List of suines

Last updated
Eight suine species (counter-clockwise from top left): red river hog (Potamochoerus porcus), collared peccary (Dicotyles tajacu), feral pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus), north Sulawesi babirusa (Babyrousa celebensis), wild boar (Sus scrofa), pygmy hog (Porcula salvanius), common warthog (Phacochoerus africanus), and Bornean bearded pig (Sus barbatus) Suborder Suina 8 species.jpg
Eight suine species (counter-clockwise from top left): red river hog (Potamochoerus porcus), collared peccary (Dicotyles tajacu), feral pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus), north Sulawesi babirusa (Babyrousa celebensis), wild boar (Sus scrofa), pygmy hog (Porcula salvanius), common warthog (Phacochoerus africanus), and Bornean bearded pig (Sus barbatus)

Suina, also known as Suiformes, is a suborder of omnivorous, non-ruminant hoofed mammals in the order Artiodactyla. A member of this clade is called a suine. It includes the family Suidae, termed suids or colloquially pigs or swine, as well as the family Tayassuidae, termed tayassuids or peccaries. Suines are largely native to Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia, with the exception of the wild boar, which is additionally native to Europe and Asia and introduced to North America and Australasia, including widespread use in farming of the domestic pig subspecies. Suines range in size from the 55 cm (22 in) long pygmy hog to the 210 cm (83 in) long giant forest hog, and are primarily found in forest, shrubland, and grassland biomes, though some can be found in deserts, wetlands, or coastal regions. Most species do not have population estimates, though approximately two billion domestic pigs are used in farming, while several species are considered endangered or critically endangered with populations as low as 100.

Contents

The 20 extant species of Suina are split between the Suidae family, containing 17 extant species belonging to six genera, and the Tayassuidae family, containing three species in three genera. All extant suids are members of the Suinae subfamily; extinct species have also been placed into Suinae as well as other subfamilies. Dozens of extinct Suina species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed. [1] [2]

Conventions

IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX  Extinct (0 species)
 EW  Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR  Critically endangered (1 species)
 EN  Endangered (4 species)
 VU  Vulnerable (6 species)
 NT  Near threatened (2 species)
 LC  Least concern (7 species)
Other categories
 DD  Data deficient (0 species)
 NE  Not evaluated (0 species)

The author citation for the species or genus is given after the scientific name; parentheses around the author citation indicate that this was not the original taxonomic placement. Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the species's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct species or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "".

Classification

The suborder Suina consists of 20 extant species in nine genera, divided into dozens of extant subspecies. These are split between the Suidae family, containing 17 species belonging to 6 genera, and the Tayassuidae family, containing 3 species in 3 genera. This does not include hybrid species such as boar–pig hybrids or extinct prehistoric species.

Suina

Suines

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis. There are several additional proposals which are disputed, such as the creation of a fourth species of peccary, the giant peccary (Pecari maximus), which are not included here. [3]

Suidae

Genus Babyrousa Perry, 1811 – three species
Common nameScientific name and subspeciesRangeSize and ecologyIUCN status and estimated population
Buru babirusa

Babyrousa babyrussa 02 MWNH 123a.jpg

B. babyrussa
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Buru, Mangole, and Taliabu islands in Indonesia
Babyrousa babyrussa map.svg
Size: 85–110 cm (33–43 in) long, plus 20–32 cm (8–13 in) tail [4]

Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands [5]

Diet: Fruit and browse [5]
 VU 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [5]

North Sulawesi babirusa

Hirscheber1a.jpg

B. celebensis
(Deninger, 1909)
Sulawesi and nearby Indonesian islands
Babyrousa celebensis map.svg
Size: 85–110 cm (33–43 in) long, plus 20–32 cm (8–13 in) tail [6]

Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands [7]

Diet: Fruit and browse [7]
 VU 


10,000 Decrease2.svg [7]

Togian babirusa

Babyrousa togeanensis.jpg

B. togeanensis
(Sody, 1949)
Togian Islands of Indonesia
Babyrousa togeanensis map.svg
Size: Unknown, but likely the largest babirusa species [8] [9]

Habitat: Forest, inland wetlands, and intertidal marine [10]

Diet: Fruit, rhizomes, tamarinds, cacao, herbs, and vegetables [8]
 EN 


1,000 Decrease2.svg [10]

Genus Hylochoerus Thomas, 1904 – one species
Common nameScientific name and subspeciesRangeSize and ecologyIUCN status and estimated population
Giant forest hog

Hylochoerus meinertzhageni2.jpg

H. meinertzhageni
Thomas, 1904

Three subspecies
  • H. m. ivoriensis
  • H. m. meinertzhageni
  • H. m. rimator
Scattered central Africa
Hylochoerus meinertzhageni map.svg
Size: 130–210 cm (51–83 in) long, plus 25–45 cm (10–18 in) tail [11]

Habitat: Forest [12]

Diet: Large variety of plants, particularly herbaceous plants [12]
 LC 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [12]

Genus Phacochoerus F. Cuvier, 1826 – two species
Common nameScientific name and subspeciesRangeSize and ecologyIUCN status and estimated population
Common warthog

Southern warthog (Phacochoerus africanus sundevallii) male.jpg

P. africanus
(Gmelin, 1788)

Four subspecies
  • P. a. aeliani (Eritrean warthog)
  • P. a. africanus (Nolan warthog)
  • P. a. massaicus (Central African warthog)
  • P. a. sundevallii (Southern warthog)
Sub-saharan Africa
Distribution P. africanus.svg
Size: 90–150 cm (35–59 in) long [13]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland [14]

Diet: Grass, as well as roots, berries, bark, and carrion [13] [14]
 LC 


250,000 [15] Decrease2.svg [14]

Desert warthog

African Warthog - Phacochoerus aethiopicus.jpg

P. aethiopicus
(Pallas, 1766)

Two subspecies
  • P. a. aethiopicus (Cape warthog)†
  • P. a. delamerei
Eastern Africa
Phacochoerus aethiopicus map.svg
Size: 100–145 cm (39–57 in) long [16]

Habitat: Savanna and shrubland [17]

Diet: A variety of grass, shrubs, and tubers, as well as fruit and insects [16] [17]
 LC 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [17]

Genus Porcula Hodgson, 1847 – one species
Common nameScientific name and subspeciesRangeSize and ecologyIUCN status and estimated population
Pygmy hog

Pygmy hog in Assam breeding centre AJT Johnsingh.JPG

P. salvania
(Hodgson, 1847)
Southern Bhutan and northwest IndiaSize: 55–71 cm (22–28 in) long, plus tail [18]

Habitat: Grassland [19]

Diet: Roots, grass, tubers, and invertebrates [20] [19]
 EN 


100–250 Blue question mark (italic).svg [19]

Genus Potamochoerus Gray, 1854 – two species
Common nameScientific name and subspeciesRangeSize and ecologyIUCN status and estimated population
Bushpig

Southern Bush Pig.jpg

P. larvatus
(F. Cuvier, 1822)

Six subspecies
  • P. l. edwardsi (Edwards' bushpig)
  • P. l. hassama (White-faced bushpig)
  • P. l. koiropotamus (Southern bushpig)
  • P. l. larvatus (Madagascar bushpig)
  • P. l. nyasae (Nyasan bushpig)
  • P. l. somaliensis (Somalian bushpig)
Southeastern Africa
Potamochoerus larvatus map.svg
Size: 100–150 cm (39–59 in) long [21]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland [22]

Diet: Roots, tubers, fruit, invertebrates, small vertebrates, and carrion [21] [22]
 LC 


Unknown Steady2.svg [22]

Red river hog

Pinselohrschwein Potamochoerus porcus Tierpark Hellabrunn-5.jpg

P. porcus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Western Africa
Potamochoerus porcus range map.png
Size: 100–150 cm (39–59 in) long, plus 30–40 cm (12–16 in) tail [23]

Habitat: Forest [24]

Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as carrion [24]
 LC 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [24]

Genus Sus Linnaeus, 1758 – eight species
Common nameScientific name and subspeciesRangeSize and ecologyIUCN status and estimated population
Bornean bearded pig

Bornean Bearded Pig at Bako National Park, Borneo.jpg

S. barbatus
Müller, 1838

Two subspecies
  • S. b. barbatus
  • S. b. oi (Western bearded pig)
Southeast AsiaSize: 100–170 cm (39–67 in) long, plus 20–50 cm (8–20 in) tail [25]

Habitat: Forest, inland wetlands, neritic marine, and intertidal marine [26]

Diet: Roots, fungi, invertebrates, small vertebrates, turtle eggs, carrion, and a variety of plants [26]
 VU 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [26]

Celebes warty pig

Sus celebensis.png

S. celebensis
Müller, Schlegel, 1843

Three subspecies
  • S. c. celebensis
  • S. c. floresianus
  • S. c. timoriensis
Indonesian island of SulawesiSize: 80–130 cm (31–51 in) long [27]

Habitat: Forest, grassland, and inland wetlands [28]

Diet: Roots, fallen fruit, leaves, and young shoots, as well as invertebrates, small vertebrates, and carrion [28]
 NT 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [28]

Javan warty pig

Sus verrucosus.jpg

S. verrucosus
F. Boie, 1832

Two subspecies
  • S. v. blouchi
  • S. v. verrucosus
Indonesian islands of Java and Bawean Size: 90–190 cm (35–75 in) long [29]

Habitat: Forest and grassland [30]

Diet: Omnivorous; wide variety of plants and small vertebrates [29] [30]
 EN 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [30]

Oliver's warty pig


S. oliveri
Groves, 1997
Philippines island of Mindoro Size: Specific measurements not available, but likely similar to the Philippine warty pig [31] [32]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland [33]

Diet: Believed to eat a wide variety of plant and animal matter [33]
 VU 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [33]

Palawan bearded pig

Sus ahoenobarbus.png

S. ahoenobarbus
Huet, 1888
PhilippinesSize: 100–160 cm (39–63 in) long [34]

Habitat: Forest [35]

Diet: Omnivorous; wide variety of plants, invertebrates, small vertebrates, and carrion [34] [35]
 NT 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [35]

Philippine warty pig

Sus philippinesis.JPG

S. philippensis
Nehring, 1886

Two subspecies
  • S. p. mindanensis
  • S. p. philippensis
Western PhilippinesSize: Specific measurements not available [31] [36]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland [37]

Diet: Tubers, fruit, and invertebrates [36] [37]
 VU 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [37]

Visayan warty pig

VisayanWartyPig01.jpg

S. cebifrons
Heude, 1888

Two subspecies
  • S. c. cebifrons (Cebu warty pig)†
  • S. c. negrinus (Negros warty pig)
Visayan Islands in the PhilippinesSize: 90–125 cm (35–49 in) long, plus 23 cm (9 in) tail [38]

Habitat: Forest and grassland [39]

Diet: Omnivorous; wide variety of plants and small vertebrates [38] [39]
 CR 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [39]

Wild boar

Wildschwein, Nahe Pulverstampftor.jpg

S. scrofa
Linnaeus, 1758

Seventeen subspecies
Eurasia and North Africa; introduced to parts of United States, South America, and Oceania
Sus scrofa range map.jpg
Size: 90–200 cm (35–79 in) long, plus 15–40 cm (6–16 in) tail [40]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, and desert [41]

Diet: Omnivorous; variety of plants, small vertebrates, invertebrates, and carrion [40] [41]
 LC 


Unknown
(about 2 billion S. s. domesticus used in farming) [42] Blue question mark (italic).svg [41]

Tayassuidae

Genus Catagonus Ameghino, 1904 – one species
Common nameScientific name and subspeciesRangeSize and ecologyIUCN status and estimated population
Chacoan peccary

Catagonus wagneri 1 - Phoenix Zoo.jpg

C. wagneri
Rusconi, 1930
Gran Chaco region of central South America
Catagonus wagneri distribution map.PNG
Size: 96–118 cm (38–46 in) long [43]

Habitat: Savanna and shrubland [44]

Diet: Cacti, as well as roots, fruit, and forbs [44]
 EN 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [44]

Genus Dicotyles Cuvier, 1816 – one species
Common nameScientific name and subspeciesRangeSize and ecologyIUCN status and estimated population
Collared peccary

Collared peccary02 - melbourne zoo.jpg

D. tajacu
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Fourteen subspecies
  • D. t. angulatus
  • D. t. bangsi
  • D. t. crassus
  • D. t. crusnigrum
  • D. t. humeralis
  • D. t. nanus
  • D. t. nelsoni
  • D. t. niger
  • D. t. nigrescens
  • D. t. patira
  • D. t. sonoriensis
  • D. t. tajacu
  • D. t. torvus
  • D. t. yucatanensis
South America, Central America, and southern North America
Tayassu tacaju distribution map.PNG
Size: 80–100 cm (31–39 in) long [45]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert [46]

Diet: Roots, tubers, fruits, seeds, as well as green plants, insects, and small animals [46]
 LC 


Unknown Steady2.svg [46]

Genus Tayassu Fischer von Waldheim, 1814 – one species
Common nameScientific name and subspeciesRangeSize and ecologyIUCN status and estimated population
White-lipped peccary

Tayassu pecari.jpg

T. pecari
(Link, 1795)

Five subspecies
  • T. p. aequatoris
  • T. p. albirostris
  • T. p. pecari
  • T. p. ringens
  • T. p. spiradens
South America and Central America
Tayassu pecari distribution map.PNG
Size: 75–100 cm (30–39 in) long, plus 1–6 cm (0–2 in) tail [47]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland [48]

Diet: Fruit, as well as a variety of plants, invertebrates, fungi and fish [48]
 VU 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [48]

References

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Sources