List of fruit bats

Further information: List of bats

Chiroptera Yinpterochiroptera Pteropodidae Rhinolophidae Hipposideridae Megadermatidae Craseonycteridae Rhinopomatidae Yangochiroptera

Cladogram showing the position of Pteropodidae (fruit bats) within Yinpterochiroptera [1] [2]

Fruit bats, also known as flying foxes or megabats, are the 197 species of bats that make up the suborder Megachiroptera, found throughout the tropics of Africa, Asia, and Oceania, of which 186 are extant. The suborder is part of the order Chiroptera (bats), and contains a single family, Pteropodidae. The family is divided into between two and six subfamilies, with recent phylogenetic analysis suggesting a different classification structure of the known species than before. Bats have been traditionally thought to be a monophyletic group; according to this model, all living fruit bats and microbats (Microchiroptera) are descendants of a common ancestor species that was already capable of flight. ^[3]

However, there are alternate hypotheses which conclude that bats are polyphyletic. The flying primate hypothesis was created in the 1980s stating that, based on morphological evidence, the Megachiroptera evolved flight separately from the Microchiroptera, although genetic evidence supports the monophyly of bats. This model states that fruit bats and primates share several anatomical features not seen in microbats, and are thus more closely related; for example, their brains show a number of advanced characteristics that link them to primates. ^{[4] [5]}

The Yinpterochiroptera is a proposed suborder of the Chiroptera based on molecular evidence consisting of the fruit bats and five other microbat families: Rhinopomatidae, Rhinolophidae, Hipposideridae, Craseonycteridae, and Megadermatidae. This model also challenges the view that the Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera are monophyletic. The other suborder consisting of the other bat species would be the Yangochiroptera. ^{[1] [2]}

Conventions

IUCN Red List categories

Conservation status
EX	Extinct (4 species)
EW	Extinct in the wild (0 species)
CR	Critically Endangered (8 species)
EN	Endangered (15 species)
VU	Vulnerable (40 species)
NT	Near threatened (13 species)
LC	Least concern (88 species)
Other categories
DD	Data deficient (22 species)
NE	Not evaluated (2 species)

Conservation statuses listed for each species follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Species considered valid are also based on the Red List of Threatened Species unless noted otherwise in a super-scripted note. The symbol indicates that the species's population trend is positive, the symbol indicates that the species's population trend is negative, the symbol indicates that the species's population is stable, and the ? symbol indicates that the species's population trend is unknown. Population trends are based on the Red List of Threatened Species. The super-scripted "IUCN" tag is a link to that species's Red List of Threatened Species page. If a species has taxonomic synonyms, a list of these is provided in the "Scientific name" column, underneath the binomial name and author, based on the book Mammal Species of the World . If a species has subspecies, a list of these is provided in the "Common name" column, underneath the common name, also based upon Mammal Species of the World.

Classification

There are between two and six recognized subfamilies of fruit bats according to various authors: Cynopterinae, Epomophorinae, Harpionycterinae, Nyctimeninae, Macroglossinae, Rousettinae, and Pteropodinae. However, the relationships among fruit bats are not resolved. According to phylogenetic analysis, the Macroglossinae and Pteropodinae are not monophyletic, and possibly also the Cynopterinae and the Epomophorinae. ^[6] A new clade consisting solely of African fruit bats is supported by phylogenetic analysis, which will consist of 12 genera currently placed in several different subfamilies. ^[7] Conversely, there may have been at least three separate colonization events of Africa by fruit bats. ^[8] There is also controversy regarding the Southeast Asian fruit bats. ^[6] Listed here are 45 genera and 197 species. Of these, the IUCN classifies 88 species as least concern, 13 as near threatened, 40 as vulnerable, 15 as endangered, eight as critically endangered, four as recently extinct, and 22 as data deficient. Seven species listed here are not evaluated. The population trends of 78 species are decreasing, 40 are stable, three are increasing, and 65 are unknown.

• Family Pteropodidae ^[9]
  • Subfamily Pteropodinae
    • Tribe Pteropodini
    • Tribe Macroglossini
    • Tribe Notopterini
  • Subfamily Nyctimeninae
  • Subfamily Harpyionyterinae
  • Subfamily Rousettinae
    • Tribe Rousettini
    • Tribe Dobsoniini
  • Subfamily Epomophorinae
    • Tribe Epomophorini
    • Tribe Myonycterini
    • Tribe Scotonycterini
    • Tribe Plerotini
  • Subfamily Cynopterinae

Subfamily Pteropodinae

Tribe Pteropodini

Tribe Pteropodini – 5 genera, 73 species

Genus Pteropus Brisson, 1762 – 65 species Synonyms: [10] Desmalopex Miller, 1907 Eunycteris Gray, 1866 Pselaphon Gray, 1870 Sericonycteris Matschie, 1899 Spectrum Lacépède, 1799 Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Little red flying fox P. scapulatus Peters, 1862 Synonyms: [11] P. elseyi Peters, 1862 aLC IUCN ? Native in blue, vagrant in brown Mariana fruit bat Subspecies: [12] P. m. mariannus Desmarest, 1822 P. m. paganensis Yamashima, 1932 P. m. ulthiensis Yamashima, 1932 P. mariannus Desmarest, 1822 dEN IUCN Large flying fox Subspecies: [13] P. v. vampyrus Linnaeus, 1758 P. v. edulis Geoffroy, 1810 P. v. lanensis Mearns, 1905 P. v. natunae Andersen, 1908 P. v. pluton Temminck, 1837 P. v. sumatrensis Ludeking, 1862 P. vampyrus Linnaeus, 1758 bNT IUCN Ryukyu flying fox Subspecies: [14] P. d. dasymallus Temminck, 1825 P. d. daitonensis Kuroda, 1921 P. d. formosus Sclater, 1873 P. d. inopinatus Kuroda, 1933 P. d. yayeyamae Kuroda, 1933 P. dasymallus Temminck, 1825 cVU IUCN Admiralty flying fox Subspecies: [10] P. a. admiralitatum Thomas, 1887 P. a. colonus Andersen, 1908 P. a. goweri Tate, 1934 P. a. solomonis Thomas, 1904 P. admiralitatum Thomas, 1894 aLC IUCN ? – Aldabra flying fox P. aldabrensis True, 1893 cVU IUCN – Black flying fox Subspecies: [15] P. a. alecto Temminck, 1837 P. a. aterrimus Matschie, 1899 P. a. gouldi Peters, 1867 P. a. morio Andersen, 1908 P. alecto Temminck, 1837 aLC IUCN ? Vanuatu flying fox Subspecies: [15] P. a. anetianus Gray, 1870 P. a. aorensis Lawrence, 1945 P. a. bakeri Thomas, 1904 P. a. banksiana Sanborn, 1930 P. a. eotinus Andersen, 1913 P. a. motalavae Felten and Kock, 1972 P. a. pastoris Felten and Kock, 1972 P. anetianus Gray, 1870 cVU IUCN – Aru flying fox P. aruensis Peters, 1867 Synonyms: [15] P. fumigatus von Rosenberg, 1867 P. rubiginosus von Rosenberg, 1867 eCR IUCN [lower-alpha 1] – Torresian flying fox Pteropus banakrisi [lower-alpha 2] Richards and Hall, 2002 iNE – Dusky flying fox P. brunneus Dobson, 1878 gEX IUCN Formerly Percy Island in Queensland, Australia, until the 19th or 20th century – Ashy-headed flying fox Subspecies: [15] P. c. caniceps Gray, 1870 P. c. dobsoni Andersen, 1908 P. caniceps Gray, 1870 cVU IUCN – Bismarck masked flying fox Subspecies: [15] P. c. capistratus Peters, 1866 P. c. ennisae Flannery and White, 1991 P. capistratus Peters, 1866 bNT IUCN Native range in green, vagrant range in brown Moluccan flying fox P. chrysoproctus [lower-alpha 3] Temminck, 1837 cVU IUCN Makira flying fox P. cognatus Andersen, 1908 cVU IUCN – Spectacled flying fox Subspecies: [15] P. c. conspicillatus Gould, 1849 P. c. chrysauchen Peters, 1862 P. conspicillatus Gould, 1849 aLC IUCN Nicobar flying fox P. faunulus Miller, 1902 cVU IUCN – Banks flying fox P. fundatus Felten and Kock, 1972 dEN IUCN – Indian flying fox Subspecies: [18] P. g. giganteus Brünnich, 1782 P. g. ariel Allen, 1908 P. g. chinghaiensis Wang and Wang, 1962 P. g. leucocephalus Hodgson, 1835 P. giganteus Brünnich, 1782 aLC IUCN Gilliard's flying fox P. gilliardorum van Deusen, 1969 hDD IUCN ? – Gray flying fox Subspecies: [19] P. g. griseus Geoffroy, 1810 P. g. mimus Andersen, 1908 P. g. pallidus Temminck, 1825 P. griseus Geoffroy, 1810 hDD IUCN ? Ontong Java flying fox P. howensis Troughton, 1931 hDD IUCN ? – Small flying fox Subspecies: [20] P. h. hypomelanus Temminck, 1825 P. h. annectens Andersen, 1908 P. h. cagayanus Mearns, 1905 P. h. canus Andersen, 1908 P. h. condorensis Peters, 1866 P. h. enganus Miller, 1916 P. h. fretensis Kloss, 1916 P. h. geminorum Miller, 1903 P. h. lepidus Miller, 1900 P. h. luteus Andersen, 1908 P. h. macassaricus Heude, 1897 P. h. maris Allen, 1917 P. h. robinsoni Andersen, 1908 P. h. satyrus Andersen, 1908 P. h. simalurus Thomas, 1923 P. h. tomesi Peters, 1869 P. hypomelanus Temminck, 1825 Synonyms: [20] P. vociferous Peale, 1848 aLC IUCN Ruck flying fox Subspecies: [21] P. i. insularis Hombron and Jacquinot, 1842 P. i. phaeocephalus Thomas, 1882 Pteropus insularis [lower-alpha 4] Hombron and Jacquinot, 1842 iNE Andersen's flying fox P. intermedius Andersen, 1908 hDD IUCN ? – Kei flying fox P. keyensis Peters, 1867 hDD IUCN ? – Lombok flying fox Subspecies: [21] P. l. lombocensis Dobson, 1889 P. l. heudei Matschie, 1899 P. l. salottii Kitchener, 1995 P. lombocensis Dobson, 1878 hDD IUCN ? – Okinawa flying fox P. loochoensis Gray, 1870 hDD IUCN ? – Lyle's flying fox P. lylei Andersen, 1908 cVU IUCN Big-eared flying fox Subspecies: [12] P. m. macrotis Peters, 1867 P. m. epularius Ramsay, 1878 P. macrotis Peters, 1867 aLC IUCN – Lesser flying fox P. mahaganus Sanborn, 1931 aLC IUCN – Black-bearded flying fox P. melanopogon Peters, 1867 dEN IUCN Black-eared flying fox Subspecies: [24] P. m. melanotus Blyth, 1863 P. m. modiglianii Thomas, 1887 P. m. natalis Thomas, 1887 P. m. niadicus Miller, 1906 P. m. tytleri Dobson, 1874 P. melanotus Blyth, 1863 cVU IUCN Range in red, extinct in black Caroline flying fox P. molossinus Temminck, 1853 cVU IUCN Great flying fox Subspecies: [12] P. n. neohibernicus Peters, 1867 P. n. hilli Felten, 1961 P. neohibernicus Peters, 1867 aLC IUCN ? Mauritian flying fox P. niger Kerr, 1792 Synonyms: [25] P. fuscus Geoffroy, 1803 P. mauritianus Hermann, 1804 P. rufus Tiedemann, 1808 P. pteropus Merriam and Brisson, 1895 P. vulgaris Geoffroy, 1810 cVU IUCN Temotu flying fox P. nitendiensis Sanborn, 1930 Synonyms: [25] P. sanctacrucis Troughton, 1931 dEN IUCN – Ceram fruit bat P. ocularis Peters, 1867 Synonyms: [25] P. ceramensis Gray, 1871 cVU IUCN – Ornate flying fox Subspecies: [25] P. o. ornatus Gray, 1870 P. o. auratus Andersen, 1909 P. ornatus Gray, 1870 cVU IUCN – Pelew flying fox P. pelewensis Andersen, 1909 bNT IUCN Masked flying fox P. personatus Temminck, 1825 aLC IUCN Large Palau flying fox P. pilosus Andersen, 1909 gEX IUCN Formerly Palau since 1874 – Geelvink Bay flying fox P. pohlei Stein, 1933 cVU IUCN – Grey-headed flying fox P. poliocephalus Temminck, 1825 cVU IUCN Bonin flying fox P. pselaphon Lay, 1829 Synonyms: [26] P. ursinus Temminck and von Kittlitz, 1837 dEN IUCN Little golden-mantled flying fox P. pumilus Miller, 1911 Synonyms: [26] P. balutus Hollister, 1913 P. tablasi Taylor, 1934 bNT IUCN – Solomons flying fox Subspecies: [26] P. r. rayneri Gray, 1870 P. r. grandis Thomas, 1887 P. r. lavellanus Andersen, 1908 P. r. monoensis Lawrence, 1945 P. r. rubianus Andersen, 1908 P. rayneri Gray, 1870 bNT IUCN – Rennell flying fox P. rennelli Troughton, 1929 dEN IUCN – Rodrigues flying fox P. rodricensis Dobson, 1878 Synonyms: [27] P. mascarinus Mason, 1907 dEN IUCN – Madagascan flying fox P. rufus Geoffroy, 1803 Synonyms: [27] P. edwardsi Geoffroy, 1810 P. phaiops Temminck, 1825 P. princeps Andersen, 1908 cVU IUCN Samoa flying fox Subspecies: [11] P. s. samoensis Peale, 1848 P. s. nawaiensis Gray, 1870 P. samoensis Peale, 1848 bNT IUCN Seychelles fruit bat Subspecies: [11] P. s. seychellensis Milne-Edwards, 1877 P. s. comorensis Nicoll, 1908 P. seychellensis Milne-Edwards, 1877 aLC IUCN Philippine gray flying fox P. speciosus Andersen, 1908 Synonyms: [11] P. mearnsi Hollister, 1913 hDD IUCN ? – Small Mauritian flying fox P. subniger Kerr, 1792 Synonyms: [11] P. collaris Illiger, 1815 P. fuscus Desmarest, 1803 P. ruber Geoffroy, 1803 P. rubidum Daudin, 1802 P. rubricollis Geoffroy, 1810 P. torquatus Fischer, 1814 P. vulgaris Temminck, 1837 gEX IUCN Formerly Mauritius until 1859 Temminck's flying fox Subspecies: [13] P. t. temminckii Peters, 1867 P. t. liops Thomas, 1910 P. temminckii Peters, 1867 cVU IUCN Guam flying fox P. tokudae Tate, 1934 gEX IUCN Formerly Guam until 1968 – Insular flying fox Subspecies: [13] P. t. tonganus Quoy and Gaimard, 1830 P. t. basiliscus Thomas, 1915 P. t. geddiei MacGillivray, 1860 P. tonganus Quoy and Gaimard, 1830 aLC IUCN Vanikoro flying fox P. tuberculatus Peters, 1869 eCR IUCN [lower-alpha 5] ? – Kosrae flying fox P. ualanus Peters, 1883 Synonyms: [13] P. ualensis Finsch, 1881 cVU IUCN New Caledonia flying fox P. vetulus Jouan, 1863 Synonyms: [28] P. germaini Dobson, 1878 P. macmillani Tate, 1942 cVU IUCN – Pemba flying fox P. voeltzkowi Matschie, 1909 cVU IUCN – Dwarf flying fox P. woodfordi Thomas, 1888 Synonyms: [28] P. austini Lawrence, 1945 aLC IUCN – Yap flying fox P. yapensis Andersen, 1908 cVU IUCN ? Livingstone's fruit bat P. livingstonii Gray, 1866 eCR IUCN Small Samoan flying fox P. allenorum [lower-alpha 6] Helgen, Helgen, and Wilson, 2009 iNE [lower-alpha 7] – Large Samoan flying fox P. coxi [lower-alpha 8] Helgen, Helgen, and Wilson, 2009 iNE [lower-alpha 9] –

Genus Acerodon Jourdan, 1837 – 5 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Sulawesi flying fox A. celebensis Peters, 1867 Synonyms: [31] A. arquatus Miller and Hollister, 1921 cVU IUCN Talaud flying fox A. humilis Andersen, 1909 dEN IUCN – Giant golden-crowned flying fox Subspecies: [31] A. j. jubatus von Eschscholtz, 1831 A. j. lucifer Elliot, 1896 A. j. mindanensis Andersen, 1908 A. jubatus von Eschscholtz, 1831 dEN IUCN current range in green, possibly extinct in orange, and extinct in black Palawan fruit bat Subspecies: [31] A. l. leucotis Sanborn, 1950 A. l. obscurus Sanborn, 1950 A. leucotis Sanborn, 1950 cVU IUCN – Sunda flying fox Subspecies: [31] A. m. mackloti Temminck, 1837 A. m. alorensis Andersen, 1909 A. m. floresii Gray, 1871 A. m. gilvus Andersen, 1909 A. m. prajae Sody, 1936 A. mackloti Temminck, 1837 cVU IUCN –

Genus Pteralopex Thomas, 1888 – 5 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Bougainville monkey-faced bat P. anceps Andersen, 1909 dEN IUCN – Guadalcanal monkey-faced bat P. atrata Thomas, 1888 dEN IUCN – Greater monkey-faced bat P. flanneryi [lower-alpha 10] Helgen, 2005 eCR IUCN – Montane monkey-faced bat P. pulchra Flannery, 1991 eCR IUCN [lower-alpha 11] – New Georgian monkey-faced bat P. taki Parnaby, 2002 cVU IUCN Range in red, extinct in black –

Genus Styloctenium Matschie, 1899 – 2 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Sulawesi stripe-faced fruit bat S. wallacei Gray, 1866 bNT IUCN Mindoro stripe-faced fruit bat S. mindorensis Esselstyn, 2007 hDD IUCN ? –

Genus Neopteryx Hayman, 1946 – 1 species Synonyms: [32] Neoptryx Van der Zon, 1979 Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Small-toothed fruit bat N. frosti Hayman, 1946 dEN IUCN –

Tribe Macroglossini

Tribe Macroglossini – 2 genera, 5 species

Genus Macroglossus Cuviwer, 1824 – 2 species Synonyms: [33] Carponycteris Lydekker, 1891 Kiodotus Blyth, 1840 Odontonycteris Jentink, 1902 Rhynchocyon Gistel, 1848 Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Long-tongued nectar bat Subspecies: [33] M. m. minimus Geoffroy, 1810 M. m. booensis Kompanje and Moeliker, 2001 M. m. lagochilus Matschie, 1899 M. m. nanus Matschie, 1899 M. minimus Geoffroy, 1810 aLC IUCN Long-tongued fruit bat Subspecies: [33] M. s. sobrinus Andersen, 1911 M. s. fraternus Chasen and Kloss, 1928 M. sobrinus Andersen, 1911 aLC IUCN

Genus Syconycteris Matschie, 1899 – 3 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Common blossom bat Subspecies: [34] S. a. australis Peters, 1867 S. a. crassa Thomas, 1895 S. a. finschi Matschie, 1899 S. a. keyensis Andersen, 1911 S. a. major Andersen, 1911 S. a. naias Andersen, 1908 S. a. papuana Matschie, 1899 S. australis Peters, 1867 aLC IUCN Halmahera blossom bat S. carolinae Rozendaal, 1984 cVU IUCN – Moss-forest blossom bat S. hobbit Ziegler, 1982 aLC IUCN –

Tribe Notopterini

Tribe Notopterini – 4 genera, 8 species

Genus Notopteris Gray, 1859 – 2 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Long-tailed fruit bat N. macdonaldi Gray, 1859 cVU IUCN New Caledonia blossom bat N. neocaledonica Trouessart, 1908 cVU IUCN ? –

Genus Melonycteris – 2 subgenera, 3 species Dobson, 1877

Subgenus Melonycteris Dobson, 1877 Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Black-bellied fruit bat M. (M.) melanops Dobson, 1877 Synonyms: [35] M. (M.) alboscapulatus Ramsay, 1877 aLC IUCN

Subgenus Nesonycteris Thomas, 1887 Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Fardoulis' blossom bat Subspecies: [35] M. (N.) f. fardoulisi Flannery, 1993 M. (N.) f. maccoyi Flannery, 1993 M. (N.) f. mengermani Flannery, 1993 M. (N.) f. schouteni Flannery, 1993 M. (N.) fardoulisi Flannery, 1993 aLC IUCN – Woodford's fruit bat Subspecies: [35] M. (N.) w. woodfordi Thomas, 1887 M. (N.) w. aurantius [lower-alpha 12] Phillips, 1966 M. (N.) woodfordi Thomas, 1887 aLC IUCN ? –

Genus Mirimiri Helgen, 2005 – 1 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Fijian monkey-faced bat M. acrodonta [lower-alpha 13] Hill and Beckon, 1978 eCR IUCN

Genus Desmalopex Miller, 1907 – 2 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture White-winged flying fox D. leucopterus [lower-alpha 14] Temminck, 1825 Synonyms: [21] D. chinensis Gray, 1871 aLC IUCN Small white-winged flying fox D. microleucopterus [lower-alpha 15] Esselstyn, Harvey, Garcia, Mylanar, Saulog, and Lawrence, 2008 iNE –

Subfamily Nyctimeninae

Subfamily Nyctimeninae – 2 genera, 17 species

Genus Nyctimene Rafinesque, 1815 – 15 species Synonyms: [40] Bdelygma Matschie, 1899 Cephalotes Geoffroy, 1810 Gelasinus Temminck, 1837 Harpyia Illiger, 1811 Uronycteris Gray, 1863 Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Broad-striped tube-nosed fruit bat N. aello Thomas, 1900 Synonyms: [40] N. celaeno Thomas, 1922 aLC IUCN Common tube-nosed fruit bat Subspecies: [40] N. a. albiventer Gray, 1862 N. a. papuanus Andersen, 1910 N. albiventer Gray, 1862 aLC IUCN Pallas's tube-nosed bat Subspecies: [40] N. c. cephalotes Pallas, 1767 N. c. aplini Kitchener, 1995 N. cephalotes Pallas, 1767 aLC IUCN ? range in green, possibly extinct in orange Mountain tube-nosed fruit bat N. certans Andersen, 1912 aLC IUCN – Round-eared tube-nosed fruit bat N. cyclotis Andersen, 1910 hDD IUCN ? – Dragon tube-nosed fruit bat N. draconilla Thomas, 1922 hDD IUCN ? – Keast's tube-nosed fruit bat Subspecies: [41] N. k. keasti Kitchener, 1993 N. k. babari Bergmans, 2001 N. k. tozeri Kitchener, 1995 N. keasti Kitchener, 1993 cVU IUCN – Island tube-nosed fruit bat Subspecies: [42] N. m. major Dobson, 1877 N. m. geminus Andersen, 1910 N. m. lullulae Gray, 1904 N. m. scitulus Andersen, 1910 N. major Dobson, 1877 hDD IUCN ? Malaita tube-nosed fruit bat N. malaitensis Phillips, 1968 hDD IUCN ? – Lesser tube-nosed bat Subspecies: [43] N. m. minutus Andersen, 1910 N. m. varius Andersen, 1910 N. minutus Andersen, 1910 cVU IUCN – Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat N. rabori Heaney and Peterson, 1984 dEN IUCN – Eastern tube-nosed bat N. robinsoni Thomas, 1904 Synonyms: [43] N. tryoni Longman, 1921 aLC IUCN ? Nendo tube-nosed fruit bat N. sanctacrucis Troughton, 1931 hDD IUCN ? – Umboi tube-nosed fruit bat Subspecies: [44] N. v. vizcaccia Thomas, 1914 N. v. bougainville Troughton, 1936 N. vizcaccia Thomas, 1914 aLC IUCN ? Demonic tube-nosed fruit bat N. masalai [lower-alpha 16] Smith and Hood, 1983 hDD IUCN ? –

Genus Paranyctimene Tate, 1942 – 2 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Unstriped tube-nosed bat P. raptor Tate, 1942 aLC IUCN ? Steadfast tube-nosed fruit bat Subspecies: [44] P. t. tenax Bergmans, 2001 P. t. marculus Bergmans, 2001 P. tenax Bergmans, 2001 aLC IUCN ? –

Subfamily Harpiyonycterinae

Subfamily Harpiyonycterinae – 1 genus, 2 species

Genus Harpyionycteris Palmer, 1898 – 2 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Sulawesi harpy fruit bat H. celebensis Miller and Hollister, 1921 cVU IUCN – Harpy fruit bat Subspecies: [45] H. w. whiteheadi Thomas, 1896 H. w. negrosensis Peterson and Fenton, 1970 H. whiteheadi Thomas, 1896 aLC IUCN

Subfamily Rousettinae

Tribe Rousettini

Tribe Rousettini – 3 genera, 15 species

Genus Rousettus Gray, 1821 – 3 subgenera, 10 species Synonyms: [46] Cercopterus Burnett, 1829 Cynonycteris Peters, 1852 Eleutherura Gray, 1844 Senonycteris Gray, 1870 Xantharpyia Gray, 1834

Subgenus Boneia Jentink, 1879 Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Manado fruit bat R. (B.) bidens Jentink, 1879 Synonyms: [47] R. (B.) menadensis Thomas, 1896 cVU IUCN –

Subgenus Rousettus Gray, 1821 Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Egyptian fruit bat Subspecies: [47] R. (R.) a. aegyptiacus Geoffroy, 1810 R. (R.) a. arabicus Andersen and de Winton, 1902 R. (R.) a. leachii Miller, 1916 R. (R.) a. princes Juste and Iba±ez, 1993 R. (R.) a. tomensis Juste and Iba±ez, 1993 R. (R.) a. unicolor Gray, 1870 R. (R.) aegyptiacus Geoffroy, 1810 aLC IUCN Geoffroy's rousette Subspecies: [47] R. (R.) a. amplexicaudatus Geoffroy, 1810 R. (R.) a. brachyotis Dobson, 1878 R. (R.) a. hedigeri Pohle, 1952 R. (R.) a. infumatus Gray, 1871 R. (R.) a. minor Dobson, 1873 R. (R.) amplexicaudatus Geoffroy, 1810 aLC IUCN ? Sulawesi rousette R. (R.) celebensis Andersen, 1907 aLC IUCN Leschenault's rousette Subspecies: [47] R. (R.) l. leschenaultii Desmarest, 1820 R. (R.) l. seminudus Kelaart, 1850 R. (R.) l. shortridgei Thomas and Wroughton, 1909 R. (R.) leschenaultii Desmarest, 1820 aLC IUCN Linduan rousette R. (R.) linduensis Maryanto and Yani, 2003 hDD IUCN ? – Comoro rousette R. (R.) obliviosus Kock, 1978 cVU IUCN ? – Bare-backed rousette R. (R.) spinalatus Bergmans and Hill, 1980 cVU IUCN –

Subgenus Stenonycteris Gray, 1871 Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Long-haired rousette R. (S.) lanosus Thomas, 1906 Synonyms: [48] R. (S.) kempu Thomas, 1909 aLC IUCN Madagascan rousette R. (S.) madagascariensis Grandidier, 1928 bNT IUCN

Genus Eonycteris Dobson, 1878 – 3 species Synonyms: [49] Callinycteris Jentink, 1889 Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Greater nectar bat E. major Andersen, 1910 hDD IUCN ? – Philippine dawn bat E. robusta Miller, 1913 bNT IUCN – Dawn bat Subspecies: [49] E. s. spelaea Dobson, 1871 E. s. glandifera Lawrence, 1939 E. s. rosenbergii Jentink, 1889 E. s. winnyae Maharadatunkamsi and Kitchener, 1997 E. spelaea Dobson, 1871 aLC IUCN ?

Genus Eidolon Rafinesque, 1837 – 2 species Synonyms: [50] Leiponyx Jentink, 1881 Liponyx Forbes, 1882 Pterocyon Peters, 1861 Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Madagascan fruit bat E. dupreanum Schlegel and Pollen cVU IUCN Straw-colored fruit bat Subspecies: [31] E. h. helvum Kerr, 1792 E. h. annobonensis Juste, Ibß±ez, and Machordom, 2000 E. h. sabaeum Andersen, 1907 E. helvum Kerr, 1792 bVU IUCN

Tribe Dobsoniini

Tribe Dobsoniini – 2 genera, 15 species

Genus Dobsonia Palmer, 1898 – 14 species Synonyms: [45] Hypoderma Geoffroy, 1828 Pteronotus Rafinesque, 1815 Tribonophorus Burnett, 1829 Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Andersen's naked-backed fruit bat D. anderseni Thomas, 1914 aLC IUCN – Beaufort's naked-backed fruit bat D. beauforti Bergmans, 1975 aLC IUCN ? – Philippine naked-backed fruit bat D. chapmani Rabor, 1975 eCR IUCN – Halmahera naked-backed fruit bat D. crenulata Andersen, 1908 aLC IUCN ? – Biak naked-backed fruit bat D. emersa Bergmans and Sarbini, 1985 cVU IUCN ? – Sulawesi naked-backed fruit bat D. exoleta Andersen, 1908 aLC IUCN ? – Solomon's naked-backed fruit bat Subspecies: [51] D. i. inermis Andersen, 1909 D. i. minimus Phillips, 1968 D. inermis Andersen, 1909 aLC IUCN – Lesser naked-backed fruit bat D. minor Dobson, 1878 aLC IUCN ? – Moluccan naked-backed fruit bat D. moluccensis Quoy and Gaimard, 1830 aLC IUCN New Guinea naked-backed fruit bat D. magna [lower-alpha 17] Thomas, 1905 iNE – Panniet naked-backed fruit bat Subspecies: [51] D. p. pannietensis De Vis, 1905 D. p. remota Cabrera, 1920 D. pannietensis De Vis, 1905 bNT IUCN ? – Western naked-backed fruit bat Subspecies: [51] D. p. peronii Geoffroy, 1810 D. p. grandis Bergmans, 1978 D. peronii Geoffroy, 1810 aLC IUCN – New Britain naked-backed fruit bat D. praedatrix Andersen, 1908 aLC IUCN ? – Greenish naked-backed fruit bat D. viridis Heude, 1896 aLC IUCN –

Genus Aproteles Menzies, 1977 – 1 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Bulmer's fruit bat A. bulmerae Menzies, 1977 eCR IUCN –

Subfamily Epomophorinae

Tribe Epomophorini

Tribe Epomophorini 5 genera, 16 species

Genus Epomophorus Bennett, 1835 – 9 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Angolan epauletted fruit bat E. angolensis Gray, 1870 bNT IUCN – Peters's epauletted fruit bat E. crypturus Peters, 1852 aLC IUCN ? Gambian epauletted fruit bat Subspecies: [53] E. g. gambianus Ogilby, 1835 E. g. pousarguesi Trouessart, 1904 E. gambianus Ogilby, 1835 aLC IUCN ? Lesser Angolan epauletted fruit bat E. grandis Sanborn, 1950 hDD IUCN ? – Ethiopian epauletted fruit bat E. labiatus Temminck, 1837 Synonyms: [54] E. anurus von Heuglin, 1864 E. doriae Matschie, 1899 E. schoensis Rüppell, 1842 E. schovanus von Heuglin, 1877 aLC IUCN East African epauletted fruit bat E. minimus Claessen and Vree, 1991 aLC IUCN – Minor epauletted fruit bat E. minor Dobson, 1879 aLC IUCN Central Africa and East Africa – Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat E. wahlbergi Sundevall, 1846 Synonyms: [55] E. haldemani Hallowell, 1846 E. neumanni Matschie, 1899 E. stuhlmanni Matschie, 1899 E. unicolor Gray, 1870 E. zenkeri Matschie, 1899 aLC IUCN Ansell's epauletted fruit bat E. anselli Bergmans & van Strien, 2004 hDD IUCN ? –

Genus Micropteropus Matschie, 1899 – 2 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Hayman's dwarf epauletted fruit bat M. intermedius Hayman, 1963 hDD IUCN ? – Peters' dwarf epauletted fruit bat M. pusillus Peters, 1867 aLC IUCN

Genus Hypsignathus Allen, 1861 – 1 species Synonyms: [56] Sphyrocephalus Murray, 1862 Zygaenocephalus Murray, 1862 Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Hammer-headed bat H. monstrosus Allen, 1861 Synonyms: [56] H. labrosus Murray, 1862 H. macrocephalus Peters, 1876 aLC IUCN ?

Genus Epomops Gray, 1870 – 3 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Buettikofer's epauletted fruit bat E. buettikoferi Matschie, 1899 aLC IUCN Dobson's epauletted fruit bat E. dobsonii du Bocage, 1889 aLC IUCN Franquet's epauletted fruit bat E. franqueti Tomes, 1860 Synonyms: [56] E. comptus Allen, 1861 E. strepitans Andersen, 1910 aLC IUCN

Genus Nanonycteris Matschie, 1899 – 1 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Veldkamp's dwarf epauletted fruit bat N. veldkampii Jentink, 1888 aLC IUCN ?

Tribe Myonycterini

Tribe Myonycterini 3 genera, 7 species

Genus Myonycteris Matschie, 1899 – 4 species Synonyms: [32] Phylletis Juste and Ibáñez, 1993

Subgenus Myonycteris Matschie, 1899 Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture East African little collared fruit bat M. (M.) relicta Bergmans, 1980 aLC IUCN – Little collared fruit bat M. (M.) torquata Dobson, 1878 Synonyms: [32] M. (M.) collaris Andersen, 1907 M. (M.) leptodon Andersen, 1908 M. (M.) wroughtoni Andersen, 1908 aLC IUCN Sierra Leone collared fruit bat M. (M.) leptodon [lower-alpha 18] Andersen, 1908 aLC IUCN ? Northern coast of the Gulf of Guinea –

Subgenus Phygetis Andersen, 1912 Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture São Tomé collared fruit bat M. (P.) brachycephala du Bocage, 1889 Synonyms: [32] M. (P.) brachycephalus Seabra, 1898 M. (P.) collaris Andersen, 1907 dEN IUCN –

Genus Lissonycteris Andersen, 1912 – 1 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Angolan rousette Subspecies: [56] L. a. angolensis du Bocage, 1898 L. a. goliath Bergmans, 1997 L. a. ruwenzorii Eisentraut, 1965 L. a. smithii Thomas, 1908 L. angolensis du Bocage, 1898 aLC IUCN

Genus Megaloglossus Pagenstecher, 1885 – 2 species Synonyms: [57] Trygenycteris Lydekker, 1891 Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Woermann's bat M. woermanni Pagenstecher, 1885 Synonyms: [57] M. prigoginei Hayman, 1966 aLC IUCN – Azagnyi fruit bat M. azagnyi Nesi, Kadjo & Hassanin, 2012 aLC IUCN ? Coasts of Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Togo –

Tribe Scotonycterini

Tribe Scotonycterini 2 genera, 4 species

Genus Scotonycteris Matschie, 1894 – 1 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Zenker's fruit bat Subspecies: [34] S. z. zenkeri Matschie, 1894 S. z. bedfordi Thomas, 1904 S. z. occidentalis Hayman, 1947 S. zenkeri Matschie, 1894 aLC IUCN

Genus Casinycteris Thomas, 1910 – 3 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Short-palated fruit bat C. argynnis Thomas, 1910 aLC IUCN ? – Campo-Ma'an fruit bat C. campomaanensis Hassanin, 2014 hDD IUCN ? – Pohle's fruit bat C. ophiodon [lower-alpha 19] Pohle, 1943 Synonyms: [34] C. cansdalei Hayman, 1946 bNT IUCN

Tribe Plerotini

Tribe Plerotini 1 genus, 1 species

Genus Plerotes Andersen, 1910 – 1 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture D'Anchieta's fruit bat P. anchietae Seabra, 1900 hDD IUCN ? –

Subfamily Cynopterinae

Subfamily Cynopterinae – 15 genera, 28 species

Genus Sphaerias Miller, 1906 – 1 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Blanford's fruit bat S. blanfordi Thomas, 1891 Synonyms: [34] S. motuoensis Thomas, 1891 aLC IUCN ?

Genus Alionycteris Kock, 1969 – 1 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Mindanao pygmy fruit bat A. paucidentata Kock, 1969 aLC IUCN –

Genus Cynopterus Cuvier, 1824 – 7 species Synonyms: [58] Niadius Miller, 1906 Pachysoma Geoffroy, 1828 Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Lesser short-nosed fruit bat Subspecies: [58] C. b. brachyotis Müller, 1838 C. b. altitudinis Hill, 1961 C. b. brachysoma Gray, 1871 C. b. ceylonensis Gray, 1871 C. b. concolor Sody, 1940 C. b. hoffeti Bourret, 1944 C. b. insularum Andersen, 1908 C. b. javanicus Andersen, 1910 C. brachyotis Müller, 1838 aLC IUCN ? Horsfield's fruit bat Subspecies: [58] C. h. horsfieldii Gray, 1843 C. h. harpax Thomas and Wroughton, 1909 C. h. persimilis Andersen, 1912 C. h. princeps Miller, 1906 C. horsfieldii Gray, 1843 aLC IUCN ? – Peters's fruit bat C. luzoniensis Peters, 1861 Synonyms: [59] C. archipelagus Taylor, 1934 C. cumingii Gray, 1871 C. philippensis Gray, 1871 aLC IUCN – Minute fruit bat C. minutus Miller, 1906 aLC IUCN Nusatenggara short-nosed fruit bat Subspecies: [59] C. n. nusatenggara Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi, 1991 C. n. sinagai Kitchener, 1996 C. n. wetarensis Kitchener, 1996 C. nusatenggara Kitchener and Maharadatunkamsi, 1991 aLC IUCN – Greater short-nosed fruit bat Subspecies: [59] C. s. sphinx Vahl, 1797 C. s. angulatus Miller, 1898 C. s. babi Lyon, 1916 C. s. pagensis Miller, 1906 C. s. scherzeri Zelebor, 1869 C. s. serasani Paradiso, 1971 C. sphinx Vahl, 1797 aLC IUCN – Indonesian short-nosed fruit bat Subspecies: [60] C. t. titthaecheilus Temminck, 1825 C. t. major Miller, 1906 C. t. terminus Sody, 1940 C. titthaecheilus Temminck, 1825 aLC IUCN

Genus Haplonycteris Lawrence, 1939 – 1 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Fischer's pygmy fruit bat H. fischeri Lawrence, 1939 aLC IUCN ?

Genus Latidens Thonglongya, 1972 – 1 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Salim Ali's fruit bat L. salimalii Thonglongya, 1972 dEN IUCN ? –

Genus Otopteropus Kock, 1969 – 1 species Subspecies: [44] Otopterus Sokolov, 1973 Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Luzon fruit bat O. cartilagonodus Kock, 1969 aLC IUCN –

Genus Penthetor Andersen, 1912 – 1 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Dusky fruit bat P. lucasi Dobson, 1878 aLC IUCN

Genus Aethalops Thomas, 1923 – 2 species Synonyms: [15] Aethalodes Thomas, 1923 Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Borneo fruit bat A. aequalis Allen, 1938 aLC IUCN ? – Pygmy fruit bat Subspecies: [61] A. a. alecto Thomas, 1923 A. a. boeadii Kitchener, 1993 A. a. ocypete Boeadi and Hill, 1986 A. alecto Thomas, 1923 aLC IUCN ? –

Genus Thoopterus Matschie, 1899 – 1 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Swift fruit bat T. nigrescens Gray, 1870 Synonyms: [62] T. latidens Dobson, 1878 aLC IUCN ?

Genus Hypsignathus Allen, 1861 – 1 species Synonyms: [56] Sphyrocephalus Murray, 1862 Zygaenocephalus Murray, 1862 Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Hammer-headed bat H. monstrosus Allen, 1861 Synonyms: [56] H. labrosus Murray, 1862 H. macrocephalus Peters, 1876 aLC IUCN ?

Genus Ptenochirus Peters, 1861 – 2 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Greater musky fruit bat P. jagori Peters, 1861 aLC IUCN Lesser musky fruit bat P. minor Yoshiyuki, 1979 aLC IUCN –

Genus Dyacopterus Andersen, 1912 – 3 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Dayak fruit bat D. spadiceus Thomas, 1890 bNT IUCN – Brooks's dyak fruit bat D. brooksi Thomas, 1890 cVU IUCN – Philippine large-headed fruit bat D. rickarti [lower-alpha 20] Helgen, Kock, Gomez and Ingle, 2007 iNE –

Genus Chironax Andersen, 1908 – 1 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Black-capped fruit bat Subspecies: [58] C. m. melanocephalus Temminck, 1825 C. m. tumulus Bergmans and Rozendaal, 1988 C. melanocephalus Temminck, 1825 aLC IUCN ? –

Genus Megaerops Peters, 1865 – 4 species Subspecies: [57] Megaera Temminck, 1841 Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Tailless fruit bat M. ecaudatus Temminck, 1837 aLC IUCN ? Javan tailless fruit bat M. kusnotoi Hill & Boeadi, 1978 cVU IUCN – Ratanaworabhan's fruit bat M. niphanae Yenbutra & Felten, 1983 aLC IUCN ? – White-collared fruit bat Subspecies: [57] M. w. wetmorei Taylor, 1934 M. w. albicollis Taylor, 1934 M. wetmorei Taylor, 1934 cVU IUCN –

Genus Balionycteris Matschie, 1899 – 1 species Common name Scientific name IUCN Red List Status Range Picture Spotted-winged fruit bat Subspecies: [61] B. m. maculata Thomas, 1923 B. m. seimundi Kloss, 1921 B. maculata Matschie, 1899 aLC IUCN ?

See also

• List of bats
• Megabat

Notes

1. Possibly extinct in the wild, last sighted in 1992 ^[16]
2. Considered synonymous with Pteropus alecto by the IUCN and ITIS, but considered valid by Mammal Species of the World ^[15]
3. P. argentatus is a junior synonym ^[17]
4. Not evaluated by the IUCN but considered valid by ITIS. ^[22] Also referred to as Pteropus pelagicus ^[23]
5. Possibly extinct in the wild, last sighted before 1930 ^[16]
6. Considered valid by ITIS ^[29]
7. This species is probably extinct.
8. Considered valid by ITIS ^[30]
9. This species is probably extinct.
10. Sometimes considered synonymous with Pteralopex anceps
11. Possibly extinct in the wild, last sighted in 1991 ^[16]
12. Formerly a separate species Melonycteris aurantius (the orange fruit bat) until 1966 ^[36]
13. Placed in the genus Pteralopex by Mammal Species of the World ^[37]
14. Considered as Pteropus leucopterus by the IUCN, but as Desmalopex leucopterus by ITIS ^[38]
15. Considered valid by ITIS ^[39]
16. May be synonymous with Nyctimene albiventer
17. Listed as a subspecies of Dobsonia moluccensis by the IUCN, but considered valid by ITIS ^[52]
18. May be synonymous with Myonycteris (Myonycteris) torquata
19. Considered to be in the genus Scotonycteris by the IUCN
20. Not considered valid by the IUCN, but considered valid by ITIS ^[63]

Footnotes

1. Eick, G. N.; Jacobs, D. S.; Matthee, C. A. (2005). "A Nuclear DNA Phylogenetic Perspective on the Evolution of Echolocation and Historical Biogeography of Extant Bats (Chiroptera)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (9): 1869–1886. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msi180 . PMID   15930153.
2. Tsagkogeorga, G.; Parker, J.; Stupka, E.; Cotton, J. A.; Rossiter, S. J. (2013). "Phylogenomic analyses elucidate the evolutionary relationships of bats". Current Biology. 23 (22): 2262–2267. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.09.014 . PMID   24184098.
3. Simmons, Nancy B.; Seymour, Kevin L.; Habersetzer, Jörg; Gunnell, Gregg F. (2008). "Primitive Early Eocene bat from Wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation" (PDF). Nature. 451 (7180): 818–21. Bibcode:2008Natur.451..818S. doi:10.1038/nature06549. hdl: 2027.42/62816 . PMID   18270539. S2CID   4356708.
4. Simmons, N. B.; Seymour, K. L.; Habersetzer, J.; Gunnell, G. F. (2008). "Primitive Early Eocene bat from Wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation" (PDF). Nature. 451 (7180): 818–821. Bibcode:2008Natur.451..818S. doi:10.1038/nature06549. hdl: 2027.42/62816 . PMID   18270539. S2CID   4356708.
5. Pettigrew, J. D.; Maseko, B. C.; Manger, P.R. (2008). "Primate-like retinotectal decussation in an echolocating megabat, Rousettus aegyptiacus". Neuroscience. 153 (1): 226–31. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.02.019. PMID   18367343. S2CID   30649196.
6. MSW3, p. 313.
7. Almeida, F. C.; Giannini, N. P.; Simmons, N. B. (2016). "The Evolutionary History of the African Fruit Bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)". Acta Chiropterologica. 18 (1): 73–90. doi:10.3161/15081109ACC2016.18.1.003. hdl: 11336/12847 . S2CID   89415407.
8. B, J. J.; Alvarez, Y.; Tabarés, E.; Garrido-Pertierra, A.; Ibáñez, C.; Bautista, J. M. (1999). "Phylogeography of African fruitbats (Megachiroptera)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 3 (13): 596–604. doi:10.1006/mpev.1999.0669. PMID   10620416.
9. Almeida, Francisca C.; Giannini, Norberto P.; DeSalle, Rob; Simmons, Nancy B. (2011). "Evolutionary relationships of the old world fruit bats (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae): Another star phylogeny?". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11 (281): 281. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-281 . PMC   3199269 . PMID   21961908.
10. MSW3, p. 334.
11. MSW3, p. 344.
12. MSW3, p. 340.
13. MSW3, p. 345.
14. MSW3, p. 336.
15. MSW3, p. 335.
16. "Possibly Extinct and Possibly Extinct in the Wild Species" (PDF). IUCN Red List. 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
17. "Pteropus argentatus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 22 September 2017.
18. MSW3, p. 337.
19. MSW3, pp. 337–338.
20. MSW3, p. 338
21. MSW3, p. 338.
22. "Pteropus insularis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 19 September 2017.
23. Buden, D. W.; Helgen, K. M.; Wiles, G. J. (2013). "Taxonomy, distribution, and natural history of flying foxes (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae) in the Mortlock Islands and Chuuk State, Caroline Islands". ZooKeys (345): 97–135. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.345.5840 . PMC   3817444 . PMID   24194666.
24. MSW3, pp. 340–341.
25. MSW3, p. 341.
26. MSW3, p. 342.
27. MSW3, p. 343.
28. MSW3, p. 346.
29. "Pteropus allenorum". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 22 September 2017.
30. "Pteropus coxi". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 22 September 2017.
31. MSW3, p. 314.
32. MSW3, p. 328.
33. MSW3, p. 325.
34. MSW3, p. 349.
35. MSW3, p. 327.
36. "Melonycteris aurantius". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 17 September 2017.
37. MSW3, p. 333.
38. "Desmalopex leucopterus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 19 September 2017.
39. "Desmalopex microleucopterus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 22 September 2017.
40. MSW3, p. 329.
41. MSW3, p. 330.
42. MSW3, pp. 330–331.
43. MSW3, p. 331.
44. MSW3, p. 332.
45. MSW3, p. 318.
46. MSW3, pp. 346–347.
47. MSW3, p. 347.
48. MSW3, p. 348.
49. MSW3, p. 321.
50. MSW3, p. 320.
51. MSW3, p. 319.
52. "Dobsonia magna". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 13 September 2017.
53. MSW3, p. 322.
54. MSW3, pp. 322–323.
55. MSW3, p. 323.
56. MSW3, p. 324.
57. MSW3, p. 326.
58. MSW3, p. 316.
59. MSW3, p. 317.
60. MSW3, pp. 317–318.
61. MSW3, p. 315.
62. MSW3, p. 350.
63. "Dyacopterus rickarti". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 12 September 2017.

References

• Simmons, N.B. (2005). "Order Chiroptera". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 312–529. ISBN   978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC   62265494.

External links

• Media related to fruit bats at Wikimedia Commons
• Data related to fruit bats at Wikispecies