †Platyphoca danicaKoretsky et al., 2014
      - †Platyphoca vulgarisvan Beneden, 1876
  - Cystophorini Burns & Fay, 1970
    - † Miophoca Zapfe, 1937
      - †Miophoca vetustaZapfe, 1937
    - † Pachyphoca Koretsky & Rahmat, 2013
      - †Pachyphoca chapskiiKoretsky & Rahmat, 2013
      - †Pachyphoca ukrainicaKoretsky & Rahmat, 2013
      - †Pachyphoca volkodaviTarasenko, 2022
  - Phocini J.E. Gray, 1821
    - Histriophoca Gill, 1873
      - †Histriophoca alekseeviKoretsky, 2001
    - † Gryphoca van Beneden, 1877
      - †Gryphoca nordicaKoretsky et al., 2014
      - †Gryphoca similisvan Beneden, 1877
    - † Batavipusa Koretsky & Peters, 2008
      - †Batavipusa neerlandicaKoretsky & Peters, 2008
    - † Planopusa Rahmat & Koretsky, 2021
      - †Planopusa semenoviRahmat & Koretsky, 2021
    - † Praepusa Kretzoi, 1941
      - †Praepusa pannonicaKretzoi, 1941
      - †Praepusa boeskaKoretsky et al., 2015
      - †Praepusa magyaricusKoretsky, 2003
      - †Praepusa tarchankuticaAntoniuk & Koretsky, 1984
      - †Praepusa vindobonensis(Toula, 1897) [Phoca vindobonensisToula, 1897]
    - Phoca Linnaeus, 1758
      - †Phoca mooriNewton, 1890

Otarioidea J.E. Gray, 1821

†Desmatophocidae Hay, 1930
- † Eodesmus Tate-Jones et al., 2020
  - †Eodesmus condoniTate-Jones et al., 2020
- †Allodesminae Mitchell, 1968
  - † Atopotarus Downs, 1956
    - †Atopotarus courseniDowns, 1956
  - † Allodesmus Kellogg, 1922
    - †Allodesmus packardiBarnes, 1972
    - †Allodesmus uraiporensisTonomori et al., 2018
    - †Allodesmus naoraiKohno, 1996
    - †Allodesmus sinanoensisNagao, 1941
    - †Allodesmus demereiBoessenecker & Churchill, 2018
    - †Allodesmus kernensisKellogg, 1922
- †Desmatophocinae Hay, 1930
  - † Desmatophoca Condon, 1906
    - †Desmatophoca brachycephalaBarnes, 1987
    - †Desmatophoca oregonensisCondon, 1906
Odobenidae J. A. Allen, 1880
- † Prototaria Takeyama & Ozawa, 1984
  - †Prototaria planicephalaKohno, 1994
  - †Prototaria primigenaTakeyama & Ozawa, 1984
- † Proneotherium Kohno et al., 1995
  - †Proneotherium repenningiKohno et al., 1995
- † Neotherium Kellogg, 1931
  - †Neotherium mirumKellogg, 1931
- † Kamtschatarctos Dubrovo, 1981
  - †Kamtschatarctos sinelnikovaeDubrovo, 1981
- † Pseudotaria Kohno, 2006
  - †Pseudotaria muramotoiKohno, 2006
- † Archaeodobenus Tanaka & Kohno, 2015
  - †Archaeodobenus akamatsuiTanaka & Kohno, 2015
- † Nanodobenus Velez & Salinas-Marquez, 2018
  - †Nanodobenus arandaiVelez & Salinas-Marquez, 2018
- † Pelagiarctos Barnes, 1988
  - †Pelagiarctos thomasiBarnes, 1988
- † Titanotaria Magallanes et al., 2018
  - †Titanotaria orangensisMagallanes et al., 2018
- † Imagotaria Mitchell, 1968
  - †Imagotaria downsiMitchell, 1968
- † Pontolis True, 1905
  - †Pontolis barroniBiewer, Velez-Juarbe & Parham, 2020^[10]
  - †Pontolis kohnoiBiewer, Velez-Juarbe & Parham, 2020^[10]
  - †Pontolis magnus(True, 1905) [Pontoleon magnusTrue, 1905]
- † Osodobenus Biewer, Velez-Juarbe & Parham, 2020^[10]
  - †Osodobenus eodonBiewer, Velez-Juarbe & Parham, 2020
- Neodobenia Magallanes et al., 2018
  - †Dusignathinae Mitchell, 1968
    - † Gomphotaria Barnes & Rashke, 1991
      - †Gomphotaria pugnaxBarnes & Rashke, 1991
    - † Dusignathus Kellogg, 1927
      - †Dusignathus seftoniDeméré, 1994
      - †Dusignathus santacruzensisKellogg, 1927
  - Odobeninae J. A. Allen, 1880
    - † Aivukus Repenning & Tedford, 1977
      - †Aivukus cedrosensisRepenning & Tedford, 1977
    - † Protodobenus Horikawa, 1995
      - †Protodobenus japonicusHorikawa, 1995
    - † Pliopedia Kellogg, 1921
      - †Pliopedia pacificaKellogg, 1921
    - † Ontocetus Leidy, 1859
      - †Ontocetus emmonsiLeidy, 1859
    - † Valenictus Mitchell, 1961
      - †Valenictus chulavistensisDeméré 1994
      - †Valenictus imperialensisMitchell, 1961
      - †Valenictus sheperdiBoessenecker et al., 2024
    - Odobenus Brisson, 1762
      - †Odobenus mandanoensisTomida, 1989
Panotariidae Velez-Juarbe, 2017
- † Eotaria Boessenecker & Churchill, 2015
  - †Eotaria circaVelez-Juarbe, 2017
  - †Eotaria cryptaBoessenecker & Churchill, 2015
- Otariidae J. E. Gray, 1825
  - Callorhinae Muizon, 1978
    - † Pithanotaria Kellogg, 1925
      - †Pithanotaria starriKellogg, 1925
    - Callorhinus J. E. Gray, 1859
      - †Callorhinus inouei(Kohno, 1992) [Thalassoleon inoueiKohno, 1992]
      - †Callorhinus macnallyae(Repenning & Tedford, 1977) [Thalassoleon macnallyaeRepenning & Tedford, 1977]
      - †Callorhinus gilmoreiBerta & Deméré, 1986
  - Otariinae J. E. Gray, 1825
    - † Thalassoleon Repenning & Tedford, 1977
      - †Thalassoleon mexicanusRepenning & Tedford, 1977
    - Zalophini J. E. Gray, 1869
      - † Proterozetes Barnes et al., 2006
        †Proterozetes ulyssesBarnes et al., 2006
      - † Oriensarctos Mitchell, 1968
        †Oriensarctos watasei(Matsumoto, 1925) [Eumetopias wataseiMatsumoto, 1925]
    - Otariini J. E. Gray, 1825
      - Otaria Péron, 1816
        †Otaria fischeriGervais & Ameghino, 1880
      - Neophoca J. E. Gray, 1866
        † Neophoca palatina King, 1983
      - † Hydrarctos Muizon, 1978
        †Hydrarctos lomasiensisMuizon, 1978

Related Research Articles

Bears are carnivoran mammals of the family Ursidae. They are classified as caniforms, or doglike carnivorans. Although only eight species of bears are extant, they are widespread, appearing in a wide variety of habitats throughout most of the Northern Hemisphere and partially in the Southern Hemisphere. Bears are found on the continents of North America, South America, and Eurasia. Common characteristics of modern bears include large bodies with stocky legs, long snouts, small rounded ears, shaggy hair, plantigrade paws with five nonretractile claws, and short tails.

Carnivora is an order of placental mammals that have specialized in primarily eating flesh, whose members are formally referred to as carnivorans. The order Carnivora is the fifth largest order of mammals, comprising at least 279 species.

Odobenidae is a family of pinnipeds, of which the only extant species is the walrus. In the past, however, the group was much more diverse, and includes more than a dozen fossil genera.

Pinnipeds, commonly known as seals, are a widely distributed and diverse clade of carnivorous, fin-footed, semi-aquatic, mostly marine mammals. They comprise the extant families Odobenidae, Otariidae, and Phocidae, with 34 extant species and more than 50 extinct species described from fossils. While seals were historically thought to have descended from two ancestral lines, molecular evidence supports them as a monophyletic lineage. Pinnipeds belong to the suborder Caniformia of the order Carnivora; their closest living relatives are musteloids, having diverged about 50 million years ago.

Potamotherium an extinct genus of caniform carnivoran from the Miocene epoch of France and Germany. It has historically been assigned to the family Mustelidae, but more recent studies suggest that it represents a primitive relative of pinnipeds

Ursoidea is a superfamily of arctoid carnivoran mammals that includes the families Subparictidae, Amphicynodontidae, and Ursidae which the last family includes the extant lineages of bears as well the extinct Hemicyoninae and Ursavinae. The interrelationships of ursoids has had slight arrangements. In the past it was thought the extinct Amphicyonidae were stem-bears based on morphological analysis of the ear region, though the most recent publications on early amphicyonids suggests they were basal caniforms. The amphicynodontids are sometimes classified as either a subfamily of bears, a paraphyletic assemblage of early bears, or even stem-pinnipeds. The subparictids were previously classified as amphicynodontine/ids. The hemicyonines have been occasionally reclassified as a separate family.

Phocinae is a subfamily of Phocidae whose distribution is found in the seas surrounding the Holarctic, with the Baikal seal being the world's only freshwater species of pinniped. What distinguishes them from other phocid seals is the presence of well-developed claws on their front and back flippers. The Phocinae is divided into three extant tribes: Erignathini, Cystophorini, and Phocini. Members of both Erignathini and Cystophorini have 34 chromosomes, while species in the tribe Phocini have 32 chromosomes.

Ontocetus is an extinct genus of walrus, an aquatic carnivoran of the family Odobenidae, endemic to coastal regions of the southern North Sea and the southeastern coastal regions of the U.S. during the Miocene-Pleistocene. It lived from 13.6 mya—300,000 years ago, existing for approximately 13.3 million years.

Metaxytherium is an extinct genus of dugong that lived from the Oligocene until the end of the Pliocene. Fossil remains have been found in Africa, Europe, North America and South America. Generally marine seagrass specialists, they inhabited the warm and shallow waters of the Paratethys, Mediterranean, Caribbean Sea and Pacific coastline. American species of Metaxytherium are considered to be ancestral to the North Pacific family Hydrodamalinae, which includes the giant Steller's sea cow.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cetotheriidae</span> Family of mammals

Cetotheriidae is a family of baleen whales. The family is known to have existed from the Late Oligocene to the Early Pleistocene before going extinct. Although some phylogenetic studies conducted by Fordyce & Marx 2013 recovered the living pygmy right whale as a member of Cetotheriidae, making the pygmy right whale the only living cetotheriid, other authors either dispute this placement or recover Neobalaenidae as a sister group to Cetotheriidae.

This paleomammalogy list records new fossil mammal taxa that were described during the year 2014, as well as notes other significant paleomammalogy discoveries and events which occurred during that year.

The Chandler Bridge Formation is a geologic formation in South Carolina. It preserves fossils dating back to the Chattian of the Paleogene period, corresponding to the Arikareean in the NALMA classification. The formation overlies the Ashley Formation and is overlain by the Edisto Formation.

The Pisco Formation is a geologic formation located in Peru, on the southern coastal desert of Ica and Arequipa. The approximately 640 metres (2,100 ft) thick formation was deposited in the Pisco Basin, spanning an age from the Middle Miocene up to the Early Pleistocene, roughly from 15 to 2 Ma. The tuffaceous sandstones, diatomaceous siltstones, conglomerates and dolomites were deposited in a lagoonal to near-shore environment, in bays similar to other Pacific South American formations as the Bahía Inglesa and Coquimbo Formations of Chile.

This paleomammalogy list records new fossil mammal taxa that were described during the year 2017, as well as notes other significant paleomammalogy discoveries and events which occurred during that year.

Nanophoca is an extinct genus of earless seals from the middle Miocene of Belgium.

Amphicynodontidae is a probable clade of extinct arctoids. While some researchers consider this group to be an extinct subfamily of bears, a variety of morphological evidence links amphicynodontines with pinnipeds, as the group were semi-aquatic otter-like mammals. In addition to the support of the pinniped–amphicynodontine clade, other morphological and some molecular analyses support bears being the closest living relatives to pinnipeds. According to McKenna and Bell (1997) Amphicynodontinae are classified as stem-pinnipeds in the superfamily Phocoidea. Fossils of these mammals have been found in Europe, North America and Asia. Amphicynodontines should not be confused with Amphicyonids (bear-dogs), a separate family of Carnivora which is a sister clade to arctoids within the caniforms, but which may be listed as a clade of extinct arctoids in older publications.

Frisiphoca is an extinct genus of phocid belonging to the subfamily Phocinae. It is known from fossils found in the late Miocene of Belgium.

This paleomammalogy list records new fossil mammal taxa that were described during the year 2015, as well as notes other significant paleomammalogy discoveries and events which occurred during that year.

References

↑ Berta, A.; Churchill, M. (2012). "Pinniped taxonomy: review of currently recognized species and subspecies, and evidence used for their description". Mammal Review. 42 (3): 207–234. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x.
1 2 Valenzuela-Toro, A.; Pyenson, N. D. (2019). "What do we know about the fossil record of pinnipeds? A historiographical investigation". Royal Society Open Science. 6 (11): 207–234. Bibcode:2019RSOS....691394V. doi: 10.1098/rsos.191394 . PMC 6894555 . PMID 31827869.
↑ Lento, G. M.; Hickson, R. E.; Chambers, G. K.; Penny, D. (1995). "Use of spectral analysis to test hypotheses on the origin of pinnipeds". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 12 (1): 28–52. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040189. PMID 7877495.
↑ Hunt, R. M. Jr.; Barnes, L. G. (1994). "Basicranial evidence for ursid affinity of the oldest pinnipeds" (PDF). Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 29: 57–67.
↑ Higdon, J. W.; Bininda-Emonds, O. R.; Beck, R. M.; Ferguson, S. H. (2007). "Phylogeny and divergence of the pinnipeds (Carnivora: Mammalia) assessed using a multigene dataset". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 216. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-216 . PMC 2245807 . PMID 17996107.
↑ Sato, J. J.; Wolsan, M.; Suzuki, H.; Hosoda, T.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Hiyama, K.; Kobayashi, M.; Minami, S. (2006). "Evidence from nuclear DNA sequences sheds light on the phylogenetic relationships of Pinnipedia: Single origin with affinity to Musteloidea". Zoological Science. 23 (2): 125–46. doi:10.2108/zsj.23.125. hdl: 2115/13508 . PMID 16603806. S2CID 25795496.
↑ Flynn, J. J.; Finarelli, J. A.; Zehr, S.; Hsu, J.; Nedbal, M. A. (2005). "Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships". Systematic Biology. 54 (2): 317–37. doi: 10.1080/10635150590923326 . PMID 16012099.
1 2 Berta, A.; Churchill, M. & Boessenecker, R.W. (2018). "The Origin and Evolutionary Biology of Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 46: 203–228. Bibcode:2018AREPS..46..203B. doi: 10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010009 .
1 2 Paterson, R. S.; Rybczynski, N.; Kohno, N.; Maddin, H. C. (2020). "Pinniped taxonomy: review of currently recognized species and subspecies, and evidence used for their description". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 7 (457). doi: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00457 .
1 2 3 Jacob N. Biewer; Jorge Velez-Juarbe; James F. Parham (2020). "Insights on the dental evolution of walruses based on new fossil specimens from California". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 40 (5): e1833896. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1833896.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[Berta&Churchill2012-1] Berta, A.; Churchill, M. (2012). "Pinniped taxonomy: review of currently recognized species and subspecies, and evidence used for their description". Mammal Review. 42 (3): 207–234. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x.

[Valenzuela-Toro&Pyenson2019-2] 1 2 Valenzuela-Toro, A.; Pyenson, N. D. (2019). "What do we know about the fossil record of pinnipeds? A historiographical investigation". Royal Society Open Science. 6 (11): 207–234. Bibcode:2019RSOS....691394V. doi: 10.1098/rsos.191394 . PMC 6894555 . PMID 31827869.

[3] Lento, G. M.; Hickson, R. E.; Chambers, G. K.; Penny, D. (1995). "Use of spectral analysis to test hypotheses on the origin of pinnipeds". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 12 (1): 28–52. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040189. PMID 7877495.

[4] Hunt, R. M. Jr.; Barnes, L. G. (1994). "Basicranial evidence for ursid affinity of the oldest pinnipeds" (PDF). Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 29: 57–67.

[Higdon_2007-5] Higdon, J. W.; Bininda-Emonds, O. R.; Beck, R. M.; Ferguson, S. H. (2007). "Phylogeny and divergence of the pinnipeds (Carnivora: Mammalia) assessed using a multigene dataset". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 216. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-216 . PMC 2245807 . PMID 17996107.

[6] Sato, J. J.; Wolsan, M.; Suzuki, H.; Hosoda, T.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Hiyama, K.; Kobayashi, M.; Minami, S. (2006). "Evidence from nuclear DNA sequences sheds light on the phylogenetic relationships of Pinnipedia: Single origin with affinity to Musteloidea". Zoological Science. 23 (2): 125–46. doi:10.2108/zsj.23.125. hdl: 2115/13508 . PMID 16603806. S2CID 25795496.

[7] Flynn, J. J.; Finarelli, J. A.; Zehr, S.; Hsu, J.; Nedbal, M. A. (2005). "Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships". Systematic Biology. 54 (2): 317–37. doi: 10.1080/10635150590923326 . PMID 16012099.

[Berta2018-8] 1 2 Berta, A.; Churchill, M. & Boessenecker, R.W. (2018). "The Origin and Evolutionary Biology of Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 46: 203–228. Bibcode:2018AREPS..46..203B. doi: 10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010009 .

[Patersonetal2020-9] 1 2 Paterson, R. S.; Rybczynski, N.; Kohno, N.; Maddin, H. C. (2020). "Pinniped taxonomy: review of currently recognized species and subspecies, and evidence used for their description". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 7 (457). doi: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00457 .

[Osodobenus-10] 1 2 3 Jacob N. Biewer; Jorge Velez-Juarbe; James F. Parham (2020). "Insights on the dental evolution of walruses based on new fossil specimens from California". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 40 (5): e1833896. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1833896.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]