List of carnivorans

Various carnivorans, with feliforms to the left, and caniforms to the right

Carnivora is an order of placental mammals that have specialized in primarily eating flesh. Members of this order are called carnivorans, or colloquially carnivores, though the term more properly refers to any meat-eating organisms, and some carnivoran species are omnivores or herbivores. Carnivora is the fifth largest order of mammals and currently comprises 291 extant species, which are grouped into 131 genera. Carnivora can be divided into two suborders: the cat-like Feliformia and the dog-like Caniformia, which are differentiated largely based on the structure of their ear bones and cranial features. ^[1] The majority of feliform species are found in the Old World, though the cats have successfully diversified into the Americas. Members of the Caniformia group are found worldwide. Carnivorans live on every major landmass and in a variety of habitats, including polar regions, hyper-arid deserts, and the open seas. They come in a wide array of body plans in contrasting shapes and sizes, ranging from the 17 cm (7 in) least weasel to the 6 m (20 ft) and 3,700 kg (8,200 lb) male southern elephant seal. Some carnivorans, such as cats, dogs, and the ferret, have been domesticated, resulting in a worldwide distribution.

The feliforms are further subdivided into seven families: Eupleridae, Felidae, Herpestidae, Hyaenidae, Nandiniidae, Prionodontinae, and Viverridae, and include the cats, the hyenas, the mongooses and the viverrids, among others. The caniforms are divided into nine families: Ailuridae, Canidae, Mephitidae, Mustelidae, Odobenidae, Otariidae, Phocidae, Procyonidae, and Ursidae, and include the dogs, bears, raccoons, weasels, and pinnipeds. The exact organization of the species is not fixed, with many recent proposals made based on molecular phylogenetic analysis, including smaller re-categorizations such as promoting the black mongoose subspecies of the slender mongoose to a full species or the 2011 discovery of the Vietnam ferret-badger, as well as larger changes such as formally recognizing the family Eupleridae as separate from Viverridae and Herpestidae in 2003. In addition to the extant species, six species have gone extinct since 1500 CE: the Falkland Islands wolf and South American fox in Canidae, the sea mink and Japanese otter in Mustelidae, the Japanese sea lion in Otariidae, and the Caribbean monk seal in Phocidae.

Conventions

Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the collective range of species in that genera is provided. Ranges are based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species unless otherwise noted. All extinct genera or species listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".

Classification

The order Carnivora consists of 291 extant species belonging to 131 genera as well the extinct genus Dusicyon , comprising 2 extinct species, and 4 other extinct species, which are the only carnivoran species to go extinct since prehistoric times. This does not include hybrid species (such as wolfdogs or ligers) or extinct prehistoric species. Modern molecular studies indicate that the 131 genera can be grouped into 16 families, split into the Caniformia and Feliformia clades, and several of these families are subdivided into named subfamilies. Three families of semi-aquatic animals, Odobenidae, Otariidae, and Phocidae, are collected into the suborder Pinnipedia.

Suborder Caniformia

• Family Ailuridae
  • Subfamily Ailurinae (red pandas): 1 genus, 1 species
• Family Canidae
  • Subfamily Caninae (wolves and foxes): 14 genera (one extinct), 39 species (two extinct)
• Family Mephitidae (skunks and stink badgers): 4 genera, 12 species
• Family Mustelidae
  • Subfamily Guloninae (martens and wolverines): 4 genera, 9 species
  • Subfamily Helictidinae (ferret-badgers): 1 genus, 5 species
  • Subfamily Ictonychinae (African polecats and grisons): 5 genera, 7 species
  • Subfamily Lutrinae (otters): 7 genera, 14 species (one extinct)
  • Subfamily Melinae (Eurasian badgers): 2 genera, 6 species
  • Subfamily Mellivorinae (honey badger): 1 genus, 1 species
  • Subfamily Mustelinae (weasels and minks): 2 genera, 20 species (one extinct)
  • Subfamily Taxidiinae (American badger): 1 genus, 1 species
• Clade Pinnipedia
  • Family Odobenidae (walrus): 1 genus, 1 species
  • Family Otariidae (eared seals): 7 genera, 16 species (one extinct)
  • Family Phocidae (true seals): 14 genera, 19 species (one extinct)
• Family Procyonidae (raccoons, coatis, olingos, kinkajous): 6 genera, 14 species
• Family Ursidae
  • Subfamily Ailuropodinae (panda bear): 1 genus, 1 species
  • Subfamily Tremarctinae (short-faced bear): 1 genus, 1 species
  • Subfamily Ursinae (bears): 3 genera, 6 species

Suborder Feliformia

• Family Eupleridae
  • Subfamily Euplerinae (civet-like euplerids): 3 genera, 4 species
  • Subfamily Galidiinae (mongoose-like euplerids): 4 genera, 6 species
• Family Felidae
  • Subfamily Felinae (small and medium-sized cats): 12 genera, 34 species
  • Subfamily Pantherinae (large cats): 2 genera, 7 species
• Family Herpestidae
  • Subfamily Herpestinae (European/Asian mongooses): 9 genera, 23 species
  • Subfamily Mungotinae (African mongooses): 6 genera, 11 species
• Family Hyaenidae (hyaenas): 3 genera, 4 species
• Family Nandiniidae (African palm civet): 1 genus, 1 species
• Family Prionodontidae (Asiatic linsangs): 1 genus, 2 species
• Family Viverridae
  • Subfamily Genettinae (genets): 2 genera, 16 species
  • Subfamily Hemigalinae (Southeast Asian civets): 4 genera, 4 species
  • Subfamily Paradoxurinae (Asian civets): 5 genera, 7 species
  • Subfamily Viverrinae (civets): 3 genera, 6 species

Carnivora      Caniformia    Canidae Ursidae Pinnipedia Phocidae Odobenidae Otariidae Mephitidae Ailuridae Mustelidae Procyonidae   Feliformia    Nandiniidae Felidae Prionodontidae Viverridae Hyaenidae Eupleridae Herpestidae

Carnivorans

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, including smaller re-categorizations such as promoting the black mongoose subspecies of the slender mongoose to a full species or the 2011 discovery of the Vietnam ferret-badger, as well as larger changes such as formally recognizing the family Eupleridae as separate from Viverridae and Herpestidae in 2003. ^{[2] [3] [4]}

Suborder Caniformia

Ailuridae

The Ailuridae family is composed of one species, commonly called the red panda.

Subfamily Ailurinae – Gray, 1843 – one genus

Name	Authority and species	Range	Size and ecology
Ailurus (Red panda)	F. Cuvier, 1825 One species A. fulgens (Red panda)	Eastern Himalayas and southwestern China (both species' range shown)	Size range: 50–64 cm (20–25 in) long, plus 28–59 cm (11–23 in) tail [5] Habitats: Forest and shrubland [6] Diets: Bamboo, as well as fruit, vegetation, lichen, bird eggs, and insects [6]

Canidae

Main article: List of canids

Members of the Canidae family are canids and include domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes, foxes, jackals, and dingoes, among others. Canidae comprises 37 extant species, divided into 14 genera and placed inside a single extant subfamily, Caninae. Caninae is split into two tribes: Canini, comprising the wolf-like canids, and Vulpini, the fox-like canids.

Subfamily Caninae – G. Fischer de Waldheim, 1817 – fourteen genera

Name	Authority and species	Range	Size and ecology
Atelocynus	Cabrera, 1940 One species A. microtis (Short-eared dog)	Western Amazon rainforest in South America	Size: 72–100 cm (28–39 in) long, plus 24–35 cm (9–14 in) tail [7] Habitats: Wetlands, forest, and savanna [8] Diet: Fish, insects, and small mammals, as well as fruit, birds, and crabs [8] [9]
Canis	Linnaeus, 1758 Six species C. aureus (Golden jackal) C. familiaris (Dog) C. latrans (Coyote) C. lupaster (African golden wolf) C. lupus (Grey wolf, pictured) C. simensis (Ethiopian wolf)	North America, Eurasia, and Africa; worldwide distribution (domestic dog)	Size range: 60 cm (24 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (golden jackal) to 160 cm (63 in) long, plus 50 cm (20 in) tail (wolf) [10] Habitats: Forest, desert, shrubland, grassland, savanna, inland wetlands, and rocky areas [11] Diets: A wide variety of foods, including small to large mammals, birds, fish, fruit, carrion, and insects [11]
Cerdocyon	C. E. H. Smith, 1839 One species C. thous (Crab-eating fox)	Eastern and northern South America	Size: 64 cm (25 in) long, plus 28 cm (11 in) tail [12] Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands [13] Diet: Crabs and insects, as well as rodents, birds, turtles, eggs, fruit, and carrion [12] [13]
Chrysocyon	C. E. H. Smith, 1839 One species C. brachyurus (Maned wolf)	Central South America	Size: 100–130 cm (39–51 in) long, plus 45 cm (18 in) tail [14] [15] Habitats: Forest, wetlands, grassland, shrubland, and savanna [16] Diet: Fruit, arthropods, and small and medium vertebrates [16]
Cuon	Hodgson, 1838 One species C. alpinus (Dhole)	Southeast Asia	Size: 90 cm (35 in) long, plus 40–45 cm (16–18 in) tail [17] Habitats: Forest, grassland, and shrubland [18] Diet: Ungulates, as well as small rodents and hares [18]
Dusicyon†	C. E. H. Smith, 1839 Two species D. australis (Falkland Islands wolf, pictured)† D. avus (South American fox)†	Southern South America, Falkland Islands	Size range: Unknown Habitats: Grassland and shrubland [19] Diets: Unknown
Lupulella	Hilzheimer, 1906 Two species L. adustus (Side-striped jackal, pictured) L. mesomelas (Black-backed jackal)	Sub-Saharan Africa	Size range: 60 cm (24 in) long, plus 16 cm (6 in) tail (black-backed jackal) to 81 cm (32 in) long, plus 41 cm (16 in) tail (side-striped jackal) [20] Habitats: Forest, shrubland, savanna, grassland, inland wetlands, desert, and intertidal marine [21] Diets: Small to medium-sized mammals, birds, and fruit, as well as insects, grass, and carrion [21]
Lycalopex (South American fox)	Burmeister, 1854 Six species L. culpeo (Culpeo) L. fulvipes (Darwin's fox) L. griseus (South American gray fox, pictured) L. gymnocercus (Pampas fox) L. sechurae (Sechuran fox) L. vetulus (Hoary fox)	South America	Size range: 44 cm (17 in) long, plus 18 cm (7 in) tail (Darwin's fox) to 132 cm (52 in) long, plus 41 cm (16 in) tail (culpeo) [22] Habitats: Forest, rocky areas, grassland, shrubland, savanna, and desert [23] Diets: Small mammals, birds, insects, and fruit, as well as livestock and carrion [23]
Lycaon	Brookes, 1827 One species L. pictus (African wild dog)	Scattered areas of Africa. Extant regions in red; probably extant region in yellow.	Size: 76–112 cm (30–44 in) long, plus 30–42 cm (12–17 in) tail [24] Habitats: Forest, grassland, shrubland, savanna, and desert [25] Diet: Medium-sized antelope [25]
Nyctereutes	Temminck, 1839 Two species N. procyonoides (Common raccoon dog) N. viverrinus (Japanese raccoon dog, pictured)	Eastern Asia, introduced to Central and Eastern Europe	Size range: 49–71 cm (19–28 in) long, plus 15–23 cm (6–9 in) tail [24] Habitats: Forest, grassland, and shrubland [26] Diets: Insects, rodents, amphibians, birds, fish, and reptiles, as well as fruit, nuts, and berries [26]
Otocyon	Müller, 1835 One species O. megalotis (Bat-eared fox)	Southern and Eastern Africa	Size: 46–61 cm (18–24 in) long, plus 23–34 cm (9–13 in) tail [24] Habitats: Grassland, shrubland, and savanna [27] Diet: Harvester termites as well as other arthropods [27]
Speothos	Lund, 1839 One species S. venaticus (Bush dog)	Northern South America	Size: 57–75 cm (22–30 in) long, plus 12–15 cm (5–6 in) tail [28] Habitats: Shrubland, forest, grassland, and savanna [29] Diet: Small and medium mammals, as well as birds, reptiles, and fruit [29]
Urocyon	Baird, 1857 Two species U. cinereoargenteus (Gray fox, pictured) U. littoralis (Island fox)	North America and Central America	Size range: 46 cm (18 in) long, plus 12 cm (5 in) tail (island fox) to 66 cm (26 in) long, plus 44 cm (17 in) tail (gray fox) [24] Habitats: Forest, grassland, shrubland, and intertidal marine [30] Diets: Small mammals, fruit, insects, birds, eggs, crabs, and lizards [30]
Vulpes (true fox)	Frisch, 1775 Twelve species V. bengalensis (Bengal fox) V. cana (Blanford's fox) V. chama (Cape fox) V. corsac (Corsac fox) V. ferrilata (Tibetan sand fox) V. lagopus (Arctic fox) V. macrotis (Kit fox) V. pallida (Pale fox) V. rueppellii (Rüppell's fox) V. velox (Swift fox) V. vulpes (Red fox, pictured) V. zerda (Fennec fox)	North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia	Size range: 33 cm (13 in) long, plus 13 cm (5 in) tail (fennec fox) to 75 cm (30 in) long, plus 43 cm (17 in) tail (arctic fox) [31] Habitats: Shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, forest, desert, rocky areas, savanna, desert, and coastal marine [32] Diets: Small mammals, reptiles, birds, and insects, as well as fish, fruit, berries, and succulents [32]

Mephitidae

Main article: List of mephitids

Members of the Mephitidae family are mephetids and include the skunks and stink badgers. Mephitidae comprises twelve extant species, divided into four genera, and is not split into subfamilies.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – four genera

Name	Authority and species	Range	Size and ecology
Conepatus (hog-nosed skunk)	Gray, 1837 Four species C. chinga (Molina's hog-nosed skunk) C. humboldtii (Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk) C. leuconotus (American hog-nosed skunk) C. semistriatus (Striped hog-nosed skunk, pictured)	Southern North America and South America	Size range: 20 cm (8 in) long, plus 13 cm (5 in) tail (Molina's hog-nosed skunk) to 51 cm (20 in) long, plus 41 cm (16 in) tail (American hog-nosed skunk) [33] Habitats: Shrubland, grassland, savanna, forest, and rocky areas [34] Diets: Omnivorous; primarily eats invertebrates, rodents, small reptiles, and eggs [34]
Mephitis (skunk)	Geoffroy, 1795 Two species M. macroura (Hooded skunk) M. mephitis (Striped skunk, pictured)	North America	Size range: 19 cm (7 in) long, plus 35 cm (14 in) tail (hooded skunk) to 82 cm (32 in) long, plus 40 cm (16 in) tail (striped skunk) [35] Habitats: Desert, shrubland, rocky areas, grassland, savanna, and forest [36] Diets: Rodents, Insects, fruit, small vertebrates, vegetation, and bird eggs [36]
Mydaus (stink badger)	F. Cuvier, 1821 Two species M. javanensis (Sunda stink badger, pictured) M. marchei (Palawan stink badger)	Western Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia	Size range: 32 cm (13 in) long, plus 1 cm tail (Palawan stink badger) to 51 cm (20 in) long, plus 8 cm (3 in) tail (Sunda stink badger) [37] Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and introduced vegetation [38] Diets: Birds' eggs, carrion, insects, worms, arthropods, and plants [38]
Spilogale (spotted skunk)	Gray, 1865 Four species S. angustifrons (Southern spotted skunk) S. gracilis (Western spotted skunk) S. putorius (Eastern spotted skunk, pictured) S. pygmaea (Pygmy spotted skunk)	North America	Size range: 11 cm (4 in) long, plus 7 cm (3 in) tail (pygmy spotted skunk) to 37 cm (15 in) long, plus 21 cm (8 in) tail (western spotted skunk) [39] Habitats: Inland wetlands, grassland, shrubland, rocky areas, savanna, and forest, rocky areas, marine coastal/supratidal [40] Diets: Omnivorous; primarily eats invertebrates, small mammals, fruit, grain, birds, carrion, and bird eggs [40]

Mustelidae

Main article: List of mustelids

Members of the Mustelidae family are mustelids and include weasels, badgers, otters, ferrets, martens, minks, and wolverines, among others. Mustelidae is the largest family in Carnivora, and comprises 62 extant species, divided into 23 genera. These genera are split into 8 subfamilies: Guloninae, martens and wolverines; Helictidinae, ferret-badgers; Ictonychinae, African polecats and grisons; Lutrinae, otters; Melinae, Eurasian badgers; Mellivorinae, the honey badger; Mustelinae, weasels and minks; and Taxidiinae, the American badger.

Subfamily Guloninae – Gray, 1825 – four genera

Name	Authority and species	Range	Size and ecology
Eira	Hamilton Smith, 1842 One species E. barbara (Tayra)	Central America, Trinidad in the Caribbean, and northern South America	Size: 60–70 cm (24–28 in) long, plus 35–45 cm (14–18 in) tail [41] Habitats: Forest and savanna [42] Diet: Fruit, carrion, small vertebrates, insects, and honey [42]
Gulo	Pallas, 1780 One species G. gulo (Wolverine)	Arctic North America, Europe, and Asia	Size: 70–105 cm (28–41 in) long, plus 18–26 cm (7–10 in) tail [43] Habitats: Rocky areas, shrubland, forest, and grassland [44] Diet: Carrion and small to large mammals [44]
Martes (marten)	Pinel, 1792 Seven species M. americana (American marten) M. flavigula (Yellow-throated marten) M. foina (Beech marten) M. gwatkinsii (Nilgiri marten) M. martes (European pine marten, pictured) M. melampus (Japanese marten) M. zibellina (Sable)	North America and Eurasia	Size range: 38 cm (15 in) long, plus 9 cm (4 in) tail (sable) to 72 cm (28 in) long, plus 48 cm (19 in) tail (yellow-throated marten) [45] Habitats: Forest, grassland, rocky areas, and shrubland [46] Diets: Rodents and small mammals, as well as birds, amphibians, insects, fruit, berries, and carrion [46]
Pekania	Gray, 1865 One species P. pennanti (Fisher)	Northern North America	Size: 75–120 cm (30–47 in) long, plus 31–41 cm (12–16 in) tail [47] Habitats: Forest [48] Diet: Small to medium mammals, birds, and carrion [48]

Subfamily Helictidinae – Gray, 1865 – one genus

Name	Authority and species	Range	Size and ecology
Melogale (ferret-badger)	I. Saint-Hilaire, 1831 Five species M. cucphuongensis (Vietnam ferret-badger) M. everetti (Bornean ferret-badger) M. moschata (Chinese ferret-badger) M. orientalis (Javan ferret-badger) M. personata (Burmese ferret-badger, pictured)	East and Southeast Asia	Size range: 30 cm (12 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail (Chinese ferret-badger) to 44 cm (17 in) long, plus 23 cm (9 in) tail (Bornean ferret-badger, Burmese ferret-badger) [49] Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and grassland [50] Diets: Invertebrates, amphibians, insects, fruit, and carrion [50]

Subfamily Ictonychinae – Gray, 1865 – five genera

Name	Authority and species	Range	Size and ecology
Galictis (grison)	Bell, 1826 Two species G. cuja (Lesser grison) G. vittata (Greater grison, pictured)	South America	Size range: 28 cm (11 in) long, plus 12 cm (5 in) tail (lesser grison) to 76 cm (30 in) long, plus 30 cm (12 in) tail (greater grison) [51] Habitats: Inland wetlands, forest, grassland, and savanna [52] Diets: Small mammals, birds, lizards, amphibians, eggs, and fruit [52]
Ictonyx (striped polecat)	Kaup, 1835 Two species I. libycus (Saharan striped polecat) I. striatus (Striped polecat, pictured)	Africa	Size range: 28 cm (11 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (striped polecat) to 47 cm (19 in) long, plus 19 cm (7 in) tail (Saharan striped polecat) [53] Habitats: Grassland, savanna, desert, and shrubland [54] Diets: Rodents, small mammals, birds, fish, and insects [54]
Lyncodon	Gervais, 1845 One species L. patagonicus (Patagonian weasel)	Argentina	Size: 30–35 cm (12–14 in) long, plus 6–9 cm (2–4 in) tail [55] Habitats: Shrubland, grassland, and forest [56] Diet: Rodents and birds [56]
Poecilogale	Thomas, 1883 One species P. albinucha (African striped weasel)	Southern Africa	Size: 25–36 cm (10–14 in) long, plus 13–23 cm (5–9 in) tail [57] Habitats: Shrubland, forest, savanna, and grassland [58] Diet: Small mammals, rodents, and birds, as well as snakes and insects [57] [58]
Vormela	Blasius, 1884 One species V. peregusna (Marbled polecat)	Southeast Europe and central Asia	Size: 28–48 cm (11–19 in) long, plus 14–20 cm (6–8 in) tail [59] Habitats: Desert, rocky areas, grassland, and shrubland [60] Diet: Rodents and birds [60]

Subfamily Lutrinae – Bonaparte, 1838 – seven genera

Name	Authority and species	Range	Size and ecology
Aonyx	Lesson, 1827 Three species A. capensis (African clawless otter, pictured) A. cinereus (Asian small-clawed otter) A. congicus (Congo clawless otter)	Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia	Size range: 40 cm (16 in) long, plus 25 cm (10 in) tail (Asian small-clawed otter) to 95 cm (37 in) long, plus 60 cm (24 in) tail (African clawless otter) [61] Habitats: Intertidal marine, coastal marine, inland wetlands, forest, shrubland, neritic marine, and grassland [62] Diets: Crabs, molluscs, insects, and small fish, as well as rodents, snakes, and amphibians [62]
Enhydra	Fleming, 1828 One species E. lutris (Sea otter)	Western North American coast, eastern Russian coast, northern Japanese coast on northern Pacific coasts	Size: 55–130 cm (22–51 in) long, plus 12–33 cm (5–13 in) tail [63] Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine [64] Diet: Marine invertebrates, as well as fish [64]
Hydrictis	Pocock, 1921 One species H. maculicollis (Spotted-necked otter)	Sub-Saharan Africa	Size: 57–69 cm (22–27 in) long, plus 33–44 cm (13–17 in) tail [65] Habitats: Inland wetlands, neritic marine, forest, coastal marine, and intertidal marine [66] Diet: Frogs, crabs and small water birds [65] [66]
Lontra	Gray, 1843 Four species L. canadensis (North American river otter, pictured) L. felina (Marine otter) L. longicaudis (Neotropical otter) L. provocax (Southern river otter)	North and South America	Size range: 50 cm (20 in) long, plus 37 cm (15 in) tail (neotropical otter) to 107 cm (42 in) long, plus 46 cm (18 in) tail (North American river otter) [67] Habitats: Inland wetlands, coastal marine, neritic marine, intertidal marine, and oceanic marine [68] Diets: Fish, crustaceans, and molluscs, as well as insects, amphibians, and birds [68]
Lutra	Brisson, 1762 Three species L. lutra (Eurasian otter, pictured) L. nippon (Japanese otter)† L. sumatrana (Hairy-nosed otter)	Eurasia and North Africa	Size range: 50 cm (20 in) long, plus 35 cm (14 in) tail (hairy-nosed otter) to 70 cm (28 in) long, plus 40 cm (16 in) tail (Eurasian otter) [69] Habitats: Inland wetlands, forest, grassland, coastal marine, neretic marine, intertidal marine, and shrubland [70] Diets: Fish, as well as insects, reptiles, amphibians, birds, small mammals, and crustaceans [70]
Lutrogale	(Gray, 1865) One species L. perspicillata (Smooth-coated otter)	Iraq, South and Southeast Asia	Size: 65–79 cm (26–31 in) long, plus 40–50 cm (16–20 in) tail [71] Habitats: Inland wetlands, forest, grassland, coastal marine, neritic marine, intertidal marine, and shrubland [72] Diet: Fish, as well as shrimp, crabs, and insects [72]
Pteronura	Gray, 1837 One species P. brasiliensis (Giant otter)	North and central South America	Size: 96–123 cm (38–48 in) long, plus 45–65 cm (18–26 in) tail [73] Habitats: Inland wetlands, coastal marine, neritic marine, and forest [74] Diet: Fish, as well as caiman and turtles [74]

Subfamily Melinae – Bonaparte, 1838 – two genera

Name	Authority and species	Range	Size and ecology
Arctonyx	F.Cuvier, 1825 Three species A. albogularis (Northern hog badger) A. collaris (Greater hog badger, pictured) A. hoevenii (Sumatran hog badger)	East and southeast Asia	Size range: 55–70 cm (22–28 in) long, plus 12–17 cm (5–7 in) tail [75] Habitats: Forest, grassland, shrubland, and savanna [76] Diets: Believed to primarily eat worms [76]
Meles	Brisson, 1762 Three species M. anakuma (Japanese badger) M. leucurus (Asian badger) M. meles (European badger, pictured)	Eurasia	Size range: 49 cm (19 in) long, plus 13 cm (5 in) tail (Asian badger) to 90 cm (35 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (European badger) [77] Habitats: Grassland, forest, desert, and shrubland [78] Diets: Omnivorous; eats fruit, nuts, plants, earthworms, insects, eggs, carrion, and small mammals [78]

Subfamily Mellivorinae – Gray, 1865 – one genus

Name	Authority and species	Range	Size and ecology
Mellivora	Gottlieb Conrad Christian Storr, 1780 One species M. capensis (Honey badger)	Africa, Middle East, and India	Size: 73–96 cm (29–38 in) long, plus 14–23 cm (6–9 in) tail [79] Habitats: Forest, shrubland, savanna, and desert [80] Diet: Smaller mammals [80]

Subfamily Mustelinae – G. Fischer de Waldheim, 1817 – two genera

Name	Authority and species	Range	Size and ecology
Mustela (weasel)	Linnaeus, 1758 Fifteen species M. altaica (Mountain weasel) M. erminea (Stoat, pictured) M. eversmanii (Steppe polecat) M. furo (Ferret) M. itatsi (Japanese weasel) M. kathiah (Yellow-bellied weasel) M. lutreola (European mink) M. lutreolina (Indonesian mountain weasel) M. nigripes (Black-footed ferret) M. nivalis (Least weasel) M. nudipes (Malayan weasel) M. putorius (European polecat) M. sibirica (Siberian weasel) M. strigidorsa (Back-striped weasel) M. subpalmata (Egyptian weasel)	North America, Europe, and Asia	Size range: 11 cm (4 in) long, plus 1 cm tail (least weasel) to 56 cm (22 in) long, plus 18 cm (7 in) tail (steppe polecat) [81] Habitats: Forest, inland wetlands, rocky areas, coastal marine, shrubland, grassland, urban [82] Diets: Small mammals, as well as fruit, earthworms, invertebrates, lizards, amphibians, fish, carrion, eggs, and birds [82]
Neogale	Gray, 1865 Five species N. africana (Amazon weasel) N. felipei (Colombian weasel) N. frenata (Long-tailed weasel) N. vison (American mink, pictured) N. macrodon (Sea mink)†	North America, South America; introduced to Eurasia and other areas	Size range: 31 cm (12 in) long, plus 14 cm (6 in) tail (American mink) to 91 cm (36 in) long, plus 25 cm (10 in) tail (sea mink) [83] Habitats: Inland wetlands, forest, and shrubland; formerly intertidal marine, neritic marine, and coastal marine [84] Diets: Fish, amphibians, crustaceans, muskrats, and small mammals [84]

Subfamily Taxidiinae – Pocock, 1920 – one genus

Name	Authority and species	Range	Size and ecology
Taxidea	Horsfield, 1839 One species T. taxus (American badger)	Mexico, United States and southern Canada	Size: 42–72 cm (17–28 in) long, plus 10–16 cm (4–6 in) tail [85] Habitats: Forest, grassland, and shrubland [86] Diet: Fossorial rodents, as well as scorpions, insects, snakes, lizards, and birds [86]

Clade Pinnipedia

Main article: List of pinnipeds

Pinnipedia is an infraorder of carnivores, composed of seals, sea lions, and the walrus. A member of this group is called a pinniped or a seal. The clade contains three families: Odobenidae, comprising the walrus; Otariidae, the eared seals, split between the sea lions and fur seals; and Phocidae, the earless or true seals. Odobenidae and Otariidae are combined into the superfamily Otarioidea, with Phocidae in Phocoidea. These families are not subdivided into subfamilies.

Odobenidae

The Odobenidae family is composed of a single extant species, the walrus.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus

Name	Authority and species	Range	Size and ecology
Odobenus	Brisson, 1762 One species O. rosmarus (Walrus)	Arctic Ocean and subarctic seas	Size: Male: 270–356 cm (106–140 in) long; 800–1,700 kg (1,764–3,748 lb) Female: 225–312 cm (89–123 in) long; 400–1,250 kg (882–2,756 lb) [87] Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, coastal marine, and other [88] Diet: Bivalve molluscs, as well as other invertebrates, slow-moving fish, and occasionally birds, seals, and other marine mammals [88]

Otariidae

Members of the Otariidae family are otariids, or colloquially eared seals. There are sixteen species of sea lions and fur seals in Otariidae, divided into seven genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – seven genera

Name	Authority and species	Range	Size and ecology
Arctocephalus	Geoffroy, F. Cuvier, 1826 Eight species A. australis (South American fur seal) A. forsteri (New Zealand fur seal) A. galapagoensis (Galápagos fur seal) A. gazella (Antarctic fur seal) A. philippii (Juan Fernández fur seal) A. pusillus (Brown fur seal, pictured) A. townsendi (Guadalupe fur seal) A. tropicalis (Subantarctic fur seal)	Antarctic Ocean and southern seas and coasts	Size range: 100 cm (39 in) long and 30 kg (66 lb) (New Zealand fur seal females) to 227 cm (89 in) long and 360 kg (794 lb) (brown fur seal males) [89] Habitats: Forest, shrubland, neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine [90] Diets: A wide variety of cephalopods, fish, and birds, and some penguins [90]
Callorhinus	Gray, 1859 One species C. ursinus (Northern fur seal)	Northern Pacific Ocean (dark blue indicates breeding grounds)	Size: Male: 213 cm (84 in) long; 180–275 kg (397–606 lb) Female: 142 cm (56 in) long; 40–50 kg (88–110 lb) [91] Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine [91] Diet: A variety of epipelagic and vertically migrating mesopelagic fish and squid [91]
Eumetopias	Gill, 1866 One species E. jubatus (Steller sea lion)	Northern Pacific Ocean (red indicates breeding grounds)	Size: Male: 300–340 cm (118–134 in) long; 1,120 kg (2,469 lb) Female: 230–290 cm (91–114 in) long; 350 kg (772 lb) [92] Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine [93] Diet: A variety of fish and cephalopods, as well as northern fur seal, harbor seals, and ringed seals [93]
Neophoca	Gray, 1866 One species N. cinerea (Australian sea lion)	Southwestern Australian coast	Size: Male: 180–250 cm (71–98 in) long; 180–250 kg (397–551 lb) Female: 130–180 cm (51–71 in) long; 61–105 kg (134–231 lb) [94] Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine [94] Diet: Cephalopods, fish, and crustaceans [94]
Otaria	Péron, 1816 One species O. flavescens (South American sea lion)	Southeastern and western South American coast and islands	Size: Male: 210–260 cm (83–102 in) long; 300–350 kg (661–772 lb) Female: 150–200 cm (59–79 in) long; 170 kg (375 lb) [95] Habitats: Inland wetlands, neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine [95] Diet: A wide variety of benthic fish, pelagic fish, and invertebrates [95]
Phocarctos	Peters, 1866 One species P. hookeri (New Zealand sea lion)	Southern New Zealand coast and islands	Size: Male: 210–270 cm (83–106 in) long; 300–450 kg (661–992 lb) Female: 180–200 cm (71–79 in) long; 90–165 kg (198–364 lb) [96] Habitats: Forest, shrubland, neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine [96] Diet: A wide variety of fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans, as well as penguins [96]
Zalophus	Gill, 1866 Three species Z. californianus (California sea lion, pictured) Z. japonicus (Japanese sea lion†) Z. wollebaeki (Galápagos sea lion)	Pacific North American coast and Galápagos Islands	Size range: 160 cm (63 in) long and 275 kg (606 lb) (California sea lion) to 250 cm (98 in) long and 560 kg (1,235 lb) (Japanese sea lion males) [97] Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine [98] Diets: A variety of fish and squid [98]

Phocidae

Members of the Phocidae family are phocids, or colloquially earless or true seals. There are nineteen species of seals in Phocidae, divided into fourteen genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – 14 genera

Name	Authority and species	Range	Size and ecology
Cystophora	Agardh, 1841 One species C. cristata (Hooded seal)	Central and western North Atlantic ocean (blue indicates breeding grounds)	Size: Male: 250–270 cm (98–106 in) long; 200–400 kg (441–882 lb) Female: 200–220 cm (79–87 in) long; 145–300 kg (320–661 lb) [87] Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine [99] Diet: Fish and invertebrates throughout the water column [99]
Erignathus	Gill, 1866 One species E. barbatus (Bearded seal)	Arctic ocean	Size: 200–260 cm (79–102 in) long; 200–360 kg (441–794 lb) tail [87] Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, and intertidal marine [100] Diet: Crabs, shrimp, clams, snails, benthic and demersal fish, and spoon worms [100]
Halichoerus	Nilsson, 1820 One species H. grypus (Grey seal)	Shores of the North Atlantic Ocean	Size: Male: 195–230 cm (77–91 in) long; 170–310 kg (375–683 lb) Female: 165–195 cm (65–77 in) long; 105–186 kg (231–410 lb) [87] Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine [101] Diet: Benthic and demersal fish [101]
Histriophoca	Gill, 1873 One species H. fasciata (Ribbon seal)	Arctic and subarctic regions of the North Pacific Ocean (blue indicates reduced summer range)	Size: 165–175 cm (65–69 in) long; 72–90 kg (159–198 lb) [102] Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine [103] Diet: Fish, crustaceans, and other invertebrates [103]
Hydrurga	Gistel, 1848 One species H. leptonyx (Leopard seal)	Antarctic Ocean	Size: Male: 250–320 cm (98–126 in) long; 200–455 kg (441–1,003 lb) Female: 241–338 cm (95–133 in) long; 225–591 kg (496–1,303 lb) [87] Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine [104] Diet: Krill, fish, squid, penguins, other seabirds, and juvenile seals [104]
Leptonychotes	Gill, 1872 One species L. weddellii (Weddell seal)	Coastal Antarctic Ocean	Size: 280–330 cm (110–130 in) long; 400–600 kg (882–1,323 lb) [105] Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine [106] Diet: Cod icefish, as well as Antarctic toothfish, lanternfish, and cephalopods [106]
Lobodon	Gray, 1844 One species L. carcinophaga (Crabeater seal)	Antarctic Ocean	Size: Male: 203–241 cm (80–95 in) long; 200–300 kg (441–661 lb) Female: 216–241 cm (85–95 in) long; 200–300 kg (441–661 lb) [87] Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine [107] Diet: Antarctic krill, as well as fish and squid [107]
Mirounga (elephant seal)	Gray, 1827 Two species M. angustirostris (Northern elephant seal) M. leonina (Southern elephant seal, pictured)	Antarctic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean	Size range: 200 cm (79 in) long and 400 kg (882 lb) (southern elephant seal females) to 600 cm (236 in) long; 3,700 kg (8,157 lb) (southern elephant seal males) [108] Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine [109] Diets: Squid, lanternfish, cod icefish, and other mesopelagic fish [109]
Monachus	Fleming, 1822 One species M. monachus (Mediterranean monk seal)	Scattered portions of the Mediterranean Sea	Size: 230–280 cm (91–110 in) long; 240–300 kg (529–661 lb) [110] Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine [111] Diet: Benthic fish, pelagic fish, cephalopods, and lobsters [110] [111]
Neomonachus	Slater, Helgen, 2014 Two species N. schauinslandi (Hawaiian monk seal, pictured) N. tropicalis (Caribbean monk seal†)	Hawaiian islands; formerly the Caribbean Sea	Size range: 200 cm (79 in) long and 200 kg (441 lb) (Caribbean monk seal) to 250 cm (98 in) long; 240 kg (529 lb) (Hawaiian monk seal) [112] Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine [113] Diets: Benthic fish, pelagic fish, cephalopods, and lobsters [113]
Ommatophoca	Gray, 1844 One species O. rossii (Ross seal)	Coastal Antarctic Ocean	Size: Male: 168–208 cm (66–82 in) long; 129–216 kg (284–476 lb) Female: 190–250 cm (75–98 in) long; 159–204 kg (351–450 lb) [87] Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, and coastal marine [114] Diet: Squid, as well as fish and krill [114]
Pagophilus	Gray, 1844 One species P. groenlandicus (Harp seal)	Northern Atlantic Ocean	Size: Male: 171–190 cm (67–75 in) long; 135 kg (298 lb) Female: 168–183 cm (66–72 in) long; 120 kg (265 lb) [115] Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine [116] Diet: A wide variety of fish and invertebrates [116]
Phoca	Linnaeus, 1758 Two species P. largha (Spotted seal) P. vitulina (Harbor seal, pictured)	Northern Hemisphere coastlines	Size range: 148 cm (58 in) long and 60 kg (132 lb) (harbor seal females) to 186 cm (73 in) long; 170 kg (375 lb) (harbor seal males) [117] Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine [118] Diets: A wide variety of fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans [118]
Pusa	Scopoli, 1771 Three species P. caspica (Caspian seal) P. hispida (Ringed seal, pictured) P. sibirica (Baikal seal)	Arctic Ocean, Caspian Sea, and Lake Baikal	Size range: 110 cm (43 in) long and 32 kg (71 lb) (ringed seal) to 175 cm (69 in) long; 124 kg (273 lb) (ringed seal) [119] Habitats: Inland wetlands, neritic marine, and oceanic marine [120] Diets: A wide variety of fish and invertebrates [120]

Procyonidae

Main article: List of procyonids

Members of the Procyonidae family are procyonids and include raccoons, coatis, olingos, kinkajous, ring-tailed cats, and cacomistles, among others. Procyonidae comprises fourteen extant species, divided into six genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – six genera

Name	Authority and species	Range	Size and ecology
Bassaricyon (olingo)	Allen, 1876 Four species B. alleni (Eastern lowland olingo) B. gabbii (Northern olingo, pictured) B. medius (Western lowland olingo) B. neblina (Olinguito)	Central America and northwest South America	Size range: 30 cm (12 in) long, plus 40 cm (16 in) tail (eastern lowland olingo) to 45 cm (18 in) long, plus 53 cm (21 in) tail (northern olingo) [121] Habitats: Forest [122] Diets: Fruit and nectar, as well as flowers, small rodents, lizards, birds, insects, and eggs [122]
Bassariscus	Coues, 1887 Two species B. astutus (Ring-tailed cat, pictured) B. sumichrasti (Cacomistle)	Central America and southern North America	Size range: 30 cm (12 in) long, plus 31 cm (12 in) tail (ring-tailed cat) to 47 cm (19 in) long, plus 53 cm (21 in) tail (cacomistle) [123] Habitats: Shrubland, forest, rocky areas, desert, and grassland [124] Diets: Fruit, insects, and small vertebrates [124]
Nasua (coati)	Storr, 1780 Two species N. narica (White-nosed coati) N. nasua (South American coati, pictured)	Southern North America, Central America, and South America	Size range: 33 cm (13 in) long, plus 33 cm (13 in) tail (white-nosed coati) to 67 cm (26 in) long, plus 69 cm (27 in) tail (South American coati) [125] Habitats: Forest, grassland, and shrubland [126] Diets: Fruit and invertebrates [126]
Nasuella (mountain coati)	Hollister, 1915 Two species N. meridensis (Eastern mountain coati) N. olivacea (Western mountain coati, pictured)	Andes mountains in northern South America	Size range: 36 cm (14 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (western mountain coati) to 54 cm (21 in) long, plus 30 cm (12 in) tail (eastern mountain coati) [127] Habitats: Forest and grassland [128] Diets: Invertebrates, small vertebrates, fruit, and vegetable remains [128]
Potos	Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & G. Cuvier, 1795 One species P. flavus (Kinkajou)	Central America and northern South America	Size: 40–60 cm (16–24 in) long, plus 40–60 cm (16–24 in) tail [129] Habitats: Forest [130] Diet: Fruit, as well as flowers and leaves [130]
Procyon (raccoon)	Storr, 1780 Three species P. cancrivorus (Crab-eating raccoon) P. lotor (Raccoon, pictured) P. pygmaeus (Cozumel raccoon)	North and South America, and introduced to Central Europe, the Caucasus Mountains, and Japan	Size range: 41 cm (16 in) long, plus 19 cm (7 in) tail (raccoon) to 65 cm (26 in) long, plus 38 cm (15 in) tail (crab-eating raccoon) [131] Habitats: Forest and inland wetlands [132] Diets: Omnivorous, eats fruit, nuts, insects, small mammals, molluscs, crabs, eggs, birds, frogs, fish, aquatic invertebrates, worms, and garbage [132]

Ursidae

Main article: List of ursids

Members of the Ursidae family are ursids, or colloquially bears. Ursidae comprises three extant subfamilies: the monotypic Ailuropodinae, the panda bears; Tremarctinae, the short-faced bears; and Ursinae, containing all other extant bears. There are eight extant species in Ursidae, divided into five genera.

Subfamily Ailuropodinae – Grevé, 1894 – one genus

Name	Authority and species	Range	Size and ecology
Ailuropoda	H. Milne-Edwards, 1870 One species A. melanoleuca (Giant panda)	Central China	Size: 150–180 cm (59–71 in) long, plus 10–15 cm (4–6 in) tail 80–123 kg (176–271 lb) [133] [134] Habitats: Forest [135] Diet: Bamboo [135]

Subfamily Tremarctinae – Merriam, Stock, 1925 – one genus

Name	Authority and species	Range	Size and ecology
Tremarctos	Gervais, 1855 One species T. ornatus (Spectacled bear)	Andes mountains in South America	Size: 120–200 cm (47–79 in) long, plus 7 cm (3 in) tail 60–175 kg (132–386 lb) [136] Habitats: Shrubland, grassland, and forest [137] Diet: Bromeliads and palm trees, as well as cattle, other mammals, and fruit [137]

Subfamily Ursinae – Fischer de Waldheim, 1817 – three genera

Name	Authority and species	Range	Size and ecology
Helarctos	Gervais, 1855 One species H. malayanus (Sun bear)	Southeast Asia (current range in brown, former in black)	Size: 120–150 cm (47–59 in) long, plus 3–7 cm (1–3 in) tail 35–80 kg (77–176 lb) [138] [139] Habitats: Forest and shrubland [140] Diet: Termites, ants, beetle larvae, bee larvae, honey, and fruit [140]
Melursus	Meyer, 1793 One species M. ursinus (Sloth bear)	India (current range in green, former in black)	Size: 150–180 cm (59–71 in) long, plus 7–12 cm (3–5 in) tail 54–141 kg (119–311 lb) [141] Habitats: Shrubland, grassland, forest, and savanna [142] Diet: Termites and fruit [142]
Ursus	Linnaeus, 1758 Four species U. americanus (American black bear) U. arctos (Brown bear, pictured) U. maritimus (Polar bear) U. thibetanus (Asian black bear)	North America, Europe, Asia	Size range: 100 cm (39 in) long, plus 6 cm (2 in) tail, 80 kg (176 lb) (brown bear) to 244 cm (96 in) long, plus 13 cm (5 in) tail, 726 kg (1,601 lb) (polar bear) [143] Habitats: North America, Europe, Asia [144] Diets: Vegetation, insects, fruit, nuts, mammals; polar bear primarily eats seals, as well as walruses, beluga whales, birds, fish, vegetation and kelp [144]

Suborder Feliformia

Eupleridae

Members of the Eupleridae family are euplerids, or colloquially Malagasy mongooses or Malagasy carnivorans. Eupleridae comprises two extant subfamilies, the civet-like Euplerinae and the mongoose-like Galidiinae. Historically, the Euplerinae species were included in the civet family Viverridae, and several of the Galidiinae species in the mongoose family Herpestidae, but more recent genetic evidence showed them to be part of the same clade, having evolved from a single ancestor species 18–24 million years ago. There are 10 extant species in Eupleridae, divided into 7 genera.

Subfamily Euplerinae – Chenu, 1850 – three genera

Name	Authority and species	Range	Size and ecology
Cryptoprocta	Bennett, 1833 One species C. ferox (Fossa)	Madagascar	Size: 61–80 cm (24–31 in) long, plus 61–80 cm (24–31 in) tail [145] Habitats: Forest [146] Diet: Small mammals and reptiles [146]
Eupleres	Doyère, 1835 Two species E. goudotii (Eastern falanouc, pictured) E. major (Western falanouc)	Eastern and northern Madagascar	Size range: 45–65 cm (18–26 in) long, plus 22–25 cm (9–10 in) tail (eastern falanouc, western falanouc) [147] Habitats: Forest and inland wetlands [148] Diets: Invertebrates [148]
Fossa	Gray, 1865 One species F. fossana (Malagasy civet )	Eastern Madagascar	Size: 40–45 cm (16–18 in) long, plus 21–25 cm (8–10 in) tail [149] Habitats: Forest [150] Diet: Small vertebrates, insects, and bird's eggs [150]

Subfamily Galidiinae – Gray, 1865 – four genera

Name	Authority and species	Range	Size and ecology
Galidia	Geoffroy, 1837 One species G. elegans (Ring-tailed vontsira)	Eastern Madagascar	Size: 32–38 cm (13–15 in) long, plus 27–32 cm (11–13 in) tail [147] Habitats: Forest [151] Diet: Small mammals, birds, bird's eggs, and frogs, as well as fruit, fish, reptiles, and invertebrates [147] [151]
Galidictis	Geoffroy, 1839 Two species G. fasciata (Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose) G. grandidieri (Grandidier's mongoose, pictured)	Eastern and southern Madagascar	Size range: 32–34 cm (13–13 in) long, plus 28–30 cm (11–12 in) tail (broad-striped Malagasy mongoose, Grandidier's mongoose) [152] Habitats: Forest and shrubland [153] Diets: Rodents and other small vertebrates, as well as invertebrates [147] [153]
Mungotictis	Pocock, 1915 One species M. decemlineata (Narrow-striped mongoose)	Western Madagascar	Size: 25–35 cm (10–14 in) long, plus 23–27 cm (9–11 in) tail [147] Habitats: Forest and shrubland [154] Diet: Invertebrates, as well as reptiles [154] [155]
Salanoia	Gray, 1865 Two species S. concolor (Brown-tailed mongoose, pictured) S. durrelli (Durrell's vontsira)	Northeastern Madagascar	Size range: 25 cm (10 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (brown-tailed mongoose) to 33 cm (13 in) long, plus 21 cm (8 in) tail (Durrell's vontsira) [156] Habitats: Forest and inland wetlands [157] Diets: Insects and fruit as well as frogs, reptiles, and rodents; Durrell's vontsira may eat fish and molluscs [157]

Felidae

Main article: List of felids

Members of the Felidae family are felids, or colloquially cats; "cat" refers both to felids in general and specifically to domestic cats. Felidae comprises two extant subfamilies, Felinae (small cats) and Pantherinae (large cats). There are 34 extant species in Felidae, divided into 14 genera.

Subfamily Felinae – Waldheim, 1817 – twelve genera

Name	Authority and species	Range	Size and ecology
Acinonyx	Brookes, 1828 One species A. jubatus (Cheetah)	Southern Africa, central Africa, and Iran	Size: 113–140 cm (44–55 in) long, 60–84 cm (24–33 in) tail [158] Habitats: Desert, grassland, savanna, and shrubland [159] Diet: Antelopes and gazelles [159]
Caracal	Gray, 1843 Two species C. aurata (African golden cat) C. caracal (Caracal, pictured)	Most of non-desert Africa, Middle East, and Indian subcontinent	Size range: 65 cm (26 in) long, plus 28 cm (11 in) tail (African golden cat) to 100 cm (39 in) long, plus 34 cm (13 in) tail (caracal) [160] Habitats: Forest, desert, grassland, shrubland, and savanna [161] Diets: Rodents and squirrels, along with antelope, primates, birds, reptiles, and fish [161]
Catopuma	Severtzov, 1858 Two species C. badia (Bay cat) C. temminckii (Asian golden cat, pictured)	Scattered areas of Southeast Asia	Size range: 53 cm (21 in) long, plus 32 cm (13 in) tail (bay cat) to 105 cm (41 in) long, plus 56 cm (22 in) tail (Asian golden cat) [162] Habitats: Forest, savanna, grassland, and shrubland [163] Diets: Mostly unknown, with evidence of preying on rodents, squirrels, and snakes [163]
Felis	Linnaeus, 1758 Seven species F. bieti (Chinese mountain cat) F. catus (Domestic cat, pictured) F. chaus (Jungle cat) F. lybica (African wildcat) F. margarita (Sand cat) F. nigripes (Black-footed cat) F. silvestris (European wildcat)	Africa, Europe, and Asia (domestic cat worldwide)	Size range: 37 cm (15 in) long, plus 14 cm (6 in) tail (black-footed cat) to 85 cm (33 in) long, plus 35 cm (14 in) tail (Chinese mountain cat) [164] Habitats: Forest, desert, shrubland, savanna, grassland, and inland wetlands, plus cosmopolitan distribution of feral domestic cats [165] Diets: Birds and small mammals, as well as other small animals [165]
Herpailurus	Saint-Hilaire, 1803 One species H. yagouaroundi (Jaguarundi)	Most of South and Central America	Size: 49–78 cm (19–31 in) long, 28–59 cm (11–23 in) tail [166] Habitats: Grassland, shrubland, savanna, and forest [167] Diet: Small mammals, birds and reptiles [167]
Leopardus	Gray, 1842 Eight species L. colocola (Pampas cat) L. geoffroyi (Geoffroy's cat) L. guigna (Kodkod) L. guttulus (Southern tiger cat) L. jacobita (Andean mountain cat) L. pardalis (Ocelot, pictured) L. tigrinus (Oncilla) L. wiedii (Margay)	South and Central America; Trinidad and Margarita in the Caribbean	Size range: 37 cm (15 in) long, plus20 cm (8 in) tail (kodkod) to 102 cm (40 in) long, plus 50 cm (20 in) tail (ocelot) [168] Habitats: Savanna, forest, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and desert [169] Diets: Small and medium mammals, birds and reptiles, as well as carrion [169]
Leptailurus	Severtzov, 1858 One species L. serval (Serval)	Non-rainforest sub-Saharan Africa	Size: 59–100 cm (23–39 in) long, 20–38 cm (8–15 in) tail [170] Habitats: Grassland, inland wetlands, forest, and savanna [171] Diet: Small mammals and rodents, as well as birds, reptiles, and arthropods [171]
Lynx	Kerr, 1792 Four species L. canadensis (Canada lynx) L. lynx (Eurasian lynx, pictured) L. pardinus (Iberian lynx) L. rufus (Bobcat)	North America, northern Europe, and northern and central Asia	Size range: 80 cm (31 in) long, plus9 cm (4 in) tail (bobcat) to 120 cm (47 in) long, plus 23 cm (9 in) tail (Eurasian lynx) [172] Habitats: Desert, shrubland, savanna, forest, rocky areas, and grassland [173] Diets: Rabbits and hares, along with rodents, birds, deer, and small or medium-sized mammals [173]
Otocolobus	Brandt, 1841 One species O. manul (Pallas's cat)	Central Asia	Size: 46–65 cm (18–26 in) long, 21–31 cm (8–12 in) tail [174] Habitats: Rocky areas, grassland, shrubland, and desert [175] Diet: Small mammals, especially pikas, as well as rodents and birds [175]
Pardofelis	Severtzov, 1858 One species P. marmorata (Marbled cat)	Parts of Southeast Asia	Size: 45–62 cm (18–24 in) long, 36–55 cm (14–22 in) tail [176] Habitats: Forest [177] Diet: Likely eats rodents, squirrels, and birds [177]
Prionailurus	Severtzov, 1858 Five species P. bengalensis (Leopard cat, pictured) P. javanensis (Sunda leopard cat) P. rubiginosus (Rusty-spotted cat) P. planiceps (Flat-headed cat) P. viverrinus (Fishing cat)	Southeast Asia	Size range: 35 cm (14 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (rusty-spotted cat) to 85 cm (33 in) long, plus 30 cm (12 in) tail (fishing cat) [178] Habitats: Inland wetlands, shrubland, grassland, forest, desert, and savanna [179] Diets: Rodents, birds, and fish, as well as amphibians and lizards [179]
Puma	Jardine, 1834 One species P. concolor (Cougar)	South America and North America	Size: 100–150 cm (39–59 in) long, 60–90 cm (24–35 in) tail [180] Habitats: Forest, desert, grassland, savanna, and shrubland [181] Diet: Deer, as well as smaller mammals such as feral pigs, raccoons and armadillos [181]

Subfamily Pantherinae – Pocock, 1917 – two genera

Name	Authority and species	Range	Size and ecology
Neofelis	Gray, 1867 Two species N. diardi (Sunda clouded leopard) N. nebulosa (Clouded leopard, pictured)	Southeast Asia	Size range: 69–108 cm (27–43 in) long, plus 61–91 cm (24–36 in) tail [182] Habitats: Forest and shrubland [183] Diets: Medium-sized and small mammals on the ground and in trees, as well as birds [183]
Panthera	Oken, 1816 Five species P. leo (Lion) P. onca (Jaguar) P. pardus (Leopard, pictured) P. tigris (Tiger) P. uncia (Snow leopard)	Africa, Asia and the Americas	Size range: 90 cm (35 in) long, plus 80 cm (31 in) tail (snow leopard) to 250 cm (98 in) long, plus 100 cm (39 in) tail (lion) [184] Habitats: Forest, shrubland, inland wetlands, savanna, grassland, rocky areas, and desert [185] Diets: Ungulates and other small to large mammals, as well as birds, insects, and reptiles [185]

Herpestidae

Main article: List of herpestids

Members of the Herpestidae family are herpestids, or colloquially mongooses. Herpestidae comprises two extant subfamilies, Herpestinae, comprising the species that are native to southern Europe, Africa and Asia, and Mungotinae, comprising the species native to Africa. There are 34 extant species in Herpestidae, divided into 15 genera.

Subfamily Herpestinae – Gray, 1864 – eight genera

Name	Authority and species	Range	Size and ecology
Atilax	F. Cuvier, 1826 One species A. paludinosus (Marsh mongoose)	Sub-Saharan Africa	Size: 46–64 cm (18–25 in) long, plus 31–41 cm (12–16 in) tail [186] Habitats: Forest, grassland, inland wetlands, neritic marine, and coastal marine [187] Diet: Crustaceans as well as other aquatic prey and rodents [187]
Bdeogale	Peters, 1850 Three species B. crassicauda (Bushy-tailed mongoose, pictured) B. jacksoni (Jackson's mongoose) B. nigripes (Black-footed mongoose)	Central Africa	Size range: 36 cm (14 in) long, plus 22 cm (9 in) tail (bushy-tailed mongoose) to 65 cm (26 in) long, plus 40 cm (16 in) tail (black-footed mongoose) [186] Habitats: Forest, savanna, and shrubland [188] Diets: Omnivorous, especially mammals and insects [188]
Cynictis	Ogilby, 1833 One species C. penicillata (Yellow mongoose)	Southern Africa	Size: 26–46 cm (10–18 in) long, plus 16–30 cm (6–12 in) tail [186] Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland [189] Diet: Insects, as well as rodents, birds, other vertebrates, and arachnids [189]
Herpestes	Illiger, 1811 Five species G. flavescens (Angolan slender mongoose) G. ichneumon (Egyptian mongoose) G. ochracea (Somalian slender mongoose) G. pulverulenta (Cape gray mongoose) G. sanguinea (Common slender mongoose, pictured)	Africa	Size range: 25 cm (10 in) long, plus 22 cm (9 in) tail (Somalian slender mongoose) to 43 cm (17 in) long, plus 34 cm (13 in) tail (Cape gray mongoose) [190] Habitats: Shrubland, forest, rocky areas, inland wetlands, savanna, and desert [191] Diets: Small mammals and insects, as well as birds, lizards, and snakes [191]
Ichneumia	Geoffroy, 1837 One species I. albicauda (White-tailed mongoose)	Sub-Saharan Africa, southern Arabic peninsula	Size: 51–104 cm (20–41 in) long, plus 34–47 cm (13–19 in) tail [186] Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands [192] Diet: Insects [192]
Paracynictis	Pocock, 1916 One species P. selousi (Selous's mongoose)	Southern Africa	Size: 63–90 cm (25–35 in) long, plus 28–43 cm (11–17 in) tail [193] Habitats: Savanna and grassland [194] Diet: Invertebrates, as well as small rodents, amphibians, reptiles, and birds [193] [194]
Rhynchogale	Thomas, 1894 One species R. melleri (Meller's mongoose)	Southeastern Africa	Size: 36–57 cm (14–22 in) long, plus 30–42 cm (12–17 in) tail [186] Habitats: Forest, savanna, and shrubland [195] Diet: Termites, as well as other invertebrates [186] [195]
Urva	Hodgson, 1836 Nine species U. auropunctata (Small Indian mongoose) U. brachyura (Short-tailed mongoose) U. edwardsii (Indian grey mongoose, pictured) U. fusca (Indian brown mongoose) U. javanica (Javan mongoose) U. semitorquatus (Collared mongoose) U. smithii (Ruddy mongoose) U. urva (Crab-eating mongoose) U. vitticolla (Stripe-necked mongoose)	Africa, Mediterranean, and southern Asia	Size range: 25 cm (10 in) long, plus 24 cm (9 in) tail (Javan mongoose) to 50 cm (20 in) long, plus 30 cm (12 in) tail (crab-eating mongoose) [196] Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands [197] Diets: Generally omnivorous; some primarily eat rodents, birds, and reptiles [197]
Xenogale	Allen, 1919 One species X. naso (Long-nosed mongoose)	Central Africa	Size: 40–61 cm (16–24 in) long, plus 32–43 cm (13–17 in) tail [186] Habitats: Forest and inland wetlands [198] Diet: Omnivorous [198]

Subfamily Mungotinae – Gray, 1864 – six genera

Name	Authority and species	Range	Size and ecology
Crossarchus (kusimanse)	F. Cuvier, 1825 Four species C. alexandri (Alexander's kusimanse) C. ansorgei (Angolan kusimanse) C. obscurus (Common kusimanse, pictured) C. platycephalus (Flat-headed kusimanse)	Central Africa	Size range: 21 cm (8 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail (flat-headed kusimanse) to 44 cm (17 in) long, plus 32 cm (13 in) tail (Alexander's kusimanse) [199] Habitats: Forest, savanna, and inland wetlands [200] Diets: Insects, small vertebrates, eggs, and fruit [200]
Dologale	Thomas, 1926 One species D. dybowskii (Pousargues's mongoose)	Central Africa	Size: 24–30 cm (9–12 in) long, plus 16–22 cm (6–9 in) tail [186] Habitats: Forest, savanna, and grassland [201] Diet: Invertebrates [186] [201]
Helogale (dwarf mongoose)	Gray, 1862 Two species H. hirtula (Ethiopian dwarf mongoose) H. parvula (Common dwarf mongoose, pictured)	Central and east Africa	Size range: 18 cm (7 in) long, plus 14 cm (6 in) tail (common dwarf mongoose) to 26 cm (10 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (Ethiopian dwarf mongoose) [202] Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland [203] Diets: Invertebrates, as well as small vertebrates [203]
Liberiictis	Hayman, 1958 One species L. kuhni (Liberian mongoose)	Western Africa	Size: 42–55 cm (17–22 in) long, plus 18–21 cm (7–8 in) tail [186] Habitats: Forest [204] Diet: Earthworms, as well as small vertebrates, insect larvae, and fruit [204]
Mungos	Geoffroy, 1795 Two species M. gambianus (Gambian mongoose) M. mungo (Banded mongoose, pictured)	Sub-Saharan Africa	Size range: 30 cm (12 in) long, plus 19 cm (7 in) tail (banded mongoose) to 36 cm (14 in) long, plus 22 cm (9 in) tail (Gambian mongoose) [186] Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland [205] Diets: Insects, as well as other invertebrates, reptiles, amphibians, bird eggs, young birds, small mammals, and fruit [205]
Suricata	Desmarest, 1804 One species S. suricatta (Meerkat)	Southern Africa	Size: 23–36 cm (9–14 in) long, plus 18–24 cm (7–9 in) tail [186] Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert [206] Diet: Invertebrates [206]

Hyaenidae

Main article: Hyena

Members of the Hyaenidae family are hyaenids, or colloquially hyenas. Hyaenidae comprises four extant species, divided into four genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – four genera

Name	Authority and species	Range	Size and ecology
Crocuta	Kaup, 1828 One species C. crocuta (Spotted hyena)	Sub-Saharan Africa	Size: 95–150 cm (37–59 in) long, plus 30–36 cm (12–14 in) tail [207] Habitats: Forest, savanna, and grassland [208] Diet: Medium to large mammals, as well as carrion [208]
Hyaena	Brisson, 1762 One species H. hyaena (Striped hyena)	North and East Africa, the Caucasus in Europe, and southern and western Asia	Size: 100 cm (39 in) long, plus 30 cm (12 in) tail [209] Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, rocky areas, desert, intertidal marine, coastal marine [210] Diet: Carrion, as well as live vertebrates, insects, and fruit [210]
Parahyaena	Thunberg, 1820 One species P. brunnea (Brown hyena)	Southwestern Africa	Size: 125 cm (49 in) long, plus 30 cm (12 in) tail [211] Habitats: Desert areas, semi-desert, and open woodland savannahs [212] Diet: Carrion [212]
Proteles	Geoffroy, 1824 One species P. cristata (Aardwolf)	Southern and eastern Africa	Size: 55–85 cm (22–33 in) long, plus 20–30 cm (8–12 in) tail [213] Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland [214] Diet: Harvester termites [214]

Nandiniidae

Main article: African palm civet

The Nandiniidae family is composed of a single extant species, the African palm civet.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus

Name	Authority and species	Range	Size and ecology
Nandinia	Gray, 1843 One species N. binotata (African palm civet)	Central Africa	Size: 37–63 cm (15–25 in) long, plus 34–77 cm (13–30 in) tail [215] Habitats: Forest, savanna, and shrubland [216] Diet: Fruit, as well as vertebrates and insects [216]

Prionodontidae

Main article: Asiatic linsang

The Prionodontidae family is composed of a single extant species in a single genus.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus

Name	Authority and species	Range	Size and ecology
Prionodon (Asiatic linsang)	Horsfield, 1822 Two species P. linsang (Banded linsang, pictured) P. pardicolor (Spotted linsang)	Southeast Asia	Size range: 31–45 cm (12–18 in) long, plus 30–42 cm (12–17 in) tail (banded linsang and spotted linsang) [217] Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and grassland [218] Diets: Small vertebrates [218]

Viverridae

Main article: List of viverrids

Members of the Viverridae family are viverrids, and the family is composed mainly of the civets and genets. Viverridae comprises four extant subfamilies, the 3 civet subfamilies Viverrinae, Hemigalinae, and Paradoxurinae, and the genet subfamily Genettinae. There are 33 extant species in Viverridae, divided into 14 genera.

Subfamily Genettinae – Gray, 1864 – two genera

Name	Authority and species	Range	Size and ecology
Genetta (genet)	Cuvier, 1816 Fourteen species G. abyssinica (Abyssinian genet) G. angolensis (Angolan genet) G. bourloni (Bourlon's genet) G. cristata (Crested servaline genet) G. genetta (Common genet, pictured) G. johnstoni (Johnston's genet) G. maculata (Rusty-spotted genet) G. pardina (Pardine genet) G. piscivora (Aquatic genet) G. poensis (King genet) G. servalina (Servaline genet) G. thierryi (Hausa genet) G. tigrina (Cape genet) G. victoriae (Giant forest genet)	Africa	Size range: 40 cm (16 in) long, plus 38 cm (15 in) tail (Abyssinian genet) to 68 cm (27 in) long, plus 47 cm (19 in) tail (king genet) [219] Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, and rocky areas [220] Diets: Small mammals, birds, insects, fruit, and seeds, as well as reptiles and amphibians [220]
Poiana (African linsang)	Gray, 1865 Two species G. leightoni (West African oyan) P. richardsonii (Central African oyan, pictured)	Central and western Africa	Size range: 30 cm (12 in) long, plus 35 cm (14 in) tail (West African oyan) to 38 cm (15 in) long, plus 40 cm (16 in) tail (Central African oyan) [221] Habitats: Forest [222] Diets: Believed to eat small vertebrates and invertebrates [222]

Subfamily Hemigalinae – Thomas, 1912 – four genera

Name	Authority and species	Range	Size and ecology
Chrotogale	Thomas, 1912 One species C. owstoni (Owston's palm civet)	Southeast Asia around Vietnam	Size: 51–63 cm (20–25 in) long, plus 38–48 cm (15–19 in) tail [223] Habitats: Forest and shrubland [224] Diet: Believed to primarily eat earthworms and other invertebrates [224]
Cynogale	Gray, 1837 One species C. bennettii (Otter civet)	Southeast Asia	Size: 57–68 cm (22–27 in) long, plus 12–21 cm (5–8 in) tail [223] Habitats: Forest and inland wetlands [225] Diet: Fish, crabs, molluscs, small mammals, and birds [225]
Diplogale	Thomas, 1912 One species D. hosei (Hose's palm civet)	Borneo in Southeast Asia	Size: 47–54 cm (19–21 in) long, plus 29–34 cm (11–13 in) tail [226] Habitats: Forest [227] Diet: Believed to primarily eat small fish, shrimp, crabs, and frogs as well as insects [227]
Hemigalus	Jourdan, 1837 One species H. derbyanus (Banded palm civet)	Southeast Asia	Size: 45–56 cm (18–22 in) long, plus 25–36 cm (10–14 in) tail [223] Habitats: Forest [228] Diet: Insects [228]

Subfamily Paradoxurinae – Gray, 1864 – five genera

Name	Authority and species	Range	Size and ecology
Arctictis	Temminck, 1824 One species A. binturong (Binturong)	Southeast Asia	Size: 61–96 cm (24–38 in) long, plus 56–89 cm (22–35 in) tail [229] Habitats: Forest [230] Diet: Fruit [230]
Arctogalidia	Merriam, 1897 One species A. trivirgata (Small-toothed palm civet)	Southeast Asia	Size: 44–60 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 48–66 cm (19–26 in) tail [231] Habitats: Forest [232] Diet: Omnivorous; primarily eats fruit [232]
Macrogalidia	Schwarz, 1910 One species M. musschenbroekii (Sulawesi palm civet)	Sulawesi island in Southeast Asia	Size: 65–72 cm (26–28 in) long, plus 44–54 cm (17–21 in) tail [233] Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and grassland [234] Diet: Rodents and palm fruit, as well as other small mammals, birds, fruit, and grass [234]
Paguma	Gray, 1831 One species P. larvata (Masked palm civet)	East and southeast Asia	Size: 50–76 cm (20–30 in) long, plus 50–64 cm (20–25 in) tail [235] Habitats: Forest and shrubland [236] Diet: Omnivorous; primarily eats fruit [236]
Paradoxurus	F. Cuvier, 1821 Three species P. hermaphroditus (Asian palm civet, pictured) P. jerdoni (Brown palm civet) P. zeylonensis (Golden palm civet)	South and southeast Asia	Size range: 43 cm (17 in) long, plus 38 cm (15 in) tail (brown palm civet) to 58 cm (23 in) long, plus 53 cm (21 in) tail (golden palm civet) [237] Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and grassland [238] Diets: Omnivorous; primarily eats fruit and rodents [238]

Subfamily Viverrinae – Gray, 1864 – three genera

Name	Authority and species	Range	Size and ecology
Civettictis	Pocock, 1915 One species C. civetta (African civet)	Central and south Africa	Size: 60–92 cm (24–36 in) long, plus 43–61 cm (17–24 in) tail [239] Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and inland wetlands [240] Diet: Omnivorous; primarily eats fruit [240]
Viverra	Linnaeus, 1758 Four species V. civettina (Malabar large-spotted civet) V. megaspila (Large-spotted civet) V. tangalunga (Malayan civet) V. zibetha (Large Indian civet, pictured)	Southeast Asia and southwest India	Size range: 58 cm (23 in) long, plus 30 cm (12 in) tail (Malayan civet) to 95 cm (37 in) long, plus 59 cm (23 in) tail (large Indian civet) [241] Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and inland wetlands [242] Diets: Omnivorous [242]
Viverricula	Hodgson, 1838 One species V. indica (Small Indian civet)	South and southeast Asia	Size: 45–63 cm (18–25 in) long, plus 30–43 cm (12–17 in) tail [243] Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands [244] Diet: Rodents, birds, snakes, fruit, roots, carrion, and insects [244]

See also

• Mammal classification

References

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16. Paula, R. C.; DeMatteo, K. (2015). "Chrysocyon brachyurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T4819A82316878. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T4819A82316878.en .
17. "Dhole (Cuon alpinus)". ARKive . Wildscreen. Archived from the original on September 7, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
18. Kamler, J. F.; Songsasen, N.; Jenks, K.; Srivathsa, A.; Sheng, L.; Kunkel, K. (2015). "Cuon alpinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T5953A72477893. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T5953A72477893.en .
19. Dusicyon habitats and diets:
    • Falkland Islands wolf: Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2015). "Dusicyon australis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T6923A82310440. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T6923A82310440.en .
    • South American fox: Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2015). "Dusicyon avus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T82337482A82337485. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T82337482A82337485.en .
20. Lupulella sizes:
    • Side-striped jackal: Burnie, Wilson (2011), ch. Side-striped jackal
    • Black-backed jackal: de Waal, H. O. (September 2017). "Demography and morphometry of black-backed jackals Canis mesomelasin South Africa and Namibia" (PDF). African Large Predator Research Unit . Retrieved August 21, 2019.
21. Lupulella habitats and diets:
    • Side-striped jackal: Hoffmann, M. (2014). "Canis adustus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2014: e.T3753A46254734. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T3753A46254734.en .
      Camacho, Page-Nicholson, Child, Do Linh San, ch. 7. A conservation assessment of Canis adustus Archived 2022-10-19 at the Wayback Machine
    • Black-backed jackal: Hoffmann, M. (2014). "Canis mesomelas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2014: e.T3755A46122476. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T3755A46122476.en .
      Minnie, Avenant, Drouilly, Samuels, pp. 178–204
22. Lycalopex sizes:
    • Culpeo: Burnie, Wilson (2011), ch. Culpeo
    • Darwin's fox, Hoary fox, Pampas fox, Sechuran fox, South American gray fox: Hunter, pp. 110–126
23. Lycalopex habitats and diets:
    • Culpeo: Lucherini, M. (2016). "Lycalopex culpaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T6929A85324366. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6929A85324366.en .
    • Darwin's fox: Silva-Rodríguez, E.; Farias, A.; Moreira-Arce, D.; Cabello, J.; Hidalgo-Hermoso, E.; Lucherini, M.; Jiménez, J. (2016). "Lycalopex fulvipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41586A85370871. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41586A85370871.en .
    • Hoary fox: Dalponte, J.; Courtenay, O. (2008). "Lycalopex vetulus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008: e.T6926A12815527. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T6926A12815527.en .
    • Pampas fox: Lucherini, M. (2016). "Lycalopex gymnocercus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T6928A85371194. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6928A85371194.en .
    • Sechuran fox: Cossios, D. (2017). "Lycalopex sechurae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T6925A86074993. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T6925A86074993.en .
    • South American gray fox: Lucherini, M. (2016). "Lycalopex griseus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T6927A86440397. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6927A86440397.en .
24. Hunter, pp. 110–126
25. Woodroffe, R.; Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2012). "Lycaon pictus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2012: e.T12436A16711116. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T12436A16711116.en .
26. Kauhala, K.; Saeki, M. (2016). "Nyctereutes procyonoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T14925A85658776. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14925A85658776.en .
27. Hoffmann, M. (2014). "Otocyon megalotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2014: e.T15642A46123809. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T15642A46123809.en .
28. "Bush dog (Speothos venaticus)". ARKive . Wildscreen. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
29. DeMatteo, K.; Michalski, F.; Leite-Pitman, M. R. P. (2011). "Speothos venaticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2011: e.T20468A9203243. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T20468A9203243.en .
30. Urocyon habitats and diets:
    • Gray fox: Roemer, G.; Cypher, B.; List, R. (2016). "Urocyon cinereoargenteus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T22780A46178068. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T22780A46178068.en .
    • Island fox: Coonan, T.; Ralls, K.; Hudgens, B.; Cypher, B.; Boser, C. (2013). "Urocyon littoralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2013: e.T22781A13985603. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T22781A13985603.en .
31. Vulpes sizes:
    • Red fox: "Red fox (Vulpes vulpes)". ARKive . Wildscreen. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
    • All others: Hunter, pp. 110–126
32. Vulpes habitats and diets:
    • Arctic fox: Angerbjörn, A.; Tannerfeldt, M. (2014). "Vulpes lagopus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2014: e.T899A57549321. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-2.RLTS.T899A57549321.en .
    • Bengal fox: Jhala, Y. (2016). "Vulpes bengalensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T23049A81069636. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T23049A81069636.en .
    • Blanfords fox: Hoffmann, M.; Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2015). "Vulpes cana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T23050A48075169. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T23050A48075169.en .
    • Cape fox: Hoffmann, M. (2014). "Vulpes chama". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2014: e.T23060A46126992. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T23060A46126992.en .
    • Corsac fox: Murdoch, J. D. (2014). "Vulpes corsac". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2014: e.T23051A59049446. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-2.RLTS.T23051A59049446.en .
    • Fennec fox: Wacher, T.; Bauman, K.; Cuzin, F. (2015). "Vulpes zerda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41588A46173447. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41588A46173447.en .
    • Kit fox: Cypher, B.; List, R. (2014). "Vulpes macrotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2014: e.T41587A62259374. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T41587A62259374.en .
    • Pale fox: Sillero-Zubiri, C.; Wacher, T. (2012). "Vulpes pallida". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2012: e.T23052A16813736. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T23052A16813736.en .
    • Rüppell's fox: Mallon, D.; Murdoch, J. D.; Wacher, T. (2015). "Vulpes rueppellii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T23053A46197483. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T23053A46197483.en .
    • Red fox: Hoffmann, M.; Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2016). "Vulpes vulpes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T23062A46190249. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T23062A46190249.en .
    • Swift fox: Moehrenschlager, A.; Sovada, M. (2016). "Vulpes velox". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T23059A57629306. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T23059A57629306.en .
    • Tibetan sand fox: Harris, R. (2014). "Vulpes ferrilata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2014: e.T23061A46179412. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T23061A46179412.en .
33. Conepatus sizes:
    • Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk: Shaw, Weylan (2002). "Conepatus humboldtii". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved April 14, 2020.
    • American hog-nosed skunk, Molina's hog-nosed skunk, Striped hog-nosed skunk: Hunter, pp. 150–156
34. Conepatus habitats and diets:
    • Molina's hog-nosed skunk: Emmons, L.; Schiaffini, M.; Schipper, J. (2016). "Conepatus chinga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41630A45210528. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41630A45210528.en .
    • Humbold'ts hog-nosed skunk: Emmons, L.; Helgen, K. (2016). "Conepatus humboldtii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41631A45210677. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41631A45210677.en .
    • American hog-nosed skunk: Helgen, K. (2016). "Conepatus leuconotus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41632A45210809. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41632A45210809.en .
    • Striped hog-nosed skunk: Cuarón, A. D.; Helgen, K.; Reid, F. (2016). "Conepatus semistriatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41633A45210987. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41633A45210987.en .
35. Mephitis sizes:
    • Hooded skunk: Bairos-Novak, Kevin (2014). "Mephitis macroura". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved April 14, 2020.
    • Striped skunk: Kiiskila, Jeffrey (2014). "Mephitis mephitis". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved April 14, 2020.
36. Mephitis habitats and diets:
    • Hooded skunk: Cuarón, A. D.; González-Maya, J. F.; Helgen, K.; Reid, F.; Schipper, J.; Dragoo, J. W. (2016). "Mephitis macroura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41634A45211135. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41634A45211135.en .
    • Striped skunk: Helgen, K.; Reid, F. (2016). "Mephitis mephitis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41635A45211301. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41635A45211301.en .
37. Mydaus sizes:
    • Sunda stink badger: Krauskopf, Rachel (2002). "Mydaus javanensis". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved April 14, 2020.
    • Palawan stink badger: Hunter, pp. 150–156
38. Mydaus habitats and diets:
    • Sunda stink badger: Wilting, A.; Duckworth, J. W.; Meijaard, E.; Ross, J.; Hearn, A.; Ario, A. (2015). "Mydaus javanensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41628A45209955. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41628A45209955.en .
    • Palawan stink badger: Widmann, P. (2015). "Mydaus marchei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T14055A45201420. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T14055A45201420.en .
39. Spilogale sizes:
    • Southern spotted skunk, Western spotted skunk: Hunter, pp. 150–156
    • Eastern spotted skunk: Pennington, Stefanie (2002). "Spilogale putorius". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved April 14, 2020.
    • Pygmy spotted skunk: Gay, Bradley David (1999). "Spilogale pygmaea". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved April 14, 2020.
40. Spilogale habitats and diets:
    • Southern spotted skunk: Helgen, K.; Reid, F.; Timm, R. (2016). "Spilogale angustifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T136636A45221538. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T136636A45221538.en .
    • Western spotted skunk: Cuarón, A. D.; Helgen, K.; Reid, F. (2016). "Spilogale gracilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T136797A45221721. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T136797A45221721.en .
    • Eastern spotted skunk: Gompper, M.; Jachowski, D. (2016). "Spilogale putorius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41636A45211474. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41636A45211474.en .
    • Pygmy spotted skunk: Helgen, K.; Cuarón, A. D.; Schipper, J.; González-Maya, J. F. (2016). "Spilogale pygmaea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41637A45211592. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41637A45211592.en .
41. Schreffler, Christina (2003). "Eira barbara". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved November 13, 2019.
42. Cuarón, A. D.; Reid, F.; Helgen, K.; González-Maya, J. F. (2016). "Eira barbara". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41644A45212151. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41644A45212151.en .
43. Streubel, Donald (2000). "Wolverine". Digital Atlas of Idaho. Idaho State University. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved October 2, 2019.
44. Abramov, A. V. (2016). "Gulo gulo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T9561A45198537. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T9561A45198537.en .
45. Martes sizes:
    • American marten: Streubel, Donald (2000). "American Marten". Digital Atlas of Idaho. Idaho State University. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved October 2, 2019.
    • Beech marten: Carter, Kimberlee (2004). "Martes foina". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved November 13, 2019.
    • European pine marten: Schwanz, Lisa (2000). "Martes martes". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved November 13, 2019.
    • Japanese marten: Barthen, Bill (2003). "Martes melampus". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved November 13, 2019.
    • Nilgiri marten: Webb, Amanda (2013). "Martes gwatkinsii". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved November 13, 2019.
    • Sable: Bates, Jeremy (2002). "Martes zibellina". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved November 13, 2019.
    • Yellow-throated marten: Shak, Marcus (2012). "Martes flavigula". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved November 13, 2019.
46. Martes habitats and diets:
    • American marten: Helgen, K.; Reid, F. (2016). "Martes americana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41648A45212861. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41648A45212861.en .
    • Beech marten: Abramov, A. V.; Kranz, A.; Herrero, J.; Choudhury, A.; Maran, T. (2016). "Martes foina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T29672A45202514. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T29672A45202514.en .
    • European pine marten: Herrero, J.; Kranz, A.; Skumatov, D.; Abramov, A. V.; Maran, T.; Monakhov, V. G. (2016). "Martes martes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T12848A45199169. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T12848A45199169.en .
    • Japanese marten: Abramov, A. V.; Kaneko, Y.; Masuda, R. (2015). "Martes melampus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41650A45213228. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41650A45213228.en .
    • Nilgiri marten: Mudappa, D.; Jathana, D.; Raman, T. R. S. (2015). "Martes gwatkinsii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T12847A45199025. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T12847A45199025.en .
    • Sable: Monakhov, V. G. (2016). "Martes zibellina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41652A45213477. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41652A45213477.en .
    • Yellow-throated marten: Chutipong, W.; Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R. J.; Choudhury, A.; Abramov, A. V.; Roberton, S.; Long, B.; Rahman, H.; Hearn, A.; Dinets, V.; Willcox, D. H. A. (2016). "Martes flavigula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41649A45212973. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41649A45212973.en .
47. Rhines, Cynthia (2003). "Martes pennanti". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved October 15, 2019.
48. Helgen, K.; Reid, F. (2016) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Martes pennanti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41651A125236220. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41651A125236220.en .
49. Melogale sizes:
    • Bornean ferret-badger: Edmison, Nicole (2003). "Melogale everetti". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved November 13, 2019.
    • Burmese ferret-badger: Clarke, Rosie (2003). "Melogale personata". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved November 13, 2019.
    • Chinese ferret-badgerSize: Smith, Xie, et al., p. 441
    • Javan ferret-badger: Denryter, Kristin (2013). "Melogale orientalis". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved November 13, 2019.
50. Melogale habitats and diets:
    • Bornean ferret-badger: Wilting, A.; Duckworth, J. W.; Hearn, A.; Ross, J. (2015). "Melogale everetti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T13110A45199541. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T13110A45199541.en .
    • Burmese ferret-badger: Duckworth, J. W.; Long, B.; Willcox, D. H. A.; Coudrat, C. N. Z.; Timmins, R. J.; Abramov, A. V.; Chan, B.; Chutipong, W. (2016). "Melogale personata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41627A45209826. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41627A45209826.en .
    • Chinese ferret-badger: Duckworth, J. W.; Abramov, A. V.; Willcox, D. H. A.; Timmins, R. J.; Choudhury, A.; Roberton, S.; Long, B.; Lau, M. (2016). "Melogale moschata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41626A45209676. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41626A45209676.en .
    • Javan ferret-badger: Duckworth, J. W.; Shepherd, C.; Rode-Margono, E. J.; Wilianto, E.; Spaan, D.; Abramov, A. V. (2016). "Melogale orientalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41697A45218557. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41697A45218557.en .
    • Vietnam ferret-badger: Helgen, K.; Long, B. (2016). "Melogale cucphuongensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T68369199A68369432. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T68369199A68369432.en .
51. Galictis sizes:
    • Greater grison: Gregg, Mackenzie (2013). "Galictis grison". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved November 21, 2019.
    • Lesser grison: Melrose, Robert (2004). "Galictis cuja". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved November 21, 2019.
52. Galictis habitats and diets:
    • Greater grison: Cuarón, A. D.; Reid, F.; González-Maya, J. F.; Helgen, K. (2016). "Galictis vittata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41640A45211961. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41640A45211961.en .
    • Lesser grison: Helgen, K.; Schiaffini, M. (2016). "Galictis cuja". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41639A45211832. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41639A45211832.en .
53. Ictonyx sizes:
    • Striped polecat: Aguilar, William (2003). "Ictonyx striatus". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved November 21, 2019.
    • Saharan striped polecat: Hoath, pp. 82–84
54. Ictonyx habitats and diets:
    • Striped polecat: Stuart, C.; Stuart, M.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Ictonyx striatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41646A45212491. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41646A45212491.en .
    • Saharan striped polecat: Ahmim, M.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Ictonyx libycus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41645A45212347. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41645A45212347.en .
55. Malek, Karen (2003). "Lyncodon patagonicus". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved November 21, 2019.
56. Kelt, D.; Pardiñas, U.; Schiaffini, M.; González-Maya, J. F. (2016). "Lyncodon patagonicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41647A45212747. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41647A45212747.en .
57. Brilliant, Matt (2000). "Poecilogale albinucha". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved November 21, 2019.
58. Stuart, C.; Stuart, M.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Poecilogale albinucha". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41662A45215258. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41662A45215258.en .
59. Petroelje, Tyler (2011). "Vormela peregusna". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved November 22, 2019.
60. Abramov, A. V.; Kranz, A.; Maran, T. (2016). "Vormela peregusna". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T29680A45203971. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T29680A45203971.en .
61. Aonyx sizes:
    • African clawless otter: "African Clawless Otter (Aonyx capensis)". IUCN Otter Specialist Group. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
    • Asian small-clawed otter: "Asian Small-clawed Otter (Aonyx cinereus)". IUCN Otter Specialist Group. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
62. Aonyx habitats and diets:
    • African clawless otter: Jacques, H.; Reed-Smith, J.; Somers, M. J. (2015). "Aonyx capensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T1793A21938767. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T1793A21938767.en .
    • Asian small-clawed otter: Wright, L.; de Silva, P.; Chan, B.; Reza Lubis, I. (2015). "Aonyx cinereus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T44166A21939068. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T44166A21939068.en .
63. "Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris)". IUCN Otter Specialist Group. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
64. Doroff, A.; Burdin, A. (2015). "Enhydra lutris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T7750A21939518. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T7750A21939518.en .
65. "Spotted-necked Otter (Hydrictis maculicollis)". IUCN Otter Specialist Group. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
66. Reed-Smith, J.; Jacques, H.; Somers, M. J. (2015). "Hydrictis maculicollis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T12420A21936042. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T12420A21936042.en .
67. Lontra sizes:
    • North American river otter: "North American River Otter (Lontra canadensis)". IUCN Otter Specialist Group. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
    • Southern river otter: "Southern River Otter (Lontra provocax)". IUCN Otter Specialist Group. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
    • Neotropical otter: "Neotropical Otter (Lontra longicaudis)". IUCN Otter Specialist Group. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
    • Marine otter: Jefferson, Webber, Pitman, pp. 539–541
68. Lontra habitats and diets:
    • North American river otter: Serfass, T.; Evans, S. S.; Polechla, P. (2015). "Lontra canadensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T12302A21936349. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T12302A21936349.en .
    • Southern river otter: Sepúlveda, M. A.; Valenzuela, A. E. J.; Pozzi, C.; Medina-Vogel, G.; Chehébar, C. (2015). "Lontra provocax". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T12305A21938042. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T12305A21938042.en .
    • Neotropical otter: Rheingantz, M. L.; Trinca, C. S. (2015). "Lontra longicaudis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T12304A21937379. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T12304A21937379.en .
    • Marine otter: Valqui, J.; Rheingantz, M. L. (2015). "Lontra felina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T12303A21937779. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T12303A21937779.en .
69. Lutra sizes:
    • Eurasian otter: "Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra)". IUCN Otter Specialist Group. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
    • Hairy-nosed otter: "Hairy-nosed Otter (Lutra sumatrana)". IUCN Otter Specialist Group. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
70. Lutra habitats and diets:
    • Eurasian otter: Roos, A.; Loy, A.; de Silva, P.; Hajkova, P.; Zemanová, B. (2015). "Lutra lutra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T12419A21935287. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T12419A21935287.en .
    • Hairy-nosed otter: Aadrean, A.; Kanchanasaka, B.; Heng, S.; Reza Lubis, I.; de Silva, P.; Olsson, A. (2015). "Lutra sumatrana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T12421A21936999. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T12421A21936999.en .
71. "Smooth-coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata)". IUCN Otter Specialist Group. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
72. de Silva, P.; Khan, W. A.; Kanchanasaka, B.; Reza Lubis, I.; Feeroz, M. M.; Al-Sheikhly, O. F. (2015). "Lutrogale perspicillata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T12427A21934884. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T12427A21934884.en .
73. "Giant Otter (Pteronura brasiliensis)". IUCN Otter Specialist Group. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
74. Groenendijk, J.; Duplaix, N.; Marmontel, M.; Van Damme, P.; Schenck, C. (2015). "Pteronura brasiliensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T18711A21938411. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T18711A21938411.en .
75. Toben, Jacob (2013). "Arctonyx collaris". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved November 26, 2019.
76. Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R.; Chutipong, W.; Gray, T. N. E.; Long, B.; Helgen, K.; Rahman, H.; Choudhury, A.; Willcox, D. H. A. (2016). "Arctonyx collaris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T70205537A45209459. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T70205537A45209459.en .
77. Meles sizes:
    • Asian badger: Smith, Xie, p. 326
    • European badger: Wang, Annie (2011). "Meles meles". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved November 27, 2019.
    • Japanese badger: Riney, Julie (2011). "Meles anakuma". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved November 27, 2019.
78. Meles habitats and diets:
    • Asian badger: Abramov, A. V. (2016). "Meles leucurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T136385A45221149. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T136385A45221149.en .
    • European badger: Kranz, A.; Abramov, A. V.; Herrero, J.; Maran, T. (2016). "Meles meles". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T29673A45203002. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T29673A45203002.en .
    • Japanese badger: Kaneko, Y.; Masuda, R.; Abramov, A. V. (2016). "Meles anakuma". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T136242A45221049. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T136242A45221049.en .
79. "Honey Badger (Ratel)". San Diego Zoo Animals & Plants. San Diego Zoo . Retrieved November 27, 2019.
80. Do Linh San, E.; Begg, C.; Begg, K.; Abramov, A. V. (2016). "Mellivora capensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41629A45210107. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41629A45210107.en .
81. Mustela sizes:
    • Amazon weasel: Ramírez-Chaves, H. E.; Arango-Guerra, H. L.; Patterson, B. D. (December 18, 2014). "Mustela africana (Carnivora: Mustelidae)". Mammalian Species . 46 (917): 110–115. doi: 10.1644/917.1 .
    • Back-striped weasel: Stewart, Reynaud (2013). "Mustela strigidorsa". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved December 12, 2019.
    • Black-footed ferret: Hillman, Conrad N.; Clark, Tim W. (April 15, 1980). "Mustela nigripes". Mammalian Species . 1 (126): 1–3. doi: 10.2307/3503892 . JSTOR   3503892.
    • Colombian weasel: Chaves, Héctor E. Ramírez; Patterson, Bruce D. (August 8, 2014). "Mustela felipei (Carnivora: Mustelidae)". Mammalian Species . 46 (906): 11–15. doi: 10.1644/906 .
    • Egyptian weasel: "Mustela subpalmata". ARKive . Wildscreen. Archived from the original on December 23, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2019.
    • European mink: Heptner, Sludskii, pp. 1083–1084
    • European polecat: Heptner, Sludskii, pp. 1114–1115
    • Indonesian mountain weasel: Hunt, Amelia (2013). "Mustela lutreolina". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved December 16, 2019.
    • Japanese weasel: Abramov, Alexei V. "On a taxonomic position of the weasel (Carnivora, Mustela) from the Cheju Island (South Korea)". Russian Journal of Theriology. 4 (2): 112.
    • Least weasel: Heptner, Sludskii, pp. 970–972
    • Long-tailed weasel: Newell, Toni Lynn (2002). "Mustela frenata". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved December 16, 2019.
    • Malayan weasel: Kohlmann, Jodie (2014). "Mustela nudipes". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved December 16, 2019.
    • Mountain weasel: Ellen, Sherrill (2002). "Mustela altaica". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved December 16, 2019.
    • Siberian weasel: Kreutzer, Jason (2003). "Mustela sibirica". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved December 16, 2019.
    • Steppe polecat: Heptner, Sludskii, pp. 1142–1143
    • Stoat: Loso, Heather (1999). "Mustela erminea". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved December 16, 2019.
    • Yellow-bellied weasel: Bandner, Kerstin (2002). "Mustela kathiah". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved December 16, 2019.
82. Mustela habitats and diets:
    • Amazon weasel: Emmons, L.; Helgen, K. (2016). "Mustela africana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T14025A45200982. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14025A45200982.en .
    • Back-striped weasel: Roberton, S.; Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R. J.; Abramov, A. V.; Chutipong, W.; Choudhury, A.; Willcox, D. H. A.; Dinets, V. (2016). "Mustela strigidorsa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T14027A45201218. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14027A45201218.en .
    • Black-footed ferret: Belant, J.; Biggins, D.; Garelle, D.; Griebel, R. G.; Hughes, J. P. (2015). "Mustela nigripes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T14020A45200314. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T14020A45200314.en .
    • Colombian weasel: González-Maya, J. F.; Emmons, L.; Helgen, K.; Arias-Alzate, AAA (2016). "Mustela felipei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T14026A45201088. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14026A45201088.en .
    • Egyptian weasel: McDonald, R. A.; Do Linh San, E. (2016). "Mustela subpalmata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41660A65993325. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41660A65993325.en .
    • European mink: Maran, T.; Skumatov, D.; Gomez, A.; Põdra, M.; Abramov, A. V.; Dinets, V. (2016). "Mustela lutreola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T14018A45199861. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14018A45199861.en .
    • European polecat: Skumatov, D.; Abramov, A. V.; Herrero, J.; Kitchener, A.; Maran, T.; Kranz, A.; Sándor, A.; Saveljev, A.; Savour-Soubelet, A.; Guinot-Ghestem, M.; Zuberogoitia, I.; Birks, J. D. S.; Weber, A.; Melisch, R.; Ruette, S. (2016). "Mustela putorius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41658A45214384. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41658A45214384.en .
    • Indonesian mountain weasel: Duckworth, J. W.; Holden, J.; Eaton, J.; Meijaard, E.; Long, B.; Abramov, A. V. (2016). "Mustela lutreolina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T14019A45200228. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14019A45200228.en .
    • Japanese weasel: Kaneko, Y.; Masuda, R.; Abramov, A. V. (2016). "Mustela itatsi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41656A45214163. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41656A45214163.en .
    • Least weasel: McDonald, R. A.; Abramov, A. V.; Stubbe, M.; Herrero, J.; Maran, T.; Tikhonov, A.; Cavallini, P.; Kranz, A.; Giannatos, G.; Krytufek, B.; Reid, F. (2016). "Mustela nivalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T70207409A147993366. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T70207409A147993366.en .
    • Long-tailed weasel: Helgen, K.; Reid, F. (2016). "Mustela frenata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41654A45213820. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41654A45213820.en .
    • Malayan weasel: Duckworth, J. W.; Chutipong, W.; Hearn, A.; Ross, J. (2015). "Mustela nudipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41657A45214257. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41657A45214257.en .
    • Mountain weasel: Abramov, A. V. (2016). "Mustela altaica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41653A45213647. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41653A45213647.en .
    • Siberian weasel: Abramov, A. V.; Duckworth, J. W.; Choudhury, A.; Chutipong, W.; Timmins, R.J.; Ghimirey, Y.; Chan, B.; Dinets, V. (2016). "Mustela sibirica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41659A45214744. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41659A45214744.en .
    • Steppe polecat: Maran, T.; Skumatov, D.; Abramov, A. V.; Kranz, A. (2016). "Mustela eversmanii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T29679A45203762. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T29679A45203762.en .
    • Stoat: Reid, F.; Helgen, K.; Kranz, A. (2016). "Mustela erminea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T29674A45203335. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T29674A45203335.en .
    • Yellow-bellied weasel: Willcox, D. H. A.; Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R. J.; Abramov, A. V.; Choudhury, A.; Chutipong, W.; Chan, B.; Lau, M.; Roberton, S. (2016). "Mustela kathiah". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41655A45214014. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41655A45214014.en .
83. Neovison sizes:
    • American mink: Reid, F.; Schiaffini, M.; Schipper, J. (2016). "Neovison vison". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41661A45214988. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41661A45214988.en .
    • Sea mink: Helgen, K.; Turvey, S. T. (2016). "Neovison macrodon". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T40784A45204492. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T40784A45204492.en .
84. Neovison habitats and diets:
    • American mink: Heptner, Sludskii, pp. 1397–1399
    • Sea mink: Seton, p. 562
85. Shefferly, Nancy (1999). "Taxidea taxus". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved December 16, 2019.
86. Helgen, K.; Reid, F. (2016). "Taxidea taxus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41663A45215410. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41663A45215410.en .
87. Nowak, Walker, pp. 92–113
88. Lowry, L. (2016). "Odobenus rosmarus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T15106A45228501. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15106A45228501.en .
89. Arctocephalus sizes:
    • South American fur seal: Cárdenas-Alayza, S.; Oliveira, L.; Crespo, E. (2016). "Arctocephalus australis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T2055A45223529. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T2055A45223529.en .
    • New Zealand fur seal: Landgren, Dorothy (2013). "Arctocephalus forsteri". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan. Archived from the original on November 13, 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
    • Galápagos fur seal: Trillmich, F. (2015). "Arctocephalus galapagoensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T2057A45223722. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T2057A45223722.en .
    • Antarctic fur seal: Hofmeyr, G. J. G. (2016). "Arctocephalus gazella". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T2058A66993062. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T2058A66993062.en .
    • Juan Fernández fur seal: Handysides, Daniel (2004). "Arctocephalus philippii". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 2, 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
    • Brown fur seal: Hofmeyr, G. J. G. (2015). "Arctocephalus pusillus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T2060A45224212. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T2060A45224212.en .
    • Guadalupe fur seal: Aurioles-Gamboa, D. (2015). "Arctocephalus townsendi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T2061A45224420. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T2061A45224420.en .
    • Subantarctic fur seal: Hofmeyr, G. J. G. (2015). "Arctocephalus tropicalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T2062A45224547. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T2062A45224547.en .
90. Arctocephalus habitats and diets:
    • South American fur seal: Cárdenas-Alayza, S.; Oliveira, L.; Crespo, E. (2016). "Arctocephalus australis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T2055A45223529. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T2055A45223529.en .
    • New Zealand fur seal: Chilvers, B. L.; Goldsworthy, S. D. (2015). "Arctocephalus forsteri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41664A45230026. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41664A45230026.en .
    • Galápagos fur seal: Trillmich, F. (2015). "Arctocephalus galapagoensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T2057A45223722. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T2057A45223722.en .
    • Antarctic fur seal: Hofmeyr, G. J. G. (2016). "Arctocephalus gazella". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T2058A66993062. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T2058A66993062.en .
    • Juan Fernández fur seal: Aurioles-Gamboa, D. (2015). "Arctocephalus philippii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T2059A61953525. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T2059A61953525.en .
    • Brown fur seal: Hofmeyr, G. J. G. (2015). "Arctocephalus pusillus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T2060A45224212. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T2060A45224212.en .
    • Guadalupe fur seal: Aurioles-Gamboa, D. (2015). "Arctocephalus townsendi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T2061A45224420. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T2061A45224420.en .
    • Subantarctic fur seal: Hofmeyr, G. J. G. (2015). "Arctocephalus tropicalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T2062A45224547. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T2062A45224547.en .
91. Gelatt, T.; Ream, R.; Johnson, D. (2015). "Callorhinus ursinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T3590A45224953. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T3590A45224953.en .
92. Keranen, Danielle (2013). "Eumetopias jubatus". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
93. Gelatt, T.; Sweeney, K. (2016). "Eumetopias jubatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T8239A45225749. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T8239A45225749.en .
94. Goldsworthy, S. D. (2015). "Neophoca cinerea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T14549A45228341. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T14549A45228341.en .
95. Cárdenas-Alayza, S.; Crespo, E.; Oliveira, L. (2016). "Otaria byronia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41665A61948292. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41665A61948292.en .
96. Chilvers, B. L. (2015). "Phocarctos hookeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T17026A1306343. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T17026A1306343.en .
97. Zalophus sizes:
    • California sea lion: "California Sea Lion". National Geographic . 10 May 2011. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
    • Japanese sea lion: Lowry, L. (2017) [amended version of 2015 assessment]. "Zalophus japonicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T41667A113089431. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T41667A113089431.en .
    • Galápagos sea lion: "Galapagos sea lion (Zalophus wollebaeki)". ARKive . Wildscreen. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
98. Zalophus habitats and diets:
    • California sea lion: Aurioles-Gamboa, D.; Hernández-Camacho, J. (2015). "Zalophus californianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41666A45230310. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41666A45230310.en .
    • Japanese sea lion: Lowry, L. (2017) [amended version of 2015 assessment]. "Zalophus japonicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T41667A113089431. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T41667A113089431.en .
    • Galápagos sea lion: Trillmich, F. (2015). "Zalophus wollebaeki". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41668A45230540. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41668A45230540.en .
99. Kovacs, K. M. (2016). "Cystophora cristata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T6204A45225150. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6204A45225150.en .
100. Kovacs, K. M. (2016). "Erignathus barbatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T8010A45225428. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T8010A45225428.en .
101. Bowen, D. (2016). "Halichoerus grypus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T9660A45226042. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T9660A45226042.en .
102. Berry, Ben; Townsend, Kelsey (2012). "Histriophoca fasciata". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
103. Lowry, L. (2016). "Histriophoca fasciata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41670A45230946. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41670A45230946.en .
104. Hückstädt, L. (2015). "Hydrurga leptonyx". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T10340A45226422. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T10340A45226422.en .
105. Burnie, Wilson (2017), p. 184
106. Hückstädt, L. (2015). "Leptonychotes weddellii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T11696A45226713. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T11696A45226713.en .
107. Hückstädt, L. (2015). "Lobodon carcinophaga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T12246A45226918. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T12246A45226918.en .
108. Mirounga sizes:
     • Northern elephant seal, Southern elephant seal: Nowak, Walker, pp. 92–113
109. Mirounga habitats and diets:
     • Northern elephant seal: Hückstädt, L. (2015). "Mirounga angustirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T13581A45227116. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T13581A45227116.en .
     • Southern elephant seal: Hofmeyr, G. J. G. (2015). "Mirounga leonina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T13583A45227247. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T13583A45227247.en .
110. Würsig, pp. 533–534, 741
111. Karamanlidis, A.; Dendrinos, P. (2015). "Monachus monachus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T13653A45227543. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T13653A45227543.en .
112. Neomonachus sizes:
     • Hawaiian monk seal, Caribbean monk seal: Würsig, pp. 533–534, 741; Nowak, Walker, pp. 92–113
113. Neomonachus habitats and diets:
     • Hawaiian monk seal: Littnan, C.; Harting, A.; Baker, J. (2015). "Neomonachus schauinslandi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T13654A45227978. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T13654A45227978.en .
     • Caribbean monk seal: Lowry, L. (2015). "Neomonachus tropicalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T13655A45228171. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T13655A45228171.en .
114. Hückstädt, L. (2015). "Ommatophoca rossii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T15269A45228952. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T15269A45228952.en .
115. McKenna, Alison (2009). "Pagophilus groenlandicus". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
116. Kovacs, K. M. (2015). "Pagophilus groenlandicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41671A45231087. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41671A45231087.en .
117. Phoca sizes:
     • Spotted seal, Harbor seal: Würsig, pp. 533–534, 741
118. Phoca habitats and diets:
     • Spotted seal: Boveng, P. (2016). "Phoca largha". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T17023A45229806. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T17023A45229806.en .
     • Harbor seal: Harvey, J. (2016). "Phoca vitulina ssp". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T17022A66991556. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T17022A66991556.en .
119. Pusa sizes:
     • Caspian seal: Easley-Appleyard, Bonnie (2006). "Pusa caspica". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan. Archived from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
     • Ringed seal: Spicer, Rebekah (2013). "Pusa hispida". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
     • Baikal seal: Goodman, S. (2016). "Pusa sibirica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41676A45231738. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41676A45231738.en .
120. Pusa habitats and diets:
     • Caspian seal: Goodman, S.; Dmitrieva, L. (2016). "Pusa caspica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41669A45230700. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41669A45230700.en .
     • Ringed seal: Lowry, L. (2016). "Pusa hispida". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41672A45231341. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41672A45231341.en .
     • Baikal seal: Goodman, S. (2016). "Pusa sibirica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41676A45231738. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41676A45231738.en .
121. Bassaricyon sizes: Helgen, K. M.; Pinto, M.; Kays, R.; Helgen, L.; Tsuchiya, M.; Quinn, A.; Wilson, D.; Maldonado, J. (August 15, 2013). "Taxonomic revision of the olingos (Bassaricyon), with description of a new species, the Olinguito". ZooKeys (324): 1–83. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.324.5827 . PMC   3760134 . PMID   24003317.
122. Bassaricyon habitats and diets:
     • Eastern lowland olingo: Helgen, K.; Kays, R.; Pinto, C.; Schipper, J. (2016). "Bassaricyon alleni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T48637566A45215534. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T48637566A45215534.en .
     • Northern olingo: Helgen, K.; Kays, R.; Pinto, C.; González-Maya, J. F.; Schipper, J. (2016). "Bassaricyon gabbii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T48637946A45196211. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T48637946A45196211.en .
     • Western lowland olingo: Helgen, K.; Kays, R.; Pinto, C.; Schipper, J. (2016). "Bassaricyon medius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T48637802A48637905. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T48637802A48637905.en .
     • Olinguito: Helgen, K.; Kays, R.; Pinto, C.; Schipper, J.; González-Maya, J. F. (2016). "Bassaricyon neblina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T48637280A48637420. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T48637280A48637420.en .
123. Bassariscus sizes:
     • Cacomistle: Lundrigan, Barbara; Zachariah, Trevor (2001). "Bassariscus sumichrasti". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved February 14, 2020.
     • Ring-tailedcat: Goldberg, Jeffrey (2003). "Bassariscus astutus". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved February 14, 2020.
124. Bassariscus habitats and diets:
     • Cacomistle: Pino, J.; Samudio Jr, R.; González-Maya, J. F.; Schipper, J. (2016). "Bassariscus sumichrasti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T2613A45196645. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T2613A45196645.en .
     • Ring-tailedcat: Reid, F.; Schipper, J.; Timm, R. (2016). "Bassariscus astutus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41680A45215881. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41680A45215881.en .
125. Nasua sizes:
     • South American coati: Braddy, Sarah (2003). "Nasua nasua". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved February 14, 2020.
     • White-nosed coatisize: Hirsch, Ben (June 16, 2015). "Nasua narica (white-nosed coati)". Invasive Species Compendium. Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International . Retrieved February 27, 2020.
126. Nasua habitats and diets:
     • South American coati: Emmons, L.; Helgen, K. (2016). "Nasua nasua". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41684A45216227. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41684A45216227.en .
     • White-nosed coati: Cuarón, A. D.; Helgen, K.; Reid, F.; Pino, J.; González-Maya, J. F. (2016). "Nasua narica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41683A45216060. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41683A45216060.en .
127. Nasuella sizes:
     • Eastern mountain coati: Helgen, Kristofer; Kays, Roland; Helgen, Lauren; Nunes Tsuchiya, Mirian Tieko; Pinto, C.; Koepfli, Klaus; Eizirik, Eduardo; Maldonado, Jesús (2009). "Taxonomic boundaries and geographic distributions revealed by an integrative systematic overview of the mountain coatis, Nasuella (Carnivora: Procyonidae)". Small Carnivore Conservation. 41: 65–74.
     • Western mountain coati: Hogue, Tauno (2003). "Nasuella olivacea". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved February 14, 2020.
128. Nasuella habitats and diets:
     • Eastern mountain coati: González-Maya, J. F.; Arias-Alzate, A. A. A. (2016). "Nasuella meridensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T72261777A72261787. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T72261777A72261787.en .
     • Western mountain coati: González-Maya, J. F.; Reid, F.; Helgen, K. (2016). "Nasuella olivacea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T72261737A45201571. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T72261737A45201571.en .
129. Eisenberg, Redford, pp. 289–290
130. Helgen, K.; Kays, R.; Schipper, J. (2016). "Potos flavus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41679A45215631. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41679A45215631.en .
131. Procyon sizes:
     • Cozumel raccoon: de Villa-Meza, A.; Avila-Flores, Rafael; Cuaron, Alfredo D.; Valenzuela-Galvan, David (2011). "Procyon pygmaeus (Carnivora: Procyonidae)". Mammalian Species . 43 (877): 87–93. doi: 10.1644/877.1 .
     • Crab-eating raccoon: Phillips, Nicole (2005). "Procyon cancrivorus". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved February 14, 2020.
     • Raccoon: Dewey, Tanya; Fox, Rebecca (2001). "Procyon lotor". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved February 14, 2020.
132. Procyon habitats and diets:
     • Cozumel raccoon: Cuarón, A. D.; de Grammont, P. C.; McFadden, K. (2016). "Procyon pygmaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T18267A45201913. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T18267A45201913.en .
     • Crab-eating raccoon: Reid, F.; Helgen, K.; González-Maya, J. F. (2016). "Procyon cancrivorus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41685A45216426. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41685A45216426.en .
     • Raccoon: Timm, R.; Cuarón, A. D.; Reid, F.; Helgen, K.; González-Maya, J. F. (2016). "Procyon lotor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41686A45216638. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41686A45216638.en .
133. Bies, LeeAnn (2002). "Ailuropoda melanoleuca". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved March 24, 2020.
134. "Physical Description". Knowledge Hub. World Wide Fund for Nature . Retrieved March 24, 2020.
135. Swaisgood, R.; Wang, D.; Wei, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Ailuropoda melanoleuca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T712A121745669.
136. "Spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus)". ARKive . Wildscreen. Archived from the original on June 14, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
137. Velez-Liendo, X.; García-Rangel, S. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Tremarctos ornatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T22066A45034047. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22066A45034047.en .
138. "Malayan sun bear (Helarctos malayanus)". ARKive . Wildscreen. Archived from the original on December 21, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
139. Brown, p. 340
140. Scotson, L.; Fredriksson, G.; Augeri, D.; Cheah, C.; Ngoprasert, D.; Wai-Ming, W. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Helarctos malayanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T9760A45033547. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T9760A45033547.en .
141. "Sloth Bear". The Photo Ark . National Geographic. 12 March 2010. Archived from the original on March 11, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
142. Dharaiya, N.; Bargali, H. S.; Sharp, T. (2016). "Melursus ursinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T13143A45033815. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T13143A45033815.en .
143. Ursus sizes:
     • American black bear: Dewey, Tanya; Kronk, Christine (2007). "Ursus americanus". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved March 24, 2020.
     • Brown bear: "Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) Fact Sheet: Physical Characteristics". San Diego Zoo Global Library. San Diego Zoo. October 15, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
     • Polar bear: "Polar Bear". The Photo Ark . National Geographic. September 10, 2010. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
     • Asian black bear: Goodness, Tracie (2004). "Ursus thibetanus". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved March 24, 2020.
144. Ursus habitats and diets:
     • American black bear: Garshelis, D. L.; Scheick, B. K.; Doan-Crider, D. L.; Beecham, J. J.; Obbard, M. E. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Ursus americanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41687A45034604. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41687A45034604.en .
     • Brown bear: McLellan, B. N.; Proctor, M. F.; Huber, D.; Michel, S. (2017) [amended version of 2017 assessment]. "Ursus arctos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T41688A121229971. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T41688A121229971.en .
     • Polar bear: Wiig, Ø.; Amstrup, S.; Atwood, T.; Laidre, K.; Lunn, N.; Obbard, M.; Regehr, E.; Thiemann, G. (2015). "Ursus maritimus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T22823A14871490. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22823A14871490.en .
     • Asian black bear: Garshelis, D.; Steinmetz, R. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Ursus thibetanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T22824A45034242. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22824A45034242.en .
145. Lundrigan, Barbara; Zachariah, Trevor (2000). "Cryptoprocta ferox". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved October 8, 2020.
146. Hawkins, F. (2016). "Cryptoprocta ferox". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T5760A45197189. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T5760A45197189.en .
147. Walker, Nowak, pp. 766–769
148. Eupleres habitats and diets:
     • Eastern falanouc: Hawkins, F. (2016). "Eupleres goudotii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T68336601A45204582. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T68336601A45204582.en .
     • Western falanouc: Hawkins, F. (2016). "Eupleres major". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T39547A45204313. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T39547A45204313.en .
149. Hyatt, Evan (2002). "Fossa fossana". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved February 10, 2021.
150. Hawkins, F. (2015). "Fossa fossana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T8668A45197868. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T8668A45197868.en .
151. Hawkins, F. (2015). "Galidia elegans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T39426A45204213. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T39426A45204213.en .
152. Galidictis sizes:
     • Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose: Burrell, Michele (2005). "Galidictis fasciata". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved October 8, 2020.
     • Grandidier's mongoose: Walker, Nowak, pp. 766–769
153. Galidictis habitats and diets:
     • Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose: Hawkins, F. (2016). "Galidictis fasciata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T8833A45197977. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T8833A45197977.en .
     • Grandidier's mongoose: Hawkins, F. (2015). "Galidictis grandidieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T8834A45198057. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T8834A45198057.en .
154. Hawkins, F. (2015). "Mungotictis decemlineata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T13923A45199764. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T13923A45199764.en .
155. Rasolofoniaina, B.; Razafy, P.; Andrianarimisa, A.; Razafimahatratra, E.; Kappeler, P. M. (2019). "Feeding ecology of bokiboky, Mungotictis decemlineata (Family Eupleridae)" (PDF). Malagasy Nature (13): 152–161.
156. Salanoia sizes:
     • Brown-tailedmongoose: Nowak, Walker, p. 207
     • Durrell's vontsira: Durbin, J.; Funk, S. M.; Hawkins, F.; Hills, D. M.; Jenkins, P. D.; Moncrieff, C. B.; Ralainasolo, F. B. (2010). "Investigations into the status of a new taxon of Salanoia (Mammalia: Carnivora: Eupleridae) from the marshes of Lac Alaotra, Madagascar". Systematics and Biodiversity. 8 (3): 341–355. doi:10.1080/14772001003756751. S2CID   84480153.
157. Salanoia habitats and diets:
     • Brown-tailedmongoose: Hawkins, F. (2016). "Salanoia concolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T19852A45202205. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T19852A45202205.en .; Nowak, Walker, p. 207
     • Durrell's vontsira: Durbin, J.; Funk, S. M.; Hawkins, F.; Hills, D. M.; Jenkins, P. D.; Moncrieff, C. B.; Ralainasolo, F. B. (2010). "Investigations into the status of a new taxon of Salanoia (Mammalia: Carnivora: Eupleridae) from the marshes of Lac Alaotra, Madagascar". Systematics and Biodiversity. 8 (3): 341–355. doi:10.1080/14772001003756751. S2CID   84480153.
158. "CatSG: Cheetah". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on December 11, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
159. Durant, S.; Mitchell, N.; Ipavec, A.; Groom, R. (2015). "Acinonyx jubatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T219A50649567. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T219A50649567.en .
160. Caracal sizes:
     • African golden cat: "CatSG: African Golden Cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on December 19, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
     • Caracal: "CatSG: Caracal". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on September 11, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
161. Caracal habitats and diets:
     • African golden cat: Bahaa-el-din, L.; Mills, D.; Hunter, L.; Henschel, P. (2015). "Caracal aurata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T18306A50663128. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T18306A50663128.en .
     • Caracal: Avgan, B.; Henschel, P.; Ghoddousi, A. (2016). "Caracal caracal". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T3847A50650230. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T3847A50650230.en .
162. Catopuma sizes:
     • Asian golden cat: "CatSG: Asiatic Golden Cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on October 30, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
     • Bay cat: "CatSG: Borneo Bay Cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on March 25, 2019. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
163. Catopuma habitats and diets:
     • Asian golden cat: McCarthy, J.; Dahal, S.; Dhendup, T.; Gray, T. N. E.; Mukherjee, S.; Rahman, H.; Boontua, N.; Wilcox, D. (2015). "Catopuma temminckii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T4038A50651004. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T4038A50651004.en .
     • Bay cat: Hearn, A.; Brodie, J.; Cheyne, S.; Loken, B.; Ross, J.; Wilting, A. (2016). "Catopuma badia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T4037A50650716. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4037A50650716.en .
164. Felis sizes:
     • African wildcat: "CatSG: African wildcat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on October 30, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
     • Black-footed cat: "CatSG: Black-footed cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on October 31, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
     • Chinese mountain cat: "CatSG: Chinese mountain cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on October 30, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
     • Domestic cat: Nowak, Walker p. 237
     • European wildcat: "CatSG: European wildcat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on June 19, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
     • Jungle cat: "CatSG: Jungle cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on October 30, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
     • Sand cat: "CatSG: Sand cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on February 1, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
165. Felis habitats and diets:
     • African wildcat: Yamaguchi, N.; Kitchener, A.; Driscoll, C.; Nussberger, B. (2015). "Felis silvestris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T60354712A50652361. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T60354712A50652361.en .
     • Black-footed cat: Sliwa, A.; Wilson, B.; Küsters, M.; Tordiffe, A. (2016). "Felis nigripes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T8542A50652196. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T8542A50652196.en .
     • Chinese mountain cat: Riordan, P.; Sanderson, J.; Bao, W.; Sanderson, A.; Shi, K. (2015). "Felis biet". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T8539A50651398. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T8539A50651398.en .
     • Domestic cat: Invasive Species Specialist Group (2006). "Ecology of Felis catus". Global Invasive Species Database. Species Survival Commission, International Union for Conservation of Nature. Archived from the original on October 27, 2009. Retrieved August 31, 2009.
     • European wildcat: Herrmann, M.; Kitchener, A.; Meinig, H.; Stubbe, M.; Fernandes, M.; Conroy, J.; Giannatos, G.; Herrero, J.; Kranz, A.; Olszanska, A. (2017). "Felis silvestris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T60354712A112955994.
     • Jungle cat: Gray, T. N. E.; Timmins, R. J.; Jathana, D.; Duckworth, J. W.; Baral, H.; Mukherjee, S. (2016). "Felis chaus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T8540A50651463. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T8540A50651463.en .
     • Sand cat: Sliwa, A.; Ghadirian, T.; Appel, A.; Banfield, L.; Sher Shah, M.; Wacher, T. (2016). "Felis margarita". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T8541A50651884. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T8541A50651884.en .
166. "CatSG: Jaguarundi". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on September 21, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
167. Caso, A.; de Oliveira, T.; Carvajal, S. V. (2015). "Herpailurus yagouaroundi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T9948A50653167. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T9948A50653167.en .
168. Leopardus sizes:
     • Ocelot: "CatSG: Ocelot". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on May 8, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
     • Oncilla: "CatSG: Northern Tiger Cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on January 20, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
     • Pampas cat: "CatSG: Pampas Cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on November 4, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
     • Kodkod: "CatSG: Guiña". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on August 5, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
     • Margay: "CatSG: Margay". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on March 25, 2019. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
     • Geoffroy's cat: "CatSG: Geoffroy's Cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on January 19, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
     • Andean mountain cat: "CatSG: Andean Cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on August 3, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
     • Southern tiger cat: "CatSG: Southern tiger cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on March 25, 2019. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
169. Leopardus habitats and diets:
     • Ocelot: Paviolo, A.; Crawshaw, P.; Caso, A.; de Oliveira, T.; Lopez-Gonzalez, C. A.; Kelly, M.; De Angelo, C.; Payan, E. (2015). "Leopardus pardalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T11509A50653476. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T11509A50653476.en .
     • Oncilla: Payan, E.; de Oliveira, T. (2016). "Leopardus tigrinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T54012637A50653881. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T54012637A50653881.en .
     • Pampas cat: Lucherini, M.; Eizirik, E.; de Oliveira, T.; Pereira, J.; Williams, R. S. R. (2016). "Leopardus colocolo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T15309A97204446. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15309A97204446.en .
     • Kodkod: Napolitano, C.; Gálvez, N.; Bennett, M.; Acosta-Jamett, G.; Sanderson, J. (2015). "Leopardus guigna". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T15311A50657245. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T15311A50657245.en .
     • Margay: de Oliveira, T.; Paviolo, A.; Schipper, J.; Bianchi, R.; Payan, E.; Carvajal, S. V. (2015). "Leopardus wiedii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T11511A50654216. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T11511A50654216.en .
     • Geoffroy's cat: Pereira, J.; Lucherini, M.; Trigo, T. (2015). "Leopardus geoffroyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T15310A50657011. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T15310A50657011.en .
     • Andean mountain cat: Villalba, L.; Lucherini, M.; Walker, S.; Lagos, N.; Cossios, D.; Bennett, M.; Huaranca, J. (2016). "Leopardus jacobita". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T15452A50657407. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15452A50657407.en .
     • Southern tiger cat: de Oliveira, T.; Trigo, T.; Tortato, M.; Paviolo, A.; Bianchi, R.; Leite-Pitman, M. R. P. (2016). "Leopardus guttulus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T54010476A54010576. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T54010476A54010576.en .
170. "CatSG: Serval". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
171. Thiel, C. (2015). "Leptailurus serval". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T11638A50654625. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T11638A50654625.en .
172. Lynx sizes:
     • Bobcat: "CatSG: Bobcat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on July 14, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
     • Canada lynx: "CatSG: Canada lynx". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on October 25, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
     • Eurasian lynx: "CatSG: Eurasian lynx". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on October 29, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
     • Iberian lynx: "CatSG: Iberian lynx". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
173. Lynx habitats and diets:
     • Bobcat: Kelly, M.; Morin, D.; Lopez-Gonzalez, C. A. (2016). "Lynx rufus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T12521A50655874. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T12521A50655874.en .
     • Canada lynx: Vashon, J. (2016). "Lynx canadensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T12518A101138963. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12518A101138963.en .
     • Eurasian lynx: Breitenmoser, U.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Lanz, T.; von Arx, M.; Antonevich, A.; Bao, W.; Avgan, B. (2017). "Lynx lynx". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T12519A121707666.
     • Iberian lynx: Rodríguez, A.; Calzada, J. (2015). "Lynx pardinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T12520A50655794. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T12520A50655794.en .
174. "CatSG: Pallas's Cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on August 5, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
175. Ross, S.; Barashkova, A.; Farhadinia, M. S.; Appel, A.; Riordan, P.; Sanderson, J.; Munkhtsog, B. (2016). "Otocolobus manul". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T15640A87840229. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15640A87840229.en .
176. "CatSG: Marbled Cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
177. Ross, J.; Brodie, J.; Cheyne, S.; Datta, A.; Hearn, A.; Loken, B.; Lynam, A.; McCarthy, J.; Phan, C.; Rasphone, A.; Singh, P.; Wilting, A. (2016). "Pardofelis marmorata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T16218A97164299. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T16218A97164299.en .
178. Prionailurus sizes:
     • Leopard cat, Sunda leopard cat: "CatSG: Leopard Cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on December 6, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
     • Flat-headed cat: "CatSG: Flat-headed Cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on June 21, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
     • Fishing cat: "CatSG: Fishing Cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
     • Rusty-spotted cat: "CatSG: Rusty-spotted Cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on January 12, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
179. Prionailurus habitats and diets:
     • Leopard cat: Ross, J.; Brodie, J.; Cheyne, S.; Hearn, A.; Izawa, M.; Loken, B.; Lynam, A.; McCarthy, J.; Mukherjee, S.; Phan, C.; Rasphone, A.; Wilting, A. (2015). "Prionailurus bengalensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T18146A50661611. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T18146A50661611.en .
     • Sunda leopard cat: Lorica, M. R. P.; Heaney, L. R. (2013). "Survival of a native mammalian carnivore, the leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis Kerr, 1792 (Carnivora: Felidae), in an agricultural landscape on an oceanic Philippine island". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 5 (10): 4451–4460. doi: 10.11609/JoTT.o3352.4451-60 . ISSN   0974-7907.
     • Flat-headed cat: Wilting, A.; Brodie, J.; Cheyne, S.; Hearn, A.; Lynam, A.; Mathai, J.; McCarthy, J.; Meijaard, E.; Mohamed, A.; Ross, J.; Sunarto, S.; Traeholt, C. (2015). "Prionailurus planiceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T18148A50662095. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T18148A50662095.en .
     • Fishing cat: Mukherjee, S.; Appel, A.; Duckworth, J. W.; Sanderson, J.; Dahal, S.; Willcox, D. H. A.; Herranz Muñoz, V.; Malla, G.; Ratnayaka, A.; Kantimahanti, M.; Thudugala, A.; Thaung, R.; Rahman, H. (2016). "Prionailurus viverrinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T18150A50662615. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T18150A50662615.en .
     • Rusty-spotted cat: Mukherjee, S.; Duckworth, J. W.; Silva, A.; Appel, A.; Kittle, A. (2016). "Prionailurus rubiginosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T18149A50662471. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T18149A50662471.en .
180. "CatSG: Puma". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on July 31, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
181. Nielsen, C.; Thompson, D.; Kelly, M.; Lopez-Gonzalez, C. A. (2015). "Puma concolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T18868A50663436. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T18868A50663436.en .
182. Neofelis sizes:
     • Clouded leopard: "CatSG: Mainland clouded leopard". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on November 12, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
     • Sunda clouded leopard: "CatSG: Sunda clouded leopard". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
183. Neofelis habitats and diets:
     • Clouded leopard: Grassman, L.; Lynam, A.; Mohamad, S.; Duckworth, J. W.; Bora, J.; Wilcox, D.; Ghimirey, Y.; Reza, A.; Rahman, H. (2016). "Neofelis nebulosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T14519A97215090. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14519A97215090.en .
     • Sunda clouded leopard: Hearn, A.; Ross, J.; Brodie, J.; Cheyne, S.; Haidir, I. A.; Loken, B.; Mathai, J.; Wilting, A.; McCarthy, J. (2015). "Neofelis diardi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T136603A50664601. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T136603A50664601.en .
184. Panthera sizes:
     • Jaguar: "CatSG: Jaguar". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on March 7, 2015. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
     • Leopard: "CatSG: Leopard". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
     • Lion: "CatSG: African lion". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on December 11, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
     • Snow leopard: "CatSG: Snow leopard". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on March 18, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
     • Tiger: "CatSG: Tiger". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on November 12, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
185. Panthera habitats and diets:
     • Jaguar: Quigley, H.; Foster, R.; Petracca, L.; Payan, E.; Salom, R.; Harmsen, B. (2017). "Panthera onca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T15953A50658693. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T15953A50658693.en .
     • Leopard: Stein, A. B.; Athreya, V.; Gerngross, P.; Balme, G.; Henschel, P.; Karanth, U.; Miquelle, D.; Rostro-Garcia, S.; Kamler, J. F.; Laguardia, A.; Khorozyan, I.; Ghoddousi, A. (2016). "Panthera pardus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T15954A50659089. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15954A50659089.en .
     • Lion: Bauer, H.; Packer, C.; Funston, P. F.; Henschel, P.; Nowell, K. (2016). "Panthera leo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T15951A107265605. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T15951A107265605.en .
     • Snow leopard: McCarthy, T.; Mallon, D.; Jackson, R.; Zahler, P.; McCarthy, K. (2017). "Panthera uncia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T22732A50664030. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T22732A50664030.en .
     • Tiger: Goodrich, J.; Lynam, A.; Miquelle, D.; Wibisono, H.; Kawanishi, K.; Pattanavibool, A.; Htun, S.; Tempa, T.; Karki, J.; Jhala, Y.; Karanth, U. (2015). "Panthera tigris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T15955A50659951. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T15955A50659951.en .
186. Van Rompaey, Colyn, pp. 326–381
187. Do Linh San, E.; Angelici, F. M.; Maddock, A. H.; Baker, C. M.; Ray, J. (2015). "Atilax paludinosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41590A45204865. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41590A45204865.en .
188. Bdeogale habitats and diets:
     • Bushy-tailed mongoose: White, P. A.; Fischer, C.; Hausser, Y.; Foley, C.; Do Linh San, E. (2016). "Bdeogale crassicauda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41591A97163568. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41591A97163568.en .
     • Jackson's mongoose: De Luca, W.; Rovero, F.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Bdeogale jacksoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T2675A45196818. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T2675A45196818.en .
     • Black-footed mongoose: Angelici, F. M.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Bdeogale nigripes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41592A45205243. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41592A45205243.en .
189. Do Linh San, E.; Cavallini, P.; Taylor, P. (2015). "Cynictis penicillata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41597A45205726. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41597A45205726.en .
190. Herpestes sizes:
     • Cape gray mongoose: Gibbons, Sarah (2014). "Galerella pulverulenta". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan. Archived from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved September 8, 2020.
     • Others: Hunter; Barrett, pp. 56–60
191. Herpestes habitats and diets:
     • Angolan slender mongoose: Rapson, S.; Rathbun, G. B. (2015). "Herpestes flavescens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41599A45205933. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41599A45205933.en .
     • Egyptian Mongoose: Do Linh San, E.; Maddock, A. H.; Gaubert, P.; Palomares, F. (2016). "Herpestes ichneumon". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41613A45207211. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41613A45207211.en .
     • Somalian slender mongoose: Taylor, M. E.; Do Linh San, E. (2016) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. "Herpestes ochraceus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41605A45206073. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41605A45206073.en .
     • Cape gray mongoose: Do Linh San, E.; Cavallini, P. (2015). "Herpestes pulverulentus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41600A45205999. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41600A45205999.en .
     • Slender mongoose: Do Linh San, E.; Maddock, A. H. (2016). "Herpestes sanguineus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41606A45206143. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41606A45206143.en .
192. Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Ichneumia albicauda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41620A45208640. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41620A45208640.en .
193. Stuart, Stuart, ch. Selous's Mongoose
194. Mateke, C. W.; Bird, T. L. F.; Swanepoel, L. H.; Do Linh San, E. (2016). "Paracynictis selousi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41622A45209173. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41622A45209173.en .
195. White, P. A.; Mateke, C. W.; Bird, T. L. F.; Swanepoel, L. H.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Rhynchogale melleri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41623A45209275. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41623A45209275.en .
196. Urva sizes:
     • Collared mongoose: Hunter, Barrett, pp. 56–60
     • Crab-eating mongoose, Indian brown mongoose, Indian gray mongoose, Ruddy mongoose, Stripe-necked mongoose: Menon, ch. Carnivores
     • Small Indian mongoose: Smith, Xie, et al., p. 415
     • Short-tailed mongoose: Payne, Francis, Phillips, p. 287
197. Urva habitats and diets:
     • Collared mongoose: Mathai, J.; Hearn, A.; Brodie, J.; Wilting, A.; Duckworth, J. W.; Ross, J.; Holden, J.; Gemita, E.; Hon, J. (2015). "Herpestes semitorquatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41616A45208027. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41616A45208027.en .
     • Crab-eating mongoose: Choudhury, A.; Timmins, R.; Chutipong, W.; Duckworth, J. W.; Mudappa, D.; Willcox, D. H. A. (2016) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. "Herpestes urva". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41618A45208308. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41618A45208308.en .
     • Indian brown mongoose: Mudappa, D.; Jathanna, D. (2015). "Herpestes fuscus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41612A45207051. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41612A45207051.en .
     • Indian grey mongoose: Mudappa, D.; Choudhury, A. (2016). "Herpestes edwardsii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41611A45206787. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41611A45206787.en .
     • Long-nosed mongoose: Ray, J.; Bahaa-el-din, L.; Angelici, F. M.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Herpestes naso". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41615A45207915. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41615A45207915.en .
     • Ruddy mongoose: Mudappa, D.; Choudhury, A. (2016). "Herpestes smithii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41617A45208195. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41617A45208195.en .
     • Short-tailed mongoose: Duckworth, J. W.; Mathai, J.; Ross, J.; Wilting, A. (2016). "Herpestes brachyurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41610A45206655. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41610A45206655.en .
     • Javan mongoose: Chutipong, W.; Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R.; Willcox, D. H. A.; Ario, A. (2016). "Herpestes javanicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T70203940A45207619. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T70203940A45207619.en .
     • Stripe-necked mongoose: Mudappa, D.; Choudhury, A.; Punjabi, G. A. (2016). "Herpestes vitticollis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41619A45208503. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41619A45208503.en .
198. Ray, J.; Bahaa-el-din, L.; Angelici, F. M.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Herpestes naso". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41615A45207915. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41615A45207915.en .
199. Crossarchus sizes:
     • Flat-headed kusimanse: Stuart, ch. Cusimanses
     • Others: Van Rompaey, Colyn, pp. 326–381
200. Crossarchus habitats and diets:
     • Alexander's kusimanse: Angelici, F. M.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Crossarchus alexandri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41593A45205341. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41593A45205341.en .
     • Angolan kusimanse: Angelici, F. M.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Crossarchus ansorgei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41594A45205422. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41594A45205422.en .
     • Common kusimanse: Angelici, F. M.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Crossarchus obscurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41595A45205532. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41595A45205532.en .
     • Flat-headed kusimanse: Angelici, F. M.; Do Linh San, E. (2016). "Crossarchus platycephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41596A45205626. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41596A45205626.en .
201. Aebischer, T.; Hickisch, R.; Woolgar, J.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Dologale dybowskii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41598A45205821. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41598A45205821.en .
202. Helogale sizes:
     • Ethiopian dwarf mongoose: Dybas, Mitchell (2013). "Helogale hirtula". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan. Archived from the original on July 31, 2020. Retrieved September 8, 2020.
     • Common dwarf mongoose: Van Rompaey, Colyn, pp. 326–381
203. Helogale habitats and diets:
     • Ethiopian dwarf mongoose: Do Linh San, E.; Hoffmann, M. (2015). "Helogale hirtula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41608A45206437. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41608A45206437.en .
     • Common dwarf mongoose: Sharpe, L.; Kern, J.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Helogale parvula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41609A45206516. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41609A45206516.en .
204. Taylor, M. E.; Greengrass, E. J.; Dunham, A.; Do Linh San, E. (2016). "Liberiictis kuhni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T11933A45198780. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T11933A45198780.en .
205. Mungos habitats and diets:
     • Gambian mongoose: Sillero-Zubiri, C.; Do Linh San, E. (2016). "Mungos gambianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T13922A45199653. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T13922A45199653.en .
     • Banded mongoose: Gilchrist, J. S.; Do Linh San, E. (2016). "Mungos mungo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41621A45208886. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41621A45208886.en .
206. Jordan, N. R.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Suricata suricatta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41624A45209377. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41624A45209377.en .
207. Law, Jason (2004). "Crocuta crocuta". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved October 8, 2020.
208. Bohm, T.; Höner, O. R. (2015). "Crocuta crocuta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T5674A45194782. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T5674A45194782.en .
209. "Striped Hyena". San Diego Zoo . Retrieved October 8, 2020.
210. AbiSaid, M.; Dloniak, S. M. D. (2015). "Hyaena hyaena". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T10274A45195080. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T10274A45195080.en .
211. "Brown hyaena (Hyaena brunnea)". ARKive . Wildscreen. Archived from the original on June 5, 2017. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
212. Wiesel, I. (2015). "Parahyaena brunnea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T10276A82344448. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T10276A82344448.en .
213. Stump, Meghan (2011). "Proteles cristata". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved October 8, 2020.
214. Green, D. S. (2015). "Proteles cristata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T18372A45195681. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T18372A45195681.en .
215. Van Rompaey, Colyn, pp. 140–144
216. Gaubert, P.; Bahaa-el-din, L.; Ray, J.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Nandinia binotata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41589A45204645. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41589A45204645.en .
217. Nowak, Walker, p. 192
218. Prionodon habitats and diets:
     • Banded linsang: Duckworth, J. W.; Mathai, J.; Chutipong, W.; Brodie, J.; Wilting, A. (2016). "Prionodon linsang". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41705A45219711. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41705A45219711.en .
     • Spotted linsang: Duckworth, J. W.; Lau, M.; Choudhury, A.; Chutipong, W.; Timmins, R. J.; Willcox, D. H. A.; Chan, B.; Long, B.; Roberton, S. (2016). "Prionodon pardicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41706A45219917. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41706A45219917.en .
219. Genetta sizes:
     • Abyssinian genet, Angolan genet, Common genet, Crested servaline genet, Hausa genet, Rusty-spotted genet: Hunter, Barrett, pp. 82, 90–96
     • Aquatic genet, Bourlon's genet, Cape genet, Giant forest genet, Johnston's genet, King genet, Pardine genet, Servaline genet: Van Rompaey, Colyn, pp. 218–248
220. Genetta habitats and diets:
     • Abyssinian genet: Gaubert, P.; Duckworth, J. W.; Do Linh San, E. (2016). "Genetta abyssinica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T8994A45198149. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T8994A45198149.en .
     • Angolan genet: Gaubert, P.; Fischer, C.; Hausser, Y.; Do Linh San, E. (2016). "Genetta angolensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41696A45218468. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41696A45218468.en .
     • Aquatic genet: Gaubert, P.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Genetta piscivora". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T15628A45201673. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T15628A45201673.en .
     • Bourlon's genet: Gaubert, P.; Greengrass, E. J.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Genetta bourloni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T136223A45220931. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T136223A45220931.en .
     • Cape genet: Gaubert, P.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Genetta tigrina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41702A45219459. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41702A45219459.en .
     • Crested servaline genet: Gaubert, P.; Angelici, F. M.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Genetta cristata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T8998A45198406. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T8998A45198406.en .
     • Common genet: Gaubert, P.; Carvalho, F.; Camps, D.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Genetta genetta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41698A45218636. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41698A45218636.en .
     • Giant forest genet: Gaubert, P.; Dinets, V.; Do Linh San, E. (2016). "Genetta victoriae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41703A45219531. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41703A45219531.en .
     • Hausa genet: Gaubert, P.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Genetta thierryi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41701A45219325. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41701A45219325.en .
     • Johnston's genet: Gaubert, P.; Do Linh San, E. (2016). "Genetta johnstoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T8997A45198265. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T8997A45198265.en .
     • King genet: Gaubert, P.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Genetta poensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T136435A45221269. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T136435A45221269.en .
     • Rusty-spotted genet: Angelici, F. M.; Gaubert, P.; Do Linh San, E. (2016). "Genetta maculata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41699A45218948. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41699A45218948.en .
     • Pardine genet: Gaubert, P.; Do Linh San, E. (2016). "Genetta pardina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T136437A45221360. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T136437A45221360.en .
     • Servaline genet: Gaubert, P.; De Luca, D. W.; Rovero, F.; Do Linh San, E. (2016). "Genetta servalina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41700A97163789. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41700A97163789.en .
221. Poiana sizes:
     • Central African oyan: Gillette, Corinna (2005). "Poiana richardsonii". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved April 16, 2020.
     • West African oyan: Hunter, Barrett, pp. 82, 90–96
222. Poiana habitats and diets:
     • Central African oyan: Gaubert, P.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Poiana richardsonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41704A45219609. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41704A45219609.en .
     • West African oyan: Gaubert, P.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Poiana leightoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T44165A45220840. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T44165A45220840.en .
223. Francis, pp. 313–316
224. Timmins, R. J.; Coudrat, C. N. Z.; Duckworth, J. W.; Gray, T. N. E.; Robichaud, W.; Willcox, D. H. A.; Long, B.; Roberton, S. (2016). "Chrotogale owstoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T4806A45196929. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4806A45196929.en .
225. Ross, J.; Wilting, A.; Ngoprasert, D.; Loken, B.; Hedges, L.; Duckworth, J. W.; Cheyne, S.; Brodie, J.; Chutipong, W.; Hearn, A.; Linkie, M.; McCarthy, J.; Tantipisanuh, N.; Haidir, I. A. (2015). "Cynogale bennettii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T6082A45197343. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T6082A45197343.en .
226. Van Rompaey, H.; Azlan, M. J. (2004). "Hose's Civet, Diplogale hosei" (PDF). Small Carnivore Conservation. 30: 18–19. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 26, 2012.
227. Mathai, J.; Duckworth, J. W.; Wilting, A.; Hearn, A.; Brodie, J. (2015). "Diplogale hosei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T6635A45197564. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T6635A45197564.en .
228. Ross, J.; Brodie, J.; Cheyne, S.; Chutipong, W.; Hedges, L.; Hearn, A.; Linkie, M.; Loken, B.; Mathai, J.; McCarthy, J.; Ngoprasert, D.; Tantipisanuh, N.; Wilting, A.; Haidir, I. A. (2015). "Hemigalus derbyanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41689A45216918. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41689A45216918.en .
229. Schleif, Molly (2013). "Arctictis binturong". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved April 16, 2020.
230. Willcox, D. H. A.; Chutipong, W.; Gray, T. N. E.; Cheyne, S.; Semiadi, G.; Rahman, H.; Coudrat, C. N. Z.; Jennings, A.; Ghimirey, Y.; Ross, J.; Fredriksson, G.; Tilker, A. (2016). "Arctictis binturong". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41690A45217088. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41690A45217088.en .
231. Bauer, Chris (2013). "Arctogalidia trivirgata". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved April 16, 2020.
232. Willcox, D. H. A.; Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R. J.; Chutipong, W.; Choudhury, A.; Roberton, S.; Long, B.; Hearn, A.; Ross, J. (2016). "Arctogalidia trivirgata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41691A45217378. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41691A45217378.en .
233. Hunter, Barrett, pp. 82, 90–96
234. Tasirin, J.; Dinets, V.; Meijaard, E.; Brodie, J.; Nijman, V.; Loffeld, T. A. C.; Hilser, H.; Shepherd, C.; Seymour, A. S.; Duckworth, J. W. (2015). "Macrogalidia musschenbroekii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T12592A45198901. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T12592A45198901.en .
235. Lundrigan, Barbara; Baker, Steve (2003). "Paguma larvata". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved April 16, 2020.
236. Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R. J.; Chutipong, W.; Choudhury, A.; Mathai, J.; Willcox, D. H. A.; Ghimirey, Y.; Chan, B.; Ross, J. (2016). "Paguma larvata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41692A45217601. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41692A45217601.en .
237. Paradoxurus sizes:
     • Asian palm civet: Smith, Xie, et al., pp. 412–413
     • Brown palm civet: Bodle, Jessica (2013). "Paradoxurus jerdoni". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved April 16, 2020.
     • Golden palm civet: Hunter, Barrett, pp. 82, 90–96
238. Paradoxurus habitats and diets:
     • Asian palm civet: Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R. J.; Choudhury, A.; Chutipong, W.; Willcox, D. H. A.; Mudappa, D.; Rahman, H.; Widmann, P.; Wilting, A.; Xu, W. (2016). "Paradoxurus hermaphroditus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41693A45217835. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41693A45217835.en .
     • Brown palm civet: Mudappa, D.; Choudhury, A.; Punjabi, G. A. (2016). "Paradoxurus jerdoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T16104A45201757. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T16104A45201757.en .
     • Golden palm civet: Duckworth, J. W.; Mudappa, D.; Pethiyagoda, R.; Woolgar, J.; de Silva Wijeyeratne, G.; Hall, J. (2016). "Paradoxurus zeylonensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41694A45218119. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41694A45218119.en .
239. Shalu, Tuteja (2000). "Civettictis civetta". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved April 16, 2020.
240. Do Linh San, E.; Gaubert, P.; Wondmagegne, D.; Ray, J. (2019) [amended version of 2015 assessment]. "Civettictis civetta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019: e.T41695A147992107. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T41695A147992107.en .
241. Viverra sizes:
     • Large-spotted civet, Large Indian civet: Smith, Xie, et al., pp. 412–413
     • Malabar large-spotted civet Menon, ch. Malabar Civet
     • Malayan civet: Lundrigan, Barbara; Harris, Julie (2000). "Viverra tangalunga". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved April 16, 2020.
242. Viverra habitats and diets:
     • Large-spotted civet: Timmins, R.; Duckworth, J. W.; WWF-Malaysia, Roberton; S., Gray; T. N. E., Willcox; D. H. A., Chutipong; W., Long; B. (2016). "Viverra megaspila". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41707A45220097. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41707A45220097.en .
     • Large Indian civet: Timmins, R. J.; Duckworth, J. W.; Chutipong, W.; Ghimirey, Y.; Willcox, D. H. A.; Rahman, H.; Long, B.; Choudhury, A. (2016). "Viverra zibetha". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41709A45220429. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41709A45220429.en .
     • Malabar large-spotted civet: Mudappa, D.; Helgen, K.; Nandini, R. (2016). "Viverra civettina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T23036A45202281. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T23036A45202281.en .
     • Malayan civet: Duckworth, J. W.; Mathai, J.; Wilting, A.; Holden, J.; Hearn, A.; Ross, J. (2016). "Viverra tangalunga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T41708A45220284. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41708A45220284.en .
243. Walker, Nowak, p. 751
244. Choudhury, A.; Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R.; Chutipong, W.; Willcox, D. H. A.; Rahman, H.; Ghimirey, Y.; Mudappa, D. (2015). "Viverricula indica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015: e.T41710A45220632. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41710A45220632.en .

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