List of lemuroids

"Lemurs of Madagascar" redirects here. For the book, see Lemurs of Madagascar (book).

Ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta)

Lemuroidea is a superfamily of primates. Members of this superfamily are called lemuroids, or lemurs. Lemuroidea is one of two superfamilies that form the suborder Strepsirrhini, itself one of two suborders in the order Primates. They are found exclusively on the island of Madagascar, primarily in forests but with some species also in savannas, shrublands, or wetlands. They range in size from the Margot Marsh's mouse lemur, at 8 cm (3 in) plus a 11 cm (4 in) tail, to the indri, at 90 cm (35 in) plus a 6 cm (2 in) tail. Lemuroids primarily eat fruit, leaves, and insects. Most lemuroids do not have population estimates, but the ones that do range from 40 mature individuals to 5,000. Most lemuroid species are at risk of extinction, with 45 species categorized as endangered, and a further 32 species categorized as critically endangered.

Range of all lemur species

The 107 extant species of Lemuroidea are divided into five families. Cheirogaleidae contains 41 dwarf, mouse, and fork-marked lemur species in five genera. Daubentoniidae contains a single species, the aye-aye. Indriidae contains nineteen woolly lemur and sifaka species in three genera. Lemuridae contains 21 ruffed, ring-tailed, bamboo, and other lemur species in five genera. Lepilemuridae contains 25 sportive lemur species in a single genus.

Dozens of extinct prehistoric lemuroid species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed. ^[1] At least 17 species and eight genera are believed to have become extinct in the 2,000 years since humans first arrived in Madagascar. ^{[2] [3]} All known extinct species were large, ranging in weight from 10 to 200 kg (22 to 441 lb). The largest known subfossil lemur was Archaeoindris fontoynonti , a giant sloth lemur, which weighed more than a modern female gorilla. The extinction of the largest lemurs is often attributed to predation by humans and possibly habitat destruction. ^[2] Since all extinct lemurs were not only large (and thus ideal prey species), but also slow-moving (and thus more vulnerable to human predation), their presumably slow-reproducing and low-density populations were least likely to survive the introduction of humans. ^[2] Gradual changes in climate have also been blamed, and may have played a minor role; however since the largest lemurs also survived the climatic changes from previous ice ages and only disappeared following the arrival of humans, it is unlikely that climatic change was largely responsible. ^[2]

Conventions

IUCN Red List categories

Conservation status
EX	Extinct (0 species)
EW	Extinct in the wild (0 species)
CR	Critically Endangered (32 species)
EN	Endangered (45 species)
VU	Vulnerable (24 species)
NT	Near threatened (1 species)
LC	Least concern (2 species)
Other categories
DD	Data deficient (3 species)
NE	Not evaluated (0 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the lemuroid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted.

Classification

Main article: Taxonomy of lemurs

The superfamily Lemuroidea consists of five extant families: Cheirogaleidae, Daubentoniidae, Indriidae, Lemuridae, and Lepilemuridae. Cheirogaleidae contains 41 species in five genera. Daubentoniidae contains a single species. Indriidae contains nineteen species in three genera. Lemuridae contains 21 species in five genera. Lepilemuridae contains 25 lemur species in a single genus. There are additionally three families which went extinct prior to modern record-keeping: Archaeolemuridae, Megaladapidae, and Palaeopropithecidae, as well as an extinct genus in Lemuridae.

Family Archaeolemuridae † (monkey lemurs)

• Genus Archaeolemur †: two extinct species
• Genus Hadropithecus †: one extinct species

Family Cheirogaleidae

• Genus Allocebus (hairy-eared dwarf lemur): one species
• Genus Cheirogaleus (dwarf lemurs): ten species
• Genus Microcebus (mouse lemurs): twenty-four species
• Genus Mirza (giant mouse lemurs): two species
• Genus Phaner (fork-marked lemurs): four species

Family Daubentoniidae

• Genus Daubentonia (aye-aye): one species

Family Indriidae

• Genus Avahi (woolly lemurs): nine species
• Genus Indri (indri): one species
• Genus Propithecus (sifakas): nine species

Family Lemuridae

• Genus Eulemur (true lemurs): twelve species
• Genus Hapalemur (bamboo lemurs): five species
• Genus Lemur (ring-tailed lemur): one species
• Genus Pachylemur †: two extinct species
• Genus Prolemur (greater bamboo lemur): one species
• Genus Varecia (ruffed lemurs): two species

Family Lepilemuridae

• Genus Lepilemur (sportive lemurs): twenty-five species

Family Megaladapidae † (koala lemurs)

• Genus: Megaladapis †

Family Palaeopropithecidae † (sloth lemurs)

• Genus: Archaeoindris †: one extinct species
• Genus: Babakotia †: one extinct species
• Genus: Mesopropithecus †: three extinct species
• Genus: Palaeopropithecus †: three extinct species

Lemuroidea   Daubentoniidae Indriidae Lepilemuridae Cheirogaleidae Lemuridae

Lemuroidea   Daubentoniidae Lepilemuridae Cheirogaleidae Lemuridae Indriidae

There are two competing lemur phylogenies, one by Horvath et al. (top) [4] and one by Orlando et al. (bottom). [5]

Lemuroids

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by the reference work Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists. ^[6]

Family Cheirogaleidae

Main article: Cheirogaleidae

Genus Allocebus – Petter-Rousseaux & Petter, 1967 – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Hairy-eared dwarf lemur	A. trichotis (Günther, 1875)	Northeastern Madagascar	Size: 12–15 cm (5–6 in) long, plus about 17 cm (7 in) tail [7] Habitat: Forest [8] Diet: Nectar, fruit, gum, leaves, honey, and insects [8]	EN  Unknown [8]

Genus Cheirogaleus – Geoffroy, 1812 – ten species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Ankarana dwarf lemur	C. shethi Frasier et al., 2016	Northern Madagascar	Size: 16–18 cm (6–7 in) long, plus about 18 cm (7 in) tail [9] Habitat: Forest and shrubland [10] Diet: Fruit [10]	EN  Unknown [10]
Fat-tailed dwarf lemur	C. medius Geoffroy, 1812	Southern, western, and northern Madagascar	Size: 20–23 cm (8–9 in) long, plus 20–27 cm (8–11 in) tail [11] Habitat: Forest [12] Diet: Fruit, as well as flowers, seeds, nectar, insects, and small vertebrates [11]	VU  Unknown [12]
Furry-eared dwarf lemur	C. crossleyi Grandidier, 1870	Scattered eastern Madagascar	Size: 22–26 cm (9–10 in) long, plus 21–27 cm (8–11 in) tail [13] Habitat: Forest [14] Diet: Nectar, fruit, leaves, and insects [13]	VU  Unknown [14]
Greater dwarf lemur	C. major Geoffroy, 1812	Eastern Madagascar	Size: 16–27 cm (6–11 in) long, plus 19–31 cm (7–12 in) tail [15] Habitat: Forest [16] Diet: Fruit, flowers, and nectar, as well as insects small vertebrates, and honey [15]	VU  Unknown [16]
Groves' dwarf lemur	C. grovesi McLain et al., 2017	Southeastern Madagascar	Size: 16–24 cm (6–9 in) long, plus 27–31 cm (11–12 in) tail [17] Habitat: Forest [18] Diet:	DD  Unknown [18]
Lavasoa dwarf lemur	C. lavasoensis Thiele, Razafimahatratra, & Hapke, 2013	Southern Madagascar	Size: 50–55 cm (20–22 in) long, including tail [19] Habitat: Forest [20] Diet:	EN  Unknown [20]
Lesser iron-gray dwarf lemur	C. minusculus Groves, 2000	Central Madagascar	Size: Unknown [21] Habitat: Forest [22] Diet: Unknown [21]	DD  Unknown [22]
Montagne d'Ambre dwarf lemur	C. andysabini Lei et al., 2015	Northern Madagascar	Size: 16–18 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 26–27 cm (10–11 in) tail [23] Habitat: Forest [24] Diet:	EN  Unknown [24]
Sibree's dwarf lemur	C. sibreei Forsyth Major, 1896	Eastern Madagascar	Size: Unknown [25] Habitat: Forest [26] Diet: Unknown [25]	CR  Unknown [26]
Thomas' dwarf lemur	C. thomasi (Forsyth Major, 1894)	Southeastern Madagascar	Size: Unknown Habitat: Forest [27] Diet: Fruit and flowers [27]	EN  Unknown [27]

Genus Microcebus – Geoffroy, 1834 – 24 species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Anosy mouse lemur	M. tanosi Rasoloarison, Weisrock, Yoder, Rakotondravony, & Kappeler, 2013	Southeastern Madagascar	Size: 10–16 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 11–15 cm (4–6 in) tail [28] Habitat: Forest [29] Diet: Fruit and insects [29]	EN  Unknown [29]
Arnhold's mouse lemur	M. arnholdi Louis et al., 2008	Northern Madagascar	Size: 9–13 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 10–14 cm (4–6 in) tail [30] Habitat: Forest [31] Diet: Insect secretions, arthropods, small vertebrates, fruit, and flowers [32]	VU  Unknown [31]
Bemanasy mouse lemur	M. manitatra Hotaling et al., 2016	Southeastern Madagascar	Size: 12–13 cm (5 in) long, plus about 15 cm (6 in) tail Habitat: Forest [33] Diet: Insect secretions, arthropods, small vertebrates, fruit, and flowers [32]	CR  Unknown [33]
Bongolava mouse lemur	M. bongolavensis Olivieri et al., 2007	Northern Madagascar	Size: 11–14 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 14–17 cm (6–7 in) tail [34] Habitat: Forest [35] Diet: Insect secretions, arthropods, small vertebrates, fruit, and flowers [32]	EN  Unknown [35]
Brown mouse lemur	M. rufus Geoffroy, 1834	Southeastern Madagascar	Size: About 13 cm (5 in) long, plus about 12 cm (5 in) tail [36] Habitat: Forest [37] Diet: Fruit, as well as insects, leaves, flowers, gum, nectar, and pollen [36]	VU  Unknown [37]
Claire's mouse lemur	M. mamiratra Andriantompohavana et al., 2006	Northern Madagascar	Size: 11–14 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 14–17 cm (6–7 in) tail [38] Habitat: Forest [39] Diet: Insect secretions, arthropods, small vertebrates, fruit, and flowers [32]	EN  Unknown [39]
Danfoss's mouse lemur	M. danfossi Olivieri et al., 2007	Northern Madagascar	Size: 10–12 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 15–17 cm (6–7 in) tail [40] Habitat: Forest [41] Diet: Insect secretions, arthropods, small vertebrates, fruit, and flowers [32]	VU  Unknown [41]
Ganzhorn's mouse lemur	M. ganzhorni Hotaling et al., 2016	Southeastern Madagascar	Size: Habitat: Forest [42] Diet: Fruit and insects [42]	EN  Unknown [42]
Gerp's mouse lemur	M. gerpi Radespiel et al., 2012	Eastern Madagascar	Size: 9–10 cm (4 in) long, plus about 15 cm (6 in) tail [43] Habitat: Forest [44] Diet: Insect secretions, arthropods, small vertebrates, fruit, and flowers [32]	CR  Unknown [44]
Golden-brown mouse lemur	M. ravelobensis Zimmermann, Cepok, Rakotoarison, Zietemann, & Radespiel, 1998	Northern Madagascar	Size: 12–14 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 14–18 cm (6–7 in) tail [45] Habitat: Forest [46] Diet: Gum, insect excretions, nectar, fruit, leaves, and animal matter [46]	VU  Unknown [46]
Goodman's mouse lemur	M. lehilahytsara Roos & Kappeler, 2005	Northeastern Madagascar	Size: 9–10 cm (4 in) long, plus 11–12 cm (4–5 in) tail [47] Habitat: Forest [48] Diet: Fruit and insects [48]	NT  Unknown [48]
Gray mouse lemur	M. murinus (J. F. Miller, 1777)	Western and southern Madagascar	Size: 12–14 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 13–15 cm (5–6 in) tail [49] Habitat: Forest and shrubland [50] Diet: Insects, as well as small reptiles, plants, leaves, fruit, and flowers [49]	LC  Unknown [50]
Jolly's mouse lemur	M. jollyae Louis et al., 2006	Eastern Madagascar	Size: 9–10 cm (4 in) long, plus 12–13 cm (5 in) tail [51] Habitat: Forest [52] Diet: Fruit [52]	EN  Unknown [52]
MacArthur's mouse lemur	M. macarthurii Radespiel et al., 2008	Northern Madagascar	Size: 11–14 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 13–15 cm (5–6 in) tail [53] Habitat: Forest [54] Diet: Insect secretions, arthropods, small vertebrates, fruit, and flowers [32]	EN  Unknown [54]
Madame Berthe's mouse lemur	M. berthae Rasoloarison, Goodman, & Ganzhorn, 2000	Western Madagascar	Size: 9–11 cm (4 in) long, plus 12–14 cm (5–6 in) tail [55] Habitat: Forest [56] Diet: Honeydew, as well as gum, flowers, fruit, arthropods, and small vertebrates [55]	CR  Unknown [56]
Margot Marsh's mouse lemur	M. margotmarshae Andriantompohavana et al., 2006	Northern Madagascar	Size: 8–13 cm (3–5 in) long, plus 11–16 cm (4–6 in) tail [30] Habitat: Forest [57] Diet: Insect secretions, arthropods, small vertebrates, fruit, and flowers [32]	EN  Unknown [57]
Marohita mouse lemur	M. marohita Rasoloarison, Weisrock, Yoder, Rakotondravony, & Kappeler, 2013	Eastern Madagascar	Size: 13–15 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 13–15 cm (5–6 in) tail [28] Habitat: Forest [58] Diet: Insect secretions, arthropods, small vertebrates, fruit, and flowers [32]	CR  Unknown [58]
Jonah's mouse lemur	M. jonahi Schüssler et al., 2020	Northeastern Madagascar	Size: 12–14 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 12–14 cm (5–6 in) tail [53] Habitat: Forest [59] Diet: Fruit and insects [59]	EN  Unknown [59]
Northern rufous mouse lemur	M. tavaratra (Rasoloarison, Goodman, & Ganzhorn, 2000)	Northern Madagascar	Size: 11–14 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 14–17 cm (6–7 in) tail [60] Habitat: Forest and shrubland [61] Diet: Insect secretions, arthropods, small vertebrates, fruit, and flowers [32]	VU  Unknown [61]
Nosy Boraha mouse lemur	M. boraha Hotaling et al., 2016	Northeastern Madagascar	Size: Habitat: Unknown [62] Diet: Insect secretions, arthropods, small vertebrates, fruit, and flowers [32]	DD  Unknown [62]
Pygmy mouse lemur	M. myoxinus Peters, 1852	Western Madagascar	Size: 12–13 cm (5 in) long, plus 24–26 cm (9–10 in) tail [63] Habitat: Forest [64] Diet: Fruit, as well as flowers, gums, and insects [63]	VU  Unknown [64]
Reddish-gray mouse lemur	M. griseorufus Kollman, 1910	Southern Madagascar	Size: 11–14 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 13–16 cm (5–6 in) tail [47] Habitat: Forest and shrubland [65] Diet: Fruit and gum, as well as flowers and arthropods [65]	LC  Unknown [65]
Sambirano mouse lemur	M. sambiranensis Rasoloarison et al., 2000	Northern Madagascar	Size: 11–13 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 13–15 cm (5–6 in) tail [66] Habitat: Forest [67] Diet: Insect secretions, arthropods, small vertebrates, fruit, and flowers [32]	EN  Unknown [67]
Simmons' mouse lemur	M. simmonsi Louis et al., 2006	Eastern Madagascar	Size: 9–10 cm (4 in) long, plus 14–15 cm (6 in) tail [68] Habitat: Forest [69] Diet: Insect secretions, arthropods, small vertebrates, fruit, and flowers [32]	EN  Unknown [69]

Genus Mirza – Gray, 1870 – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Coquerel's giant mouse lemur	M. coquereli Grandidier, 1867	Western Madagascar	Size: 23–27 cm (9–11 in) long, plus 31–32 cm (12–13 in) tail [70] Habitat: Forest [71] Diet: Fruit, flowers, and invertebrates, as well as small vertebrates [70]	EN  Unknown [71]
Northern giant mouse lemur	M. zaza Kappeler & Roos, 2005	Northern Madagascar	Size: 23–25 cm (9–10 in) long, plus 26–29 cm (10–11 in) tail [72] Habitat: Forest [73] Diet: Fruit, insect secretions, and sap [73]	VU  Unknown [73]

Genus Phaner – Gray, 1870 – four species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Amber Mountain fork-marked lemur	P. electromontis Groves & Tattersall, 1991	Northern Madagascar	Size: 22–29 cm (9–11 in) long, plus 28–37 cm (11–15 in) tail [74] Habitat: Forest [75] Diet:	EN  Unknown [75]
Masoala fork-marked lemur	P. furcifer Blainville, 1839	Northeastern Madagascar	Size: 22–29 cm (9–11 in) long, plus 28–37 cm (11–15 in) tail [76] Habitat: Forest [77] Diet: Gum, as well as insects [76]	EN  Unknown [77]
Pale fork-marked lemur	P. pallescens Groves & Tattersall, 1991	Western Madagascar	Size: 23–29 cm (9–11 in) long, plus 29–37 cm (11–15 in) tail [78] Habitat: Forest [79] Diet: Sap and gum, as well as insects, insect secretions, fruit, flowers, and nectar [79]	EN  Unknown [79]
Pariente's fork-marked lemur	P. parienti Groves & Tattersall, 1991	Northern Madagascar	Size: 22–29 cm (9–11 in) long, plus 28–37 cm (11–15 in) tail [74] Habitat: Forest [80] Diet: Gum [80]	EN  Unknown [80]

Family Daubentoniidae

Main article: Daubentoniidae

Genus Daubentonia – Geoffroy, 1795 – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Aye-aye	D. madagascariensis Gmelin, 1788	Western and eastern Madagascar	Size: 36–44 cm (14–17 in) long, plus tail [81] Habitat: Forest and shrubland [82] Diet: Fruit, nuts, and sap [81]	EN  Unknown [82]

Family Indriidae

Main article: Indriidae

Genus Avahi – Jourdan, 1834 – nine species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Bemaraha woolly lemur	A. cleesei Thalmann & Geissmann, 2005	Western Madagascar	Size: 26–37 cm (10–15 in) long, plus 29–35 cm (11–14 in) tail [83] Habitat: Forest [84] Diet: Buds and leaves [85]	CR  Unknown [84]
Betsileo woolly lemur	A. betsileo Andriantompohavana et al., 2007	Eastern Madagascar	Size: 25–34 cm (10–13 in) long, plus 28–35 cm (11–14 in) tail [83] Habitat: Forest [86] Diet:	EN  Unknown [86]
Eastern woolly lemur	A. laniger Gmelin, 1788	Eastern Madagascar	Size: 30–45 cm (12–18 in) long plus tail [87] Habitat: Forest [88] Diet: Leaves, as well as flowers and fruit [87]	VU  Unknown [88]
Moore's woolly lemur	A. mooreorum Lei et al., 2008	Eastern Madagascar	Size: 28–34 cm (11–13 in) long, plus 29–38 cm (11–15 in) tail [89] Habitat: Forest [90] Diet: Leaves [90]	EN  Unknown [90]
Peyrieras's woolly lemur	A. peyrierasi Zaramody et al., 2006	Southern Madagascar	Size: 26–32 cm (10–13 in) long, plus 28–35 cm (11–14 in) tail [91] Habitat: Forest [92] Diet: Leaves, as well as flowers and fruit [92]	VU  Unknown [92]
Ramanantsoavana's woolly lemur	A. ramanantsoavani Zaramody et al., 2006	Southern Madagascar	Size: 27–34 cm (11–13 in) long, plus 26–39 cm (10–15 in) tail [83] Habitat: Forest [93] Diet:	VU  Unknown [93]
Sambirano woolly lemur	A. unicolor Thalmann & Geissmann, 2000	Northern Madagascar	Size: 25–29 cm (10–11 in) long, plus 31–36 cm (12–14 in) tail [94] Habitat: Forest [95] Diet:	CR  Unknown [95]
Southern woolly lemur	A. meridionalis Zaramody et al., 2006	Southern Madagascar	Size: 29–33 cm (11–13 in) long, plus 29–38 cm (11–15 in) tail [83] Habitat: Forest [96] Diet: Leaves [96]	EN  Unknown [96]
Western woolly lemur	A. occidentalis Liburnau, 1898	Northern Madagascar	Size: 25–29 cm (10–11 in) long, plus 31–37 cm (12–15 in) tail [97] Habitat: Forest [98] Diet: Leaves [97]	VU  Unknown [98]

Genus Indri – Geoffroy & Cuvier, 1796 – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Indri	I. indri (Gmelin, 1788) Two subspecies I. i. indri I. i. variegatus	Northeastern Madagascar	Size: 60–90 cm (24–35 in) long, plus 5–6 cm (2 in) tail [99] Habitat: Forest [100] Diet: Fruit, leaves, and flowers [99]	CR  Unknown [100]

Genus Propithecus – Bennett, 1832 – nine species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Coquerel's sifaka	P. coquereli Grandidier, 1867	Northern Madagascar	Size: 42–50 cm (17–20 in) long, plus 50–60 cm (20–24 in) tail [101] Habitat: Forest [102] Diet: Leaves, seeds, flowers, fruit, and bark [103]	CR  Unknown [102]
Crowned sifaka	P. coronatus H. Milne-Edwards, 1871	Western Madagascar	Size: About 45 cm (18 in) long, plus 56 cm (22 in) tail [104] Habitat: Forest [105] Diet: Flowers and leaves, as well as fruit [105]	CR  Unknown [105]
Diademed sifaka	P. diadema Bennett, 1832	Eastern Madagascar	Size: 45–55 cm (18–22 in) long, plus 43–56 cm (17–22 in) [106] Habitat: Forest [107] Diet: Leaves, flowers, fruit, and shoots [106]	CR  Unknown [107]
Golden-crowned sifaka	P. tattersalli Simons, 1988	Northern lemur	Size: About 48 cm (19 in) long, plus about 39 cm (15 in) tail [108] Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland [109] Diet: Seeds, fruit, leaves, and flowers, as well as bark [108]	CR  4,000–5,000 [109]
Milne-Edwards's sifaka	P. edwardsi Grandidier, 1871	Southeastern Madagascar	Size: 42–52 cm (17–20 in) long, plus 41–48 cm (16–19 in) tail [110] Habitat: Forest [111] Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, seeds, and flowers [110]	EN  Unknown [111]
Perrier's sifaka	P. perrieri Lavauden, 1931	Northern Madagascar	Size: About 49 cm (19 in) long, plus tail [112] Habitat: Forest [113] Diet: Leaves, flowers, and fruit [112]	CR  125 [113]
Silky sifaka	P. candidus Grandidier, 1871	Northern Madagascar	Size: 48–54 cm (19–21 in) long, plus 45–51 cm (18–20 in) tail [114] Habitat: Forest [115] Diet: Leaves, seeds, fruit, and flowers, as well as bark and soil [114]	CR  250 [115]
Verreaux's sifaka	P. verreauxi Grandidier, 1867	Southwestern Madagascar	Size: 45–55 cm (18–22 in) long, plus 43–56 cm (17–22 in) tail [116] Habitat: Forest and shrubland [117] Diet: Leaves, bark, and flowers, as well as fruit [116]	CR  Unknown [117]
Von der Decken's sifaka	P. deckenii Grandidier, 1867	Western Madagascar	Size: About 45 cm (18 in) long, plus 45 cm (18 in) tail [118] Habitat: Forest [119] Diet: Leaves [119]	CR  Unknown [119]

Family Lemuridae

Main article: Lemuridae

Genus Eulemur – Simons & Rumpler, 1988 – twelve species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Black lemur	E. macaco (Linnaeus, 1766)	Northern Madagascar	Size: 30–50 cm (12–20 in) long, plus 40–60 cm (16–24 in) tail [120] Habitat: Forest [121] Diet: Fruit, as well as flowers, nectar, leaves, bark, soil, and ants [120]	EN  Unknown [121]
Blue-eyed black lemur	E. flavifrons Gray, 1867	Northern Madagascar	Size: 39–45 cm (15–18 in) long, plus 51–65 cm (20–26 in) tail [122] Habitat: Forest [123] Diet: Fruit and leaves [123]	CR  Unknown [123]
Collared brown lemur	E. collaris Geoffroy, 1817	Southern Madagascar	Size: 39–40 cm (15–16 in) long, plus 50–55 cm (20–22 in) tail [124] Habitat: Forest [125] Diet: Fruit, as well as flowers, young leaves, and insects [125]	EN  Unknown [125]
Common brown lemur	E. fulvus Geoffroy, 1796	Northeastern Madagascar	Size: 41–51 cm (16–20 in) long, plus 41–51 cm (16–20 in) tail [126] Habitat: Forest [127] Diet: Leaves, as well as flowers, fruit, and bark [128]	VU  Unknown [127]
Crowned lemur	E. coronatus (Gray, 1842)	Northern Madagascar	Size: About 34 cm (13 in) long, plus about 45 cm (18 in) tail [129] Habitat: Forest [130] Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves [129]	EN  Unknown [130]
Gray-headed lemur	E. cinereiceps Grandidier & A. Milne-Edwards, 1890	Southeastern Madagascar	Size: 39–41 cm (15–16 in) long, plus 50–55 cm (20–22 in) tail [131] Habitat: Forest [132] Diet: Fruit, as well as flowers, leaves, nectar, fungi, and insects [131]	CR  Unknown [132]
Mongoose lemur	E. mongoz (Linnaeus, 1766)	Northern Madagascar	Size: About 35 cm (14 in) long, plus about 48 cm (19 in) tail [133] Habitat: Forest [134] Diet: Flowers, pollen, fruit, and leaves [133]	CR  Unknown [134]
Red lemur	E. rufus (Audebert, 1799)	Northwestern lemur	Size: About 38 cm (15 in) long, plus 49–51 cm (19–20 in) [135] Habitat: Forest [136] Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, flowers, insects, and arthropods [135]	VU  Unknown [136]
Red-bellied lemur	E. rubriventer Geoffroy, 1850	Eastern Madagascar	Size: 36–42 cm (14–17 in) long, plus 46–54 cm (18–21 in) tail [137] Habitat: Forest [138] Diet: Flowers, fruits and leaves, as well as invertebrates [137]	VU  Unknown [138]
Red-fronted lemur	E. rufifrons Bennett, 1833	Southwestern and southeastern Madagascar	Size: About 30 cm (12 in) long, plus about 50 cm (20 in) tail [139] Habitat: Forest [140] Diet: Fruit, leaves, buds, and flowers, as well as invertebrates [139]	VU  Unknown [140]
Sanford's brown lemur	E. sanfordi Archbold, 1932	Northern Madagascar	Size: 38–40 cm (15–16 in) long, plus 50–55 cm (20–22 in) tail [141] Habitat: Forest [142] Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, flowers, and invertebrates [142]	EN  Unknown [142]
White-headed lemur	E. albifrons Geoffroy, 1796	Northeastern Madagascar	Size: About 40 cm (16 in) long, plus about 50 cm (20 in) tail [143] Habitat: Forest [144] Diet: Fruit and flowers [144]	VU  Unknown [144]

Genus Hapalemur – Geoffroy, 1851 – five species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Eastern lesser bamboo lemur	H. griseus Link, 1795	Western and eastern Madagascar	Size: 28–30 cm (11–12 in) long, plus 35–37 cm (14–15 in) tail [145] Habitat: Forest [146] Diet: Bamboo, as well as grass, fruit, and leaves [147]	VU  Unknown [146]
Golden bamboo lemur	H. aureus Meier, Albignac, Peyriéras, Rumpler, & Wright,, 1987	Southeastern Madagascar	Size: About 34 cm (13 in) long, plus about 41 cm (16 in) tail [148] Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands [149] Diet: Bamboo, as well as grass, leaves, fruit, fungi, and soil [148]	CR  50–250 [149]
Lac Alaotra bamboo lemur	H. alaotrensis Rumpler, 1975	Northeastern Madagascar	Size: About 40 cm (16 in) long, plus tail [150] Habitat: Inland wetlands [151] Diet: Marsh plants [151]	CR  Unknown [151]
Southern lesser bamboo lemur	H. meridionalis Warter, Randrianasolo, Dutrillaux, & Rumpler, 1987	Southeastern Madagascar	Size: 24–30 cm (9–12 in) long, plus 32–40 cm (13–16 in) tail [152] Habitat: Forest [153] Diet: Grass, pith, stems, and leaves, as well as fruit [153]	VU  Unknown [153]
Western lesser bamboo lemur	H. occidentalis Rumpler, 1975		Size: 27–28 cm (11–11 in) long, plus 36–39 cm (14–15 in) tail [154] Habitat: Forest [155] Diet: Fruit, bamboo, flowers, fungi, and soil [155]	VU  Unknown [155]

Genus Lemur – Linnaeus, 1758 – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Ring-tailed lemur	L. catta Linnaeus, 1758	Southwestern Madagascar	Size: 39–46 cm (15–18 in) long, plus 56–63 cm (22–25 in) tail [156] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, rocky areas, and caves [157] Diet: Omnivorous, including fruit, leaves, stems, flowers, sap, spiders, spider webs, chameleons, insects, small birds, and termite mounds [156]	EN  Unknown [157]

Genus Prolemur – Gray, 1871 – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Greater bamboo lemur	P. simus Gray, 1871	Eastern Madagascar	Size: 40–45 cm (16–18 in) long, plus 43–48 cm (17–19 in) tail [158] Habitat: Forest [159] Diet: Bamboo shoots and pith, as well as flowers, leaves, soil, and fruit [158]	CR  Unknown [159]

Genus Varecia – Gray, 1863 – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Black-and-white ruffed lemur	V. variegata Kerr, 1792 Three subspecies V. v. editorum (Hill's ruffed lemur) V. v. subcincta (White-belted black-and-white ruffed lemur) V. v. variegata (Black-and-white ruffed lemur)	Eastern Madagascar	Size: About 45 cm (18 in) long, plus 60–61 cm (24–24 in) tail [145] Habitat: Forest [160] Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, flowers, and nectar [161]	CR  Unknown [160]
Red ruffed lemur	V. rubra (Geoffroy, 1812)	Northeastern Madagascar	Size: About 50 cm (20 in) long, plus about 60 cm (24 in) tail [162] Habitat: Forest [163] Diet: Fruit, nectar, and pollen, as well as leaves and seeds [162]	CR  Unknown [163]

Family Lepilemuridae

Main article: Lepilemuridae

Genus Lepilemur – Geoffroy, 1851 – 25 species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
AEECL's sportive lemur	L. aeeclis Andriaholinirina et al., 2017	Northern Madagascar	Size: 28–33 cm (11–13 in) long, plus 24–26 cm (9–10 in) tail [164] Habitat: Forest [165] Diet: Leaves [165]	EN  Unknown [165]
Ahmanson's sportive lemur	L. ahmansoni Louis et al., 2006	Northern Madagascar	Size: 24–30 cm (9–12 in) long, plus 23–25 cm (9–10 in) tail [166] Habitat: Forest [167] Diet: Leaves [167]	CR  Unknown [167]
Ankarana sportive lemur	L. ankaranensis Rumpler, 1975	Northeastern Madagascar	Size: About 28 cm (11 in) long, plus about 25 cm (10 in) tail [168] Habitat: Forest [169] Diet: Leaves and fruit, as well as latex [169]	EN  Unknown [169]
Betsileo sportive lemur	L. betsileo Louis et al., 2006	Eastern Madagascar	Size: About 28 cm (11 in) long, plus about 33 cm (13 in) tail [170] Habitat: Forest [171] Diet: Leaves and flowers [170]	EN  Unknown [171]
Daraina sportive lemur	L. milanoii Louis et al., 2006	Northeastern Madagascar	Size: 25–29 cm (10–11 in) long, plus 24–27 cm (9–11 in) tail [172] Habitat: Forest [173] Diet: Leaves [173]	EN  Unknown [173]
Fleurete's sportive lemur	L. fleuretae Louis et al., 2006	Southern Madagascar	Size: 28–37 cm (11–15 in) long, plus about 30 cm (12 in) tail [174] Habitat: Forest [175] Diet: Leaves, fruit, and flowers [175]	EN  Unknown [175]
Gray-backed sportive lemur	L. dorsalis Gray, 1870	Northern Madagascar	Size: 23–26 cm (9–10 in) long, plus 26–28 cm (10–11 in) tail [176] Habitat: Forest [177] Diet: Leaves, as well as flowers, fruit, and bark [176]	EN  Unknown [177]
Grewcock's sportive lemur	L. grewcocki Louis et al., 2006	Northern Madagascar	Size: 29–33 cm (11–13 in) long, plus 26–30 cm (10–12 in) tail [178] Habitat: Forest [179] Diet:	CR  Unknown [179]
Hawks' sportive lemur	L. tymerlachsoni Louis et al., 2006	Northern Madagascar	Size: 28–41 cm (11–16 in) long, plus 22–27 cm (9–11 in) tail [180] Habitat: Forest [181] Diet: Leaves, as well as fruit and bark [181]	CR  Unknown [181]
Holland's sportive lemur	L. hollandorum Ramaromilanto et al., 2009	Northeastern Madagascar	Size: Habitat: Forest [182] Diet: Leaves [182]	CR  Unknown [182]
Hubbard's sportive lemur	L. hubbardi Louis et al., 2006	Southwestern Madagascar	Size: 28–34 cm (11–13 in) long, plus 23–25 cm (9–10 in) tail [183] Habitat: Forest [184] Diet: Leaves [184]	EN  Unknown [184]
James' sportive lemur	L. jamesi Louis et al., 2006	Southeastern Madagascar	Size: 32–35 cm (13–14 in) long, plus 28–32 cm (11–13 in) tail [185] Habitat: Forest [186] Diet:	CR  Unknown [186]
Milne-Edwards' sportive lemur	L. edwardsi Forsyth Major, 1894	Northern Madagascar	Size: 27–29 cm (11–11 in) long, plus 27–29 cm (11–11 in) tail [187] Habitat: Forest [188] Diet: Leaves, as well as seeds, flowers, and fruit [187]	EN  Unknown [188]
Northern sportive lemur	L. septentrionalis Rumpler & Albignac, 1975	Northeastern Madagascar	Size: About 28 cm (11 in) long, plus 25 cm (10 in) tail [189] Habitat: Forest [190] Diet: Leaves, as well as flowers and fruit [189]	CR  40 [190]
Otto's sportive lemur	L. otto Craul, Zimmermann, Rasoloharijaona, Randrianambinina, & Radespiel, 2007	Northern Madagascar	Size: Habitat: Forest [191] Diet:	EN  Unknown [191]
Petter's sportive lemur	L. petteri Louis et al., 2006	Southern Madagascar	Size: 27–29 cm (11–11 in) long, plus 22–25 cm (9–10 in) tail [183] Habitat: Forest [192] Diet: Leaves [192]	EN  Unknown [192]
Randrianasolo's sportive lemur	L. randrianasoloi Andriaholinirina et al., 2017	Western Madagascar	Size: About 29 cm (11 in) long, plus about 28 cm (11 in) tail [193] Habitat: Forest [194] Diet: Leaves, as well as pollen, seeds, fruit, flowers, and bark [193]	EN  Unknown [194]
Red-tailed sportive lemur	L. ruficaudatus Grandidier, 1867	Southwestern Madagascar	Size: About 28 cm (11 in) long, plus about 25 cm (10 in) tail [195] Habitat: Forest [196] Diet: Fruit and leaves [196]	CR  Unknown [196]
Sahamalaza sportive lemur	L. sahamalaza Andriaholinirina et al., 2017	Northern Madagascar	Size: About 26 cm (10 in) long, plus about 27 cm (11 in) tail [197] Habitat: Forest [198] Diet: Leaves, fruit, spiders, and insects [198]	CR  Unknown [198]
Scott's sportive lemur	L. scottorum Lei et al., 2008	Northeastern Madagascar	Size: 31–35 cm (12–14 in) long, plus 25–30 cm (10–12 in) tail [89] Habitat: Forest [199] Diet: Leaves [199]	EN  Unknown [199]
Seal's sportive lemur	L. seali Louis et al., 2006	Northeastern Madagascar	Size: 32–38 cm (13–15 in) long, plus 24–38 cm (9–15 in) tail [89] Habitat: Forest [200] Diet:	VU  Unknown [200]
Small-toothed sportive lemur	L. microdon Forsyth Major, 1894		Size: 27–32 cm (11–13 in) long, plus 28–32 cm (11–13 in) tail [201] Habitat: Forest [202] Diet: Leaves [202]	EN  Unknown [202]
Weasel sportive lemur	L. mustelinus Geoffroy, 1851	Eastern Madagascar	Size: 24–30 cm (9–12 in) long, plus 22–29 cm (9–11 in) tail [203] Habitat: Forest [204] Diet: Leaves, as well as fruit, flowers, and bark [203]	VU  Unknown [204]
White-footed sportive lemur	L. leucopus Forsyth Major, 1894	Southern Madagascar	Size: 24–26 cm (9–10 in) long, plus 21–26 cm (8–10 in) tail [205] Habitat: Forest [206] Diet: Leaves and vines, as well as flowers and fruit [205]	EN  Unknown [206]
Wright's sportive lemur	L. wrighti Louis et al., 2006	Southern Madagascar	Size: 31–38 cm (12–15 in) long, plus 23–28 cm (9–11 in) tail [89] Habitat: Forest [207] Diet: Leaves [207]	EN  2,000 [207]

Extinct species

Main article: Subfossil lemur

All known extinct lemurs from Madagascar are known from recent, subfossil remains. ^[208] Conditions for fossilization were not ideal on the island, so little is known about ancestral lemur populations. All known extinct lemurs are thought to have died out after the arrival of humans.

Extinct species

Scientific name	Common name	Family	Estimated size	Extinction date	References
Archaeoindris fontoynonti	Sloth lemurs	Palaeopropithecidae	160–200 kg (350–440 lb)	350 BCE	[209] [210] [211]
Archaeolemur edwardsi	Monkey lemurs (or baboon lemurs)	Archaeolemuridae	15–25 kg (33–55 lb)	1047–1280 CE	[212] [213]
Archaeolemur majori	Monkey lemurs (or baboon lemurs)	Archaeolemuridae	15–25 kg (33–55 lb)	1047–1280 CE	[212] [213]
Babakotia radofilai	Sloth lemurs	Palaeopropithecidae	16–20 kg (35–44 lb)	3050 BCE [c]	[209] [210]
Daubentonia robusta	Giant aye-aye	Daubentoniidae	14 kg (31 lb)	891–1027 CE	[214] [215]
Hadropithecus stenognathus	Monkey lemurs (or baboon lemurs)	Archaeolemuridae	27–35 kg (60–77 lb)	444–772 CE	[212] [213]
Megaladapis edwardsi	Koala lemurs	Megaladapidae	40–80 kg (88–176 lb)	1280–1420 CE	[216] [217]
Megaladapis grandidieri	Koala lemurs	Megaladapidae	40–80 kg (88–176 lb)	1280–1420 CE	[216] [217]
Megaladapis madagascariensis	Koala lemurs	Megaladapidae	40–80 kg (88–176 lb)	1280–1420 CE	[216] [217]
Mesopropithecus dolichobrachion	Sloth lemurs	Palaeopropithecidae	10–14 kg (22–31 lb)	245–429 CE	[209] [210]
Mesopropithecus globiceps	Sloth lemurs	Palaeopropithecidae	10–14 kg (22–31 lb)	245–429 CE	[209] [210]
Mesopropithecus pithecoides	Sloth lemurs	Palaeopropithecidae	10–14 kg (22–31 lb)	245–429 CE	[209] [210]
Pachylemur insignis	Pachylemur	Lemuridae	11.5 kg (25 lb)	680–960 BCE	[218]
Pachylemur jullyi	Pachylemur	Lemuridae	13 kg (29 lb)	Holocene	[218]
Palaeopropithecus ingens	Sloth lemurs	Palaeopropithecidae	25–50 kg (55–110 lb)	1300–1620 CE	[209] [210]
Palaeopropithecus kelyus	Sloth lemurs	Palaeopropithecidae	35 kg (77 lb)	Late Quaternary	[3]
Palaeopropithecus maximus	Sloth lemurs	Palaeopropithecidae	25–50 kg (55–110 lb)	1300–1620 CE	[209] [210]

See also

• List of mammals of Madagascar
• List of primates

References

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109. Semel, B.; Semel, M.; Salmona, J.; Heriniaina, R. (2020). "Propithecus tattersalli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T18352A115571806. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18352A115571806.en .
110. Negron, Lorraine; Weber, Robin (2009). "Propithecus edwardsi". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved 29 October 2023.
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112. Gaudreau, Rose (2009). "Propithecus perrieri". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved 29 October 2023.
113. Heriniaina, R.; Hosnah, H. B.; Zaonarivelo, J. (2020). "Propithecus perrieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T18361A115573556. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18361A115573556.en .
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116. Freund, Kristi (2011). "Propithecus verreauxi". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved 29 October 2023.
117. Louis, E. E.; Sefczek, T. M.; Bailey, C. A.; Raharivololona, B.; Lewis, R.; Rakotomalala, E. J. (2020). "Propithecus verreauxi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T18354A115572044. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18354A115572044.en .
118. Lussier, Zachary (March 2020). "Von der Deckens' Sifika, Propithecus deckenii". New England Primate Conservancy. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
119. King, T.; Rakotonirina, L. (2020). "Propithecus deckenii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T18357A115572684. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18357A115572684.en .
120. Gravatt, Lauren (2019). "Eulemur macaco". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved 29 October 2023.
121. Andriantsimanarilafy, R. R.; Borgerson, C.; Clarke, T.; Colquhoun, I. C.; Cotton, A.; Donati, G.; Eppley, T. M.; Heriniaina, R.; Irwin, M.; Johnson, S.; Mittermeier, R. A.; Patel, E.; Ralainasolo, F. B.; Randrianasolo, H.; Randriatahina, G.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Ravaloharimanitra, M.; Razafindramanana, J.; Schwitzer, C.; Stone, E.; Volampeno, S.; Wright, P. (2020) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Eulemur macaco". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T8212A182235113. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T8212A182235113.en .
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126. Abrams, Sylvie (January 2021). "Common Brown Lemur, Eulemur fulvus". New England Primate Conservancy. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
127. Irwin, M.; King, T. (2020). "Eulemur fulvus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T8207A115562499. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T8207A115562499.en .
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129. Suter, Maureen (2000). "Eulemur coronatus". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved 29 October 2023.
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131. Acuna, Jean Marie (2015). "Eulemur cinereiceps". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved 29 October 2023.
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133. Roycewicz, Jolaine (2001). "Eulemur mongoz". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved 29 October 2023.
134. Razafindramanana, J.; Eppley, T. M.; Rakotondrabe, R.; Roullet, D.; Irwin, M.; King, T. (2020). "Eulemur mongoz". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T8202A115561431. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T8202A115561431.en .
135. Peisl, Amelie (2012). "Eulemur rufus". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved 29 October 2023.
136. Razafindramanana, J.; Eppley, T. M.; Rakotondrabe, R.; Rakotoarisoa, A. A.; Ravaloharimanitra, M.; King, T. (2020). "Eulemur rufus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T8209A115562696. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T8209A115562696.en .
137. Zenner, Alexis (2002). "Eulemur rubriventer". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved 29 October 2023.
138. Irwin, M.; King, T.; Ravoloharimanitra, M.; Razafindramanana, J.; Tecot, S. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Eulemur rubriventer". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T8203A189740044. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T8203A189740044.en .
139. Botting, Jennifer (March 2021). "Red-Fronted Lemur, Eulemur rufifrons". New England Primate Conservancy. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
140. Johnson, S.; Narváez-Torres, P. R.; Holmes, S. M.; Wyman, T. M.; Louis, E. E.; Wright, P. (2020). "Eulemur rufifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T136269A115581600. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136269A115581600.en .
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142. Chikhi, L.; Le Pors, B.; Louis, E. E.; Mittermeier, R. A.; Ralainasolo, F. B.; Ralison, J.; Randrianambinina, B.; Randriatahina, G.; Rasamimananana, H.; Rasoloharijaona, S.; Ratelolahy, F.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Volampeno, S.; Zaonarivelo, J. (2020) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Eulemur sanfordi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T8210A182235685. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T8210A182235685.en .
143. Downey, Kathleen (February 2023). "White-Fronted Lemur, Eulemur albifrons". New England Primate Conservancy. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
144. Borgerson, C.; Eppley, T. M.; Donati, G.; Colquhoun, I. C.; Irwin, M.; Johnson, S.; Louis, E. E.; Patel, E.; Ralainasolo, F. B.; Ravaloharimanitra, M.; Razafindramanana, J.; Volampeno, S.; Wright, P.; Zaonarivelo, J. (2020) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Eulemur albifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T8204A182121438. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T8204A182121438.en .
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147. Hibbs, John (2011). "Hapalemur griseus". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved 29 October 2023.
148. Kowalsky, Dana (2014). "Hapalemur aureus". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved 29 October 2023.
149. Wright, P.; Hearthstone, E.; Donohue, M. E.; Andrianoely, D.; Otero-Jiménez, B. J.; Lauterbur, M. E. (2020). "Hapalemur aureus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T9672A115564398. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T9672A115564398.en .
150. Quinlan, K. Clare (February 2022). "Lac Alaotra Gentle Lemur, Hapalemur alaotrensis". New England Primate Conservancy. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
151. Ralainasolo, F. B.; Raveloarimalala, M. L.; Randrianasolo, H.; Heriniaina, R.; Clarke, T.; Ravaloharimanitra, M.; Volampeno, S.; Donati, G.; Razafindramanana, J.; Andriantsimanarilafy, R. R.; Randriatahina, G.; Irwin, M.; Eppley, T. M.; Borgerson, C. (2020) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Hapalemur alaotrensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T9676A182236363. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T9676A182236363.en .
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156. Baumhofer, Emma (2017). "Lemur catta". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved 29 October 2023.
157. LaFleur, M.; Gould, L. (2020). "Lemur catta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T11496A115565760. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T11496A115565760.en .
158. Hoving, Melissa (2011). "Prolemur simus". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved 29 October 2023.
159. Ravaloharimanitra, M.; King, T.; Wright, P.; Raharivololona, B.; Ramaherison, R. P.; Louis, E. E.; Frasier, C. L.; Dolch, R.; Roullet, D.; Razafindramanana, J.; Volampeno, S.; Randriahaingo, H. N. T.; Randrianarimanana, L.; Borgerson, C.; Mittermeier, R. A. (2020). "Prolemur simus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T9674A115564770. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T9674A115564770.en .
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161. Hale, Meg (2019). "Varecia variegata". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved 29 October 2023.
162. Frailey, Kerstin (2008). "Varecia rubra". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved 29 October 2023.
163. Borgerson, C.; Eppley, T. M.; Patel, E.; Johnson, S.; Louis, E. E.; Razafindramanana, J. (2020). "Varecia rubra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T22920A115574598. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T22920A115574598.en .
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165. Louis, E. E.; Bailey, C. A.; Sefczek, T. M.; Raharivololona, B.; Schwitzer, C.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Wilmet, L. (2020). "Lepilemur aeeclis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T136376A115582704. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136376A115582704.en .
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168. DiCesare, Maria (November 2022). "Ankarana Sportive Lemur, Lepilemur ankaranensis". New England Primate Conservancy. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
169. Louis, E. E.; Bailey, C. A.; Raharivololona, B.; Schwitzer, C.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Wilmet, L. (2020). "Lepilemur ankaranensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T136731A115585357. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136731A115585357.en .
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171. Louis, E. E.; Mittermeier, R. A.; Rakotoarisoa, G.; Randrianambinina, B.; Randriatahina, G.; Rasoloharijaona, S.; Ratelolahy, F.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Réné De Roland, L. A.; Volampeno, S.; Zaonarivelo, J. (2020). "Lepilemur betsileo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T136662A115584379. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136662A115584379.en .
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173. Louis, E. E.; Bailey, C. A.; Sefczek, T. M.; Raharivololona, B.; Schwitzer, C.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Wilmet, L.; Salmona, J. (2020). "Lepilemur milanoii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T136609A115583605. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136609A115583605.en .
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175. Donati, G.; Balestri, M.; Campera, M.; Ravoahangy, A.; Louis, E. E. (2020). "Lepilemur fleuretae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T136263A115581448. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136263A115581448.en .
176. Abrams, Sylvie (December 2021). "Gray-Backed Sportive Lemur, Lepilemur dorsalis". New England Primate Conservancy. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
177. Louis Jr, E. E.; Bailey, C. A.; Sefczek, T. M.; Raharivololona, B.; Schwitzer, C.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Wilmet, L.; Roos, C. (2022). "Lepilemur dorsalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022: e.T210368667A210368927. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T210368667A210368927.en .
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179. Louis, E. E.; Bailey, C. A.; Sefczek, T. M.; Raharivololona, B.; Schwitzer, C.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Wilmet, L.; Radespiel, U. (2020). "Lepilemur grewcockorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T136771A115585939. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136771A115585939.en .
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181. Louis, E. E.; Bailey, C. A.; Raharivololona, B.; Schwitzer, C.; Wilmet, L.; Roos, C. (2020). "Lepilemur tymerlachsoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T136709A115585199. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136709A115585199.en .
182. Louis, E. E.; Bailey, C. A.; Sefczek, T. M.; Raharivololona, B.; Schwitzer, C.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Wilmet, L.; Borgerson, C.; Golden, C. (2020). "Lepilemur hollandorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T16971489A115587841. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T16971489A115587841.en .
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186. Andriamisedra, T. R.; Ranaivoarisoa, F. N.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Louis, E. E. (2020). "Lepilemur jamesorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T136491A115583306. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136491A115583306.en .
187. Osterman, Julia (2012). "Lepilemur edwardsi". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved 29 October 2023.
188. Louis, E. E.; Bailey, C. A.; Sefczek, T. M.; Raharivololona, B.; Schwitzer, C.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Wilmet, L.; Borgerson, C. (2020). "Lepilemur edwardsi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T11617A115566145. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T11617A115566145.en .
189. Benson, Mike (2006). "Lepilemur septentrionalis". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved 29 October 2023.
190. Louis, E. E.; Bailey, C. A.; Frasier, C. L.; Sefczek, T. M.; Raharivololona, B.; Schwitzer, C.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Wilmet, L.; Andriajaona, A.; Rasoamazava, L.; Rakotomalala, V. F.; Dinsmore, M. (2020). "Lepilemur septentrionalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T11622A115567059. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T11622A115567059.en .
191. Radespiel, U.; Rakotondravony, R.; Randrianambinina, B.; Rasoloharijaona, S.; Wilmet, L. (2020). "Lepilemur otto". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T136796A115586218. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136796A115586218.en .
192. Louis, E. E.; Sefczek, T. M.; Bailey, C. A.; Raharivololona, B.; Schwitzer, C.; Wilmet, L. (2020). "Lepilemur petteri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T136677A115584740. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136677A115584740.en .
193. Downey, Kathleen (October 2021). "Randrianasolo's Sportive Lemur, Lepilemur randrianasoloi". New England Primate Conservancy. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
194. Louis, E. E.; Bailey, C. A.; Raharivololona, B.; Schwitzer, C.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Wilmet, L. (2020). "Lepilemur randrianasoloi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T136254A115581313. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136254A115581313.en .
195. DiCesare, Maria (April 2023). "Red-Tailed Sportive Lemur, Lepilemur ruficaudatus". New England Primate Conservancy. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
196. Louis, E. E.; Bailey, C. A.; Frasier, C. L.; Raharivololona, B.; Schwitzer, C.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Wilmet, L.; Lewis, R.; Rakotomalala, D. (2020). "Lepilemur ruficaudatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T11621A115566869. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T11621A115566869.en .
197. Botting, Jennifer (October 2020). "Sahamalaza Sportive Lemur, Lepilemur sahamalaza". New England Primate Conservancy. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
198. Randriatahina, G.; Mandl, I.; Rabemananjara, N.; Seiler, M.; Hending, D.; Schwitzer, C.; Volampeno, S. (2020). "Lepilemur sahamalaza". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T136645A115584072. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136645A115584072.en .
199. Eppley, T. M.; Borgerson, C.; Sawyer, R. M.; Fenosoa, Z. S. E. (2020). "Lepilemur scottorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T16971518A115587981. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T16971518A115587981.en .
200. Louis, E. E.; Bailey, C. A.; Raharivololona, B.; Schwitzer, C.; Wilmet, L.; Borgerson, C.; Golden, C. (2020). "Lepilemur seali". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T136707A115585037. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136707A115585037.en .
201. Covert, Tara (September 2019). "Small-Toothed Sportive Lemur, Lepilemur microdon". New England Primate Conservancy. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
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