List of primates

Last updated

Lemur catta 001.jpg
Ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta)
Loris tardigradus tardigradus 003.jpg
Red slender loris (Loris tardigradus)
Garnett's Galago (Greater Bushbaby).jpg
Northern greater galago (Otolemur garnettii)
Bohol Tarsier.jpg
Philippine tarsier (Carlito syrichta)
Ateles paniscus -Brazil-8.jpg
Red-faced spider monkey (Ateles paniscus)
Papio hamadryas (aka).jpg
Hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas)
Pan troglodytes (male).jpg
Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
Akha cropped hires.JPG
Humans (Homo sapiens)
Orangutan Kalimantan.jpg
Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
Gorilla gorilla gorilla 01.jpg
Western gorilla (Gorilla gorilla)
Range and density of non-human primates Primate SpeciesDensity.png
Range and density of non-human primates

Primates is a diverse order of placental mammals which includes monkeys, lemurs, galagos, lorisids, tarsiers, and apes (including humans). Members of this order are called primates. The order currently comprises 505 extant species, which are grouped into 81 genera. The majority of primates live in South and Central America, Africa, and southern and Southeast Asia, in a variety of habitats, particularly forests but also including grasslands, savannas, shrublands, wetlands, deserts, and rocky areas. The exception is humans, which have spread worldwide to every biome. Primates come in a variety of body plans but typically feature large brains, a shoulder girdle allowing a large degree of movement in the shoulder joint, dexterous hands, and tails, sometimes prehensile. [1] They range in size from Margot Marsh's mouse lemur, at 8 cm (3 in) plus a 11 cm (4 in) tail, to the eastern gorilla, at 196 cm (77 in), not including limbs. Primates are also the most intelligent animals and non-human primates are recorded to use tools, communicate with gestures and vocalizations, and have complex social systems. [2]

Contents

Primates is divided into two suborders: Haplorrhini and Strepsirrhini. The suborders are further subdivided into clades and families. Haplorrhini contains nine families in four major clades: Cercopithecoidea, containing the Old World monkeys of the family Cercopithecidae; Hominoidea, containing the great apes of the family Hominidae and the gibbons of the family Hylobatidae; Platyrrhines, or New World monkeys, divided into the families Aotidae, Atelidae, Callitrichidae, Cebidae, and Pitheciidae and containing night, howler, spider, woolly, capuchin, squirrel, and saki monkeys, marmosets, and tamarins; and Tarsiiformes, containing the tarsier family Tarsiidae. Strepsirrhini is split between two clades: Lemuroidea, divided into the families Cheirogaleidae (dwarf and mouse lemurs), Daubentoniidae (the aye-aye), Indriidae (wooly lemurs, sifakas, and indri), Lemuridae (lemurs), and Lepilemuridae (sportive lemurs); and Lorisoidea, split between the galago family Galagidae and the loris family Lorisidae. The exact organization of the species is not fixed, with many recent proposals made based on molecular phylogenetic analysis. No species have been recorded as going extinct since 1500 CE, but over 200 species, or more than 40 percent of all primates, are considered endangered or critically endangered.

Conventions

Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the collective range of species in that genera is provided. Ranges are based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species unless otherwise noted.

Classification

The order Primates consists of 505 extant species belonging to 81 genera. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species. Modern molecular studies indicate that the 81 genera can be grouped into 16 families; these families are divided between two named suborders and are grouped in those suborders into named clades, and some of these families are subdivided into named subfamilies.

Suborder Haplorrhini

Suborder Strepsirrhini

Primates [3]   

Primates

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists. [4]

Suborder Haplorrhini

Superfamily Cercopithecoidea

Family Cercopithecidae

Members of the Cercopithecidae family are called cercopithecids, or colloquially Old World monkeys, and include baboons, colobuses, guenons, lutungs, macaques, and other types of monkeys. Cercopithecidae comprises 158 extant species, divided into 23 genera. These genera are grouped into two subfamilies: Cercopithecinae, or cercopithecine monkeys, containing baboon, guenon, macaque, and other monkey species; and Colobinae, or leaf-eating monkeys, containing colobus, lutung, and other monkey species.

Subfamily Cercopithecinae Gray, 1821 – thirteen genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Allenopithecus

Allens swamp monkey.jpg

Lang, 1923

One species
Central Africa
Allen's Swamp Monkey area.png
Size: 33–51 cm (13–20 in) long, plus 35–52 cm (14–20 in) tail [5]

Habitats: Forest [6]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, and small invertebrates [7]
Allochrocebus
(terrestrial guenon)

L'Hoest's monkey (Cercopithecus lhoesti).jpg

Elliot, 1913

Three species
Central and west-central AfricaSize range: 31–69 cm (12–27 in) long, plus 48–10 cm (19–4 in) tail (L'Hoest's monkey) [8]

Habitats: Grassland and forest [9]

Diets: Fruit, seeds, shoots, leaves, buds, flowers, mushrooms, and invertebrates [8]
Cercocebus
(white-eyelid mangabey)

Cercocebo Dal Collare.jpg

É Geoffroy, 1812

Seven species
Equatorial Africa Size range: 40–80 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 45–100 cm (18–39 in) tail (Golden-bellied mangabey) [10]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, forest, shrubland, and savanna [10]

Diets: Invertebrates, fruit, leaves, nuts, seeds, nectar, stems, roots, insects, fungi, grass, and small vertebrates [10]
Cercopithecus
(guenon)

FranceNormandieChamprepusCercopithecusDiana.jpg

Linnaeus, 1758

Nineteen species
Sub-Saharan AfricaSize range: 29 cm (11 in) long, plus 57 cm (22 in) tail (Lesser spot-nosed monkey) to 70 cm (28 in) long, plus 109 cm (43 in) tail (Blue monkey) [11]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, forest, shrubland, and savanna [11]

Diets: Fruit, leaves, seeds, shoots, herbs, invertebrates, flowers, buds, tree gum, birds, bird eggs, and small reptiles [11]
Chlorocebus
(vervet monkey)

Chlorocebus cynosuros (Zambia).jpg

Gray, 1870

Seven species
Equatorial, eastern, and southern AfricaSize range: 34 cm (13 in) long, plus 44 cm (17 in) tail (Malbrouck) to 83 cm (33 in) long, plus 114 cm (45 in) tail (Tantalus monkey) [12]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and savanna [13]

Diets: Fruit, leaves, flowers, small vertebrates, shoots, stems, roots, insects, bark, gum, eggs, invertebrates, pith, seeds, and mushrooms [12]
Erythrocebus
(patas monkey)

Patas Monkey Jr.jpg

Trouessart, 1897

Three species
Equatorial and Eastern AfricaSize range: 49 cm (19 in) long, plus 43 cm (17 in) tail (Blue Nile patas monkey) to 70 cm (28 in) long, plus 70 cm (28 in) tail (Common patas monkey) [14]

Habitats: Grassland, forest, shrubland, and savanna [15]

Diets: Fruit, insects, gum, and arthropods, as well as flowers, fruit, seeds, leaves, stems, roots, small vertebrates, and bird eggs [14]
Lophocebus
(crested mangabey)

GreycheekedmangabeyJPG.jpg

Palmer, 1903

Two species
Central AfricaSize range: 44–75 cm (17–30 in) long, plus 57–94 cm (22–37 in) tail (Grey-cheeked mangabey) [16]

Habitats: Forest [16]

Diets: Fruit and seeds [16]
Macaca
(macaque)

Bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata) Photograph By Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg

Lacépède, 1799

24 species
Southern, southeastern, and eastern Asia, and northwestern AfricaSize range: 36 cm (14 in) long, plus 36 cm (14 in) tail (Toque macaque) to 77 cm (30 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (Arunachal macaque) [17]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, rocky areas, shrubland, savanna, grassland, forest, intertidal marine, and caves [18]

Diets: Fish, crabs, shellfish, bird eggs, honeycombs, invertebrates, gums, pith, seeds, leaves, flowers, dirt, fungi, and birds [17]
Mandrillus
(mandrill)

Mandrill Albert September 2015 Zoo Berlin (2).jpg

Ritgen, 1824

Two species
Western AfricaSize range: 55–95 cm (22–37 in) long, plus 7–10 cm (3–4 in) tail (Mandrill) [19]

Habitats: Rocky areas, forest, and savanna [19]

Diets: Omnivorous, primarily fruit and seeds [19]
Miopithecus
(talapoin)

Talapoin II - Bioparc Valencia (2787418966).jpg

Geoffroy, 1842

Two species
Western AfricaSize range: 23 cm (9 in) long, plus 31 cm (12 in) tail (Gabon talapoin) to 45 cm (18 in) long, plus 53 cm (21 in) tail (Angolan talapoin) [20]

Habitats: Inland wetlands and forest [20]

Diets: Insects, leaves, seeds, fruit, water plants, grubs, eggs, and small vertebrates [20]
Papio
(baboon)

Olive baboon Ngorongoro.jpg

Erxleben, 1777

Six species
Sub-Saharan Africa and southwestern Arabian PeninsulaSize range: 50–115 cm (20–45 in) long, plus 45–72 cm (18–28 in) tail (Chacma baboon) [21]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, rocky areas, shrubland, savanna, desert, grassland, and forest [22]

Diets: Fruit, leaves, roots, insects, eggs, small vertebrates, flowers, buds, grass, and seeds [21]
Rungwecebus

Kipunji walking h.jpg

Davenport, 2006

One species
Southeastern Africa
Kipunji area.png
Size: 85–90 cm (33–35 in) long, plus about 115 cm (45 in) tail [23]

Habitats: Forest [24]

Diet: Omnivorous, including bulbs, roots, shoots, seeds, and fruit [23]
Theropithecus

Male Gelada.jpg

Geoffroy, 1843

One species
Eastern Africa
Gelada area.png
Size: 50–75 cm (20–30 in) long, plus 32–55 cm (13–22 in) tail [25]

Habitats: Grassland and rocky areas [26]

Diet: Leaves and forbs, as well as roots, corms, tubers and rhizomes [26]
Subfamily Colobinae Jerdon, 1867 – ten genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Colobus
(black-and-white colobus)

Mantled Guereza.jpg

Illiger, 1811

Five species
Central Africa and Western AfricaSize range: 45–72 cm (18–28 in) long, plus 52–100 cm (20–39 in) tail (King colobus) [27]

Habitats: Forest and savanna [28]

Diets: Leaves, nuts, and seeds, as well as fruit, flowers, buds, stems, bark, shoots, insects, and clay [27]
Nasalis

Proboscis Monkey in Borneo.jpg

É Geoffroy, 1812

One species
Borneo
Nasalis larvatus range map.png
Size: 61–76 cm (24–30 in) long, plus 50–75 cm (20–30 in) tail [29]

Habitats: Forest [30]

Diet: Fruit, seeds, leaves, and shoots, as well as caterpillars and larvae [31]
Piliocolobus
(red colobus)

Red Colobus 7.jpg

Rochebrune, 1887

Sixteen species
Congo, and eastern and western AfricaSize range: 41–70 cm (16–28 in) long, plus 42–80 cm (17–31 in) tail (multiple) [32]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, forest, shrubland, and savanna [33]

Diets: Leaves, fruit, shoots, buds, flowers, and seeds, as well as flowers [32]
Presbytis
(surili)

Presbytis femoralis Andie Ang.jpg

Eschscholtz, 1821

Nineteen species
Southeastern AsiaSize range: 42 cm (17 in) long, plus 50 cm (20 in) tail (Black Sumatran langur) to 62 cm (24 in) long, plus 85 cm (33 in) tail (Thomas's langur) [34]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, forest, and shrubland [35]

Diets: Fruit, leaves, seeds and flowers, as well as bark, twigs, stalks, birds, bird eggs, algae, and insects [34]
Procolobus

Procolobus verus.jpg

Rochebrune, 1877

One species
Western Africa
Olive Colobus area.png
Size: 43–50 cm (17–20 in) long, plus 57–64 cm (22–25 in) tail [36]

Habitats: Forest [37]

Diet: Leaves and flowers [38]
Pygathrix
(douc)

Portrait of a Douc.jpg

É Geoffroy, 1812

Three species
Southeastern AsiaSize range: 60 cm (24 in) long, plus 56 cm (22 in) tail (Black-shanked douc) to 77 cm (30 in) long, plus 77 cm (30 in) tail (Red-shanked douc) [39]

Habitats: Forest [39]

Diets: Leaves, as well as fruit, seeds, buds, and flowers [39]
Rhinopithecus
(snub-nosed monkey)

Tonkin snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus avunculus).jpg

H. Milne-Edwards, 1872

Five species
Southern China, Central China, Northern Vietnam, and Northern MyanmarSize range: 51 cm (20 in) long, plus 66 cm (26 in) tail (Tonkin snub-nosed monkey) to 83 cm (33 in) long, plus 72 cm (28 in) tail (Black-and-white snub-nosed monkey) [40]

Habitats: Forest [41]

Diets: Leaves, fruit, buds, flowers, buds, bark, seeds, and lichen, as well as insect larvae [40]
Semnopithecus
(gray langur)

Northern plains gray langur.jpg

Desmarest, 1822

Eight species
Sri Lanka, India, and Himalayas Size range: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) (multiple) [42]

Habitats: Rocky areas, forest, shrubland, and savanna [42]

Diets: Leaves, fruit, and flowers, seeds, roots, bark, twigs, coniferous cones, moss, lichens, ferns, shoots, rhizomes, grass, and invertebrates [42]
Simias

NMNH-usnm 121690 Simias concolor xray lateral.jpg

Miller, 1903

One species
Islands near Sumatra in Indonesia
Pig-tailed Langur area.png
Size: 45–53 cm (18–21 in) long, plus 13–18 cm (5–7 in) tail [43]

Habitats: Forest [44]

Diet: Leaves, fruit, and berries [45]
Trachypithecus
(lutung)

Dusky Langurs at Penang National Park.jpg

Reichenbach, 1862

21 species
Southeastern AsiaSize range: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail (multiple) [46]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, rocky areas, forests, forest, and caves [47]

Diets: Leaves, flowers, fruit, shoots, seeds, and twigs, as well as bark and insects [46]

Superfamily Hominoidea

Family Hominidae

Members of the Hominidae family are hominids, or colloquially great apes, and include gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, and humans. Hominoidae comprises eight extant species, divided into four genera. These genera are grouped into two subfamilies: Homininae, or African hominids, containing gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans; and Ponginae, or Asian hominids, containing orangutans.

Subfamily Homininae Gray, 1825 – three genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Gorilla
(gorilla)

Male gorilla in SF zoo.jpg

Geoffroy, 1852

Two species
Central Africa and Western Africa
Distibucion gorilla.png
Size range: 130 cm (51 in) long (Western gorilla) to 196 cm (77 in) long (Eastern gorilla) [48]

Habitats: Forest [49]

Diets: Leaves, berries, ferns, bark, roots, stems, and pith, as well as wood, flowers, fruit, fungi, galls, invertebrates, and gorilla dung [48]
Homo

Akha cropped hires.JPG

Linnaeus, 1758

One species
Worldwide (population density shown)
World human population density map.png
Size: 140–210 cm (55–83 in) long, including legs [50]

Habitats: Varied

Diet: Omnivorous
Pan
(chimpanzee)

Apeldoorn Apenheul zoo Bonobo.jpg

Oken, 1816

Two species
Central and western Africa
Pan (genus) distribution map.svg
Size range: 63–90 cm (25–35 in) long (Chimpanzee) [51]

Habitats: Forest and savanna [52]

Diets: Fruit, leaves, stems, buds, bark, pith, seeds, and resins, as well as leaves, insects, shoots, small vertebrates, truffles, fungus, honey, and eggs [51]
Subfamily Ponginae Elliot, 1913 – one genus
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Pongo

Dublin zoo Orangutang 2011.jpg

Lacépède, 1799

Three species
Borneo and Sumatra
Orangutan distribution.png
Size range: 78–97 cm (31–38 in) long (Bornean orangutan) [53]

Habitats: Forest [54]

Diets: Fruit, leaves, shoots, flowers, and bark, as well as insects, sap, vines, spider webs, bird eggs, fungi, flowers, bark, and soil [53]
Family Hylobatidae

Members of the Hylobatidae family are hylobatids, or colloquially gibbons. Hylobatidae comprises 19 extant species, divided into four genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – four genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Hoolock
(hoolock gibbon)

Gibbon Hoolock de l'ouest.JPG

Mootnick & Groves, 2005

Three species
Southern Asia (in green)
Range of the 4 gibbon genera.jpg
Size range: 45 cm (18 in) long (Western hoolock gibbon) to 81 cm (32 in) long (Skywalker hoolock gibbon) [55]

Habitats: Forest [55]

Diets: Fruit and leaves, as well as shoots, invertebrates, bird chicks, and flowers [55]
Hylobates
(dwarf gibbon)

Hylobates funereus North Borneo Gibbon Tabin WR Sabah Quentin Phillipps 23 Oct 2010.jpg

Illiger, 1811

Nine species
Southeastern Asia
Hylobates distribution map with legend.svg
Size range: 42 cm (17 in) long (Silvery gibbon) to 65 cm (26 in) long (Agile gibbon) [56]

Habitats: Forest [56]

Diets: Fruit, flowers, leaves, and insects, as well as eggs and small vertebrates [56]
Nomascus
(crested gibbon)

Nomascus-gabriellae.jpg

Miller, 1933

Seven species
Southeastern Asia
Nomascus.svg
Size range: 40 cm (16 in) long (Eastern black crested gibbon) to 64 cm (25 in) long (Southern white-cheeked gibbon) [57]

Habitats: Forest [57]

Diets: Fruit, leaves, buds, shoots, and flowers, as well as insects, eggs, and small vertebrates [57]
Symphalangus

Siamang (Pongidae Hylobates syndactylus) (2854164099).jpg

Gloger, 1841

One species
Southeastern Asia
Distribucion symphalangus.png
Size: 71–90 cm (28–35 in) long [58]

Habitats: Forest [59]

Diet: Fruit and leaves, as well as flowers and insects [59]

Parvorder Platyrrhines

Family Aotidae

Members of the Aotidae family are aotids, or colloquially night monkeys. Aotidae comprises eleven extant species in a single genus.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Aotus
(night monkey)

Panamanian night monkey.jpg

Illiger, 1811

Eleven species
Central and northern South America and Central AmericaSize range: 24 cm (9 in) long, plus 31 cm (12 in) tail (Azara's night monkey) to 47 cm (19 in) long plus 42 cm (17 in) tail (Three-striped night monkey) [60]

Habitats: Forest and savanna [60]

Diets: Fruit, nectar, leaves, flowers, buds, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs [60]
Family Atelidae

Members of the Atelidae family are atelids, or colloquially night monkeys, and include howler, spider, woolly, and woolly spider monkeys. Aotidae comprises 24 extant species in 4 genera. It is divided into the subfamilies Alouattinae, or howler monkeys, and Atelinae, or spider and woolly monkeys.

Subfamily Alouattinae Trouessart, 1897 – one genus
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Alouatta
(howler monkey)

Howler monkey.jpg

Lacépède, 1799

Twelve species
Mexico, Central America, and northern, eastern, and central South America
Alouatta range map.png
Size range: 38 cm (15 in) long, plus 52 cm (20 in) tail (Mantled howler) to 92 cm (36 in) long plus 92 cm (36 in) tail (Brown howler) [61]

Habitats: Forest and savanna [61]

Diets: Leaves, flowers, fruit, bark, and twigs as well as buds, seeds, moss, stems, termite nests, and decaying wood [61]
Subfamily Atelinae Gray, 1825 – three genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Ateles
(spider monkey)

BrownSpiderMonkey (edit2).jpg

É Geoffroy, 1806

Seven species
Mexico, Central America, and northern and central South AmericaSize range: 30–63 cm (12–25 in) long, plus 63–84 cm (25–33 in) tail (Geoffroy's spider monkey) [62]

Habitats: Forest [63]

Diets: Fruit, leaves, flowers, nuts, seeds, and insects, as well as bark, honey, decaying wood, roots, fungi, arachnids, and eggs [62]
Brachyteles
(muriqui)

Brachyteles hypoxanthus2.jpg

É Geoffroy, 1806

Two species
Southeastern BrazilSize range: 46–50 cm (18–20 in) long, plus 72–81 cm (28–32 in) tail (both species) [64]

Habitats: Forest [65]

Diets: Leaves, fruit, vines, flowers, bark, nectar, and seeds [64]
Lagothrix
(woolly monkey)

Cola amarilla.jpg

É Geoffroy, 1812

Two species
Western South AmericaSize range: 44 cm (17 in) long, plus 60 cm (24 in) tail (Yellow-tailed woolly monkey) to 69 cm (27 in) long plus 72 cm (28 in) tail (Common woolly monkey) [66]

Habitats: Forest and savanna [67]

Diets: Fruit, leaves, insects, seeds, moss, buds, and flowers [66]
Family Callitrichidae

Members of the Callitrichidae family are callitrichids, and include marmosets, tamarins, and lion tamarins. Callitrichidae comprises 43 extant species in 7 genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – seven genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Callimico

Springtamarin (Callimico goeldii).jpg

Miranda-Ribeiro, 1922

One species
Western South America
Callimico goeldii distribution.svg
Size: 21–23 cm (8–9 in) long, plus 25–33 cm (10–13 in) tail [68]

Habitats: Forest [69]

Diet: Fruit, insects, and fungi, as well as lizards, frogs, and other small vertebrates [68]
Callithrix
(Atlantic Forest marmoset)

Geoffroy's Marmoset 1.jpg

Erxleben, 1777

Six species
Eastern South AmericaSize range: 12 cm (5 in) long, plus 29 cm (11 in) tail (Common marmoset) to 30 cm (12 in) long plus 41 cm (16 in) tail (Buffy-headed marmoset) [70]

Habitats: Forest and savanna [71]

Diets: Plant gum, sap, fruit, flowers, nectar, seeds, insects, and spiders, as well as molluscs, small vertebrates, and bird eggs [70]
Cebuella
(pygmy marmoset)

Pygmy Marmoset (5336773146).jpg

Gray, 1866

Two species
Western South AmericaSize range: 12 cm (5 in) long, plus 17 cm (7 in) tail (Western pygmy marmoset) to 30 cm (12 in) long plus 41 cm (16 in) tail (Eastern pygmy marmoset) [72]

Habitats: Forest [73]

Diets: Tree gum, sap, and resin, as well as insects, small lizards, fruit, flowers, and spiders [72]
Leontocebus
(saddle-back tamarin)

Wendell's Saddle-back Tamarin (Leontocebus weddelli).jpg

Wagner, 1840

Central and western South AmericaSize range: 17–31 cm (7–12 in) long, plus 25–44 cm (10–17 in) tail (multiple) [74]

Habitats: Forest [74]

Diets: Fruit, sap, nectar, vegetation, invertebrates, small vertebrates, and eggs [74]
Leontopithecus
(lion tamarin)

Golden-headed Lion Tamarin 095.jpg

Lesson, 1840

Four species
Southeastern South AmericaSize range: 20 cm (8 in) long, plus 31 cm (12 in) tail (Black lion tamarin) to 37 cm (15 in) long plus 40 cm (16 in) tail (Golden lion tamarin) [75]

Habitats: Forest [76]

Diets: Spiders, snails, insects, small lizards, eggs, small birds, fruit, flowers, gum, nectar, and vegetables, as well as snakes and other small vertebrates [75]
Mico
(marmoset)

Mico argentatus (habitus).jpg

Lesson, 1840

Sixteen species
Central South AmericaSize range: 18–30 cm (7–12 in) long, plus 17–41 cm (7–16 in) tail (multiple) [77]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and savanna [77]

Diets: Sap, gum, fruit, seeds, nuts, insects, snails, spiders, leaves and small vertebrates [77]
Saguinus
(tamarin)

Tamarin portrait.JPG

Hoffmannsegg, 1807

Seventeen species
Western, central, and eastern South America and southeastern Central AmericaSize range: 17–31 cm (7–12 in) long, plus 25–44 cm (10–17 in) tail (multiple) [78]

Habitats: Forest and savanna [78]

Diets: Fruit, sap, nectar, gum, seeds, flowers, invertebrates, small vertebrates, eggs, and soil [78]
Family Cebidae

Members of the Cebidae family are cebids, and include capuchin and squirrel monkeys. Cebidae comprises eighteen extant species in three genera, and is divided into the subfamilies Cebinae, or capuchin monkeys, and Saimiriinae, or squirrel monkeys.

Subfamily Cebinae Bonaparte, 1831 – two genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Cebus
(gracile capuchin monkey)

Capuchin Costa Rica.jpg

Erxleben, 1777

Four species
Northern and central South America and southeastern Central AmericaSize range: 30–57 cm (12–22 in) long, plus 30–56 cm (12–22 in) tail (Kaapori capuchin) [79]

Habitats: Forest and savanna [80]

Diets: Fruit, seeds, berries, nuts, figs, nectar, invertebrates, and small vertebrates [79]
Sapajus
(robust capuchin monkey)

Tufted capuchin on a branch in Singapore.jpg

Kerr, 1792

Seven species
Northern, central, and eastern South America
Sapajus range.png
Size range: 30–57 cm (12–22 in) long, plus 30–56 cm (12–22 in) tail (multiple) [81]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and savanna [81]

Diets: Fruit, seeds, nectar, pith, stems, nuts, berries, flowers, leaves, bird eggs, insects, frogs, small reptiles, birds, bats, other small mammals, oysters, and crabs [81]
Subfamily Saimiriinae Miller, 1912 – one genus
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Saimiri
(squirrel monkey)

Saimiri-collinsi.jpg

Voigt, 1831

Seven species
Northern and central South America and southern Central AmericaSize range: 22 cm (9 in) long, plus 37 cm (15 in) tail (Central American squirrel monkey) to 36 cm (14 in) long plus 43 cm (17 in) tail (Bare-eared squirrel monkey) [82]

Habitats: Forest [82]

Diets: Fruit, berries, seeds, nuts, gum, nectar, leaves, buds, flowers, insects, arachnids, bird eggs, and small vertebrates [82]
Family Pitheciidae

Members of the Pitheciidae family are pitheciids, and include titis, saki monkeys and uakaris. Pitheciidae comprises 55 extant species in 5 genera, and is divided into the subfamilies Callicebinae, or titis, and Pitheciinae, or saki monkeys and uakaris.

Subfamily Callicebinae Pocock, 1925 – three genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Callicebus
(Atlantic Forest titi monkey)

Callicebus personatus.jpg

Thomas, 1903

Five species
Eastern South AmericaSize range: 23–46 cm (9–18 in) long, plus 26–56 cm (10–22 in) tail (multiple) [83]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and savanna [83]

Diets: Fruit, leaves, flowers, seeds, and insects, as well as birds, vegetation, eggs, and small vertebrates and invertebrates [83]
Cheracebus
(widow titi monkey)

Callicebus lugens.jpg

Byrne et al., 2016

Five species
Northern South America, Central South America, and Northwestern South AmericaSize range: 23–46 cm (9–18 in) long, plus 26–56 cm (10–22 in) tail (multiple) [84]

Habitats: Forest and savanna [84]

Diets: Fruit, seeds, leaves, stems, flowers, insects, spiders, and bird eggs [84]
Plecturocebus

Brown Titi Monkey (Callicebus brunneus) (3419492981).jpg

Byrne et al., 2016

23 species
Northern, western, and central South AmericaSize range: 23–46 cm (9–18 in) long, plus 26–56 cm (10–22 in) tail (multiple) [85]

Habitats: Forest and savanna [85]

Diets: Fruit, flowers, seeds, leaves, vines, and insects, as well as arthropods, stems, shoots, eggs, and small vertebrates [85]
Subfamily Pitheciinae Mivart, 1865 – three genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Cacajao
(uakari)

Male uakari.jpg

Lesson, 1840

Seven species
Northern and western South AmericaSize range: 30–57 cm (12–22 in) long, plus 12–21 cm (5–8 in) tail (Aracá uakari) [86]

Habitats: Forest and savanna [87]

Diets: Fruit, nuts, seeds, flowers, leaves, nectar, insects, and arthropods [86]
Chiropotes
(bearded saki)

Bearded saki (Chiropotes sp)-8b.jpg

Lesson, 1840

Five species
Northern, northeastern, and central South AmericaSize range: 32 cm (13 in) long, plus 37 cm (15 in) tail (Black bearded saki) to 52 cm (20 in) long plus 51 cm (20 in) tail (Reddish-brown bearded saki) [88]

Habitats: Forest [89]

Diets: Fruit, seeds, nuts, flowers, and insects, as well as stems, arthropods, and leaves [88]
Pithecia
(saki monkey)

Pithecia irrorata -Brazil-8b.jpg

Desmarest, 1804

Thirteen species
Northern and central South AmericaSize range: 20 cm (8 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (Napo saki) to 71 cm (28 in) long plus 55 cm (22 in) tail (Burnished saki) [90]

Habitats: Forest [90]

Diets: Seeds, fruit pulp, leaves, insects, and flowers [90]

Infraorder Tarsiiformes

Family Tarsiidae

Members of the Tarsiidae family are tarsiids, or colloquially tarsiers. Tarsiidae comprises fourteen extant species in three genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – three genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Carlito

Tarsier-GG.jpg

Groves & Shekelle, 2010

One species
Southeastern Philippines
Philippine Tarsier geodistrib.png
Size: 8–16 cm (3–6 in) long, plus about 25 cm (10 in) tail [91]

Habitats: Forest [92]

Diet: Insects, spiders, lizards, and other small vertebrates [91]
Cephalopachus

Wild tamarin at night 2.JPG

Swainson, 1835

One species
Western Philippines
Horsfield's Tarsier area.png
Size: 11–15 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 20–24 cm (8–9 in) tail [93]

Habitats: Forest [94]

Diet: Insects, as well as small vertebrates including birds, mammals, and reptiles [95]
Tarsius
(tarsier)

Tarsius spectrumgurskyae.jpg

Storr, 1780

Twelve species
Sulawesi, Indonesia
Distribution Tarsius.png
Size range: 8 cm (3 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (Pygmy tarsier) to 15 cm (6 in) long plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (Siau Island tarsier) [96]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, forest, and caves [96]

Diets: Arthropods and insects, as well as small vertebrates [96]

Suborder Strepsirrhini

Superfamily Lemuroidea

Family Cheirogaleidae

Members of the Cheirogaleidae family are cheirogaleids, and include dwarf, mouse, giant mouse, and fork-marked lemurs. Cheirogaleidae comprises 41 extant species in 5 genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – five genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Allocebus

ChirogaleusTrichotisWolf.jpg

Petter-Rousseaux & Petter, 1967

One species
Northeastern Madagascar
Allocebus trichotis range map.svg
Size: 12–15 cm (5–6 in) long, plus about 17 cm (7 in) tail [97]

Habitats: Forest [98]

Diet: Nectar, fruit, gum, leaves, honey, and insects [98]
Cheirogaleus
(dwarf lemur)

Groves' dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus grovesi).jpg

É Geoffroy, 1812

Ten species
MadagascarSize range: 16 cm (6 in) long, plus 18 cm (7 in) tail (Ankarana dwarf lemur) to 27 cm (11 in) long plus 31 cm (12 in) tail (Greater dwarf lemur) [99]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland [99]

Diets: Fruit, flowers, leaves, seeds, nectar, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and honey [99]
Microcebus
(mouse lemur)

Zwergmausmaki--w.jpg

É Geoffroy, 1834

24 species
Madagascar
Microcebus range map.svg
Size range: 8 cm (3 in) long, plus 11 cm (4 in) tail (Margot Marsh's mouse lemur) to 16 cm (6 in) long plus 15 cm (6 in) tail (Anosy mouse lemur) [100]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland [100]

Diets: Gum, insect excretions, nectar, fruit, leaves, flowers, pollen, arthropods, and small vertebrates [100]
Mirza
(giant mouse lemur)

Mirza zaza, Madagascar, April 2006.jpg

Gray, 1870

Two species
Western and northern Madagascar
Mirza range map.svg
Size range: 23 cm (9 in) long, plus 31 cm (12 in) tail (Coquerel's giant mouse lemur) to 27 cm (11 in) long plus 32 cm (13 in) tail (Coquerel's giant mouse lemur) [101]

Habitats: Forest [101]

Diets: Fruit, flowers, insect secretions, sap, and invertebrates, as well as small vertebrates [101]
Phaner
(fork-marked lemur)

Phaner pallescens 1985.JPG

Gray, 1870

Four species
Western, northeastern, and northern Madagascar
Phaner range map.svg
Size range: 22–29 cm (9–11 in) long, plus 28–37 cm (11–15 in) tail (multiple) [102]

Habitats: Forest [102]

Diets: Sap and gum, as well as insects, insect secretions, fruit, flowers, and nectar [102]
Family Daubentoniidae

Members of the Daubentoniidae family are daubentoniids; the family comprises a single extant species, the aye-aye.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Daubentonia

Wild aye aye.jpg

É Geoffroy, 1795

One species
Western and eastern Madagascar
Daubentonia madagascariensis range map.svg
Size: 36–44 cm (14–17 in) long, plus tail [103]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland [104]

Diet: Fruit, nuts, and sap [103]
Family Indriidae

Members of the Indriidae family are indriids, and include woolly lemurs, sifakas, and indri. Indriidae comprises nineteen extant species in three genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – three genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Avahi
(woolly lemur)

Avahi occidentalis.jpg

Jourdan, 1834

Nine species
Madagascar
Avahi range map.svg
Size range: 25 cm (10 in) long, plus 28 cm (11 in) tail (Betsileo woolly lemur) to 37 cm (15 in) long plus 35 cm (14 in) tail (Bemaraha woolly lemur) [105]

Habitats: Forest [105]

Diets: Buds and leaves, as well as flowers and fruit [105]
Indri

Indri (Indri indri).jpg

É. Geoffroy & G. Cuvier, 1796

One species
Northeastern Madagascar
Indri indri range map.svg
Size: 60–90 cm (24–35 in) long, plus 5–6 cm (2–2 in) tail [106]

Habitats: Forest [107]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, and flowers [106]
Propithecus
(sifaka)

Von der Deckens sifaka 09.JPG

Bennett, 1832

Nine species
Madagascar
Propithecus range map.svg
Size range: 42 cm (17 in) long, plus 50 cm (20 in) tail (Coquerel's sifaka) to 55 cm (22 in) long, plus 56 cm (22 in) tail (Diademed sifaka) [108]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and savanna [108]

Diets: Leaves, flowers, fruit, seeds, shoots, and bark, as well as soil [108]
Family Lemuridae

Members of the Lemuridae family are lemurids, and include ring-tailed, true, ruffed, and bamboo lemurs. Indriidae comprises 21 extant species in 5 genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – five genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Eulemur
(true lemur)

Blue-Eyed Black Lemur.jpg

Simons & Rumpler, 1988

Twelve species
Madagascar
Eulemur range map.svg
Size range: 30 cm (12 in) long, plus 40 cm (16 in) tail (Black lemur) to 51 cm (20 in) long plus 51 cm (20 in) tail (Common brown lemur) [109]

Habitats: Forest [109]

Diets: Leaves, fruit, buds, flowers, and pollen, as well as nectar, bark, insects, arthropods, fungi, and soil [109]
Hapalemur
(bamboo lemur)

Hapalemur aureus 001.jpg

Geoffroy, 1851

Five species
Western, northern, and eastern Madagascar
Hapalemur range map.svg
Size range: 24 cm (9 in) long, plus 32 cm (13 in) tail (Southern lesser bamboo lemur) to 34 cm (13 in) long plus 41 cm (16 in) tail (Golden bamboo lemur) [110]

Habitats: Inland wetlands and forest [110]

Diets: Marsh plants, bamboo, grass, pith, stems, flowers, and leaves, as well as fruit, fungi, and soil [110]
Lemur

Ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta).jpg

Linnaeus, 1758

One species
Southwestern Madagascar
Lemur catta range map.svg
Size: 39–46 cm (15–18 in) long, plus 56–63 cm (22–25 in) tail [111]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, rocky areas, and caves [112]

Diet: Omnivorous, including fruit, leaves, stems, flowers, sap, spiders, spider webs, chameleons, insects, small birds, and termite mounds [111]
Prolemur

Greater bamboo lemur (Prolemur simus) male.jpg

Gray, 1871

One species
Eastern Madagascar
Prolemur simus range map.svg
Size: 40–45 cm (16–18 in) long, plus 43–48 cm (17–19 in) tail [113]

Habitats: Forest [114]

Diet: Bamboo shoots and pith, as well as flowers, leaves, soil, and fruit [113]
Varecia
(ruffed lemur)

Red ruffed lemur (Varecia rubra).jpg

Gray, 1863

Two species
Eastern Madagascar
Varecia range map.svg
Size range: 45 cm (18 in) long, plus 60 cm (24 in) tail (Black-and-white ruffed lemur) to 50 cm (20 in) long plus 60 cm (24 in) tail (Red ruffed lemur) [115]

Habitats: Forest [116]

Diets: Fruit, nectar, and pollen, as well as leaves, flower, and seeds [115]
Family Lepilemuridae

Members of the Lepilemuridae family are lepilemurids, or colloquially sportive lemurs. Lepilemuridae comprises 25 extant species in a single genus.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Lepilemur
(sportive lemur)

Hubbards sportive lemur 1.JPG

Geoffroy, 1851

25 species
Madagascar
Lepilemur range map.svg
Size range: 23 cm (9 in) long, plus 26 cm (10 in) tail (Gray-backed sportive lemur) to 41 cm (16 in) long plus 27 cm (11 in) tail (Hawks' sportive lemur) [117]

Habitats: Forest [117]

Diets: Leaves, vines, fruit, flowers, spiders, and insects, as well as seeds, pollen, latex, and bark [117]

Superfamily Lorisoidea

Family Galagidae

Members of the Galagidae family are galagids, or colloquially galagos or bush babies. Galagidae comprises nineteen extant species in six genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – six genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Euoticus
(needle-clawed bushbaby)

Euoticus elegantulus 30281428 (cropped).jpg

Gray, 1863

Two species
Western equatorial AfricaSize range: 18–33 cm (7–13 in) long, plus 28–31 cm (11–12 in) tail (Northern needle-clawed bushbaby) [118]

Habitats: Forest [118]

Diets: Tree gums and resins, as well as invertebrates [118]
Galago
(lesser bushbaby)

Komba usata.jpg

É Geoffroy, 1796

Four species
Equatorial and southern AfricaSize range: 13–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 19–30 cm (7–12 in) tail (Senegal bushbaby) [119]

Habitats: Forest and savanna [120]

Diets: Invertebrates, fruit, flowers, and gum, as well as small birds, eggs, and seeds [119]
Galagoides
(western dwarf galago)

Galago demidoff.jpg

A. Smith, 1833

Three species
Western and central equatorial AfricaSize range: 10 cm (4 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail (Prince Demidoff's bushbaby) to 18 cm (7 in) long plus 21 cm (8 in) tail (Angolan dwarf galago) [121]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland [122]

Diets: Insects, as well as fruit, gum, small vertebrates, tree buds, and leaves [121]
Otolemur
(greater galago)

Greater Bush Baby.jpg

Coquerel, 1859

Two species
Southern and eastern AfricaSize range: 23 cm (9 in) long, plus 36 cm (14 in) tail (Northern greater galago) to 38 cm (15 in) long plus 48 cm (19 in) tail (Brown greater galago) [123]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and savanna [124]

Diets: Gum, sap, fruit, and insects [123]
Paragalago
(eastern dwarf galago)

Dwarf-blog-artikkelikuva3-4.jpg

Masters, Génin, Couette, Groves, Nash, Delpero, & Pozzi, 2017

Five species
Southeastern AfricaSize range: 10 cm (4 in) long, plus 17 cm (7 in) tail (Rondo dwarf galago) to 19 cm (7 in) long plus 27 cm (11 in) tail (Grant's bushbaby) [125]

Habitats: Forest [126]

Diets: Fruit, gum, nectar, invertebrates, small vertebrates, and flowers [125]
Sciurocheirus
(squirrel galago)

Galago alleni.jpg

Waterhouse, 1838

Three species
Western equatorial AfricaSize range: 15–24 cm (6–9 in) long, plus 20–30 cm (8–12 in) tail (Bioko Allen's bushbaby) [127]

Habitats: Forest [128]

Diets: Arthropods, insects, fruit, and gum, as well as small mammals [127]
Family Lorisidae

Members of the Lorisidae family are lorisids, and include lorises, pottos and angwantibos. Lorisidae comprises sixteen extant species in five genera, and is divided into the subfamilies Lorisinae, or lorises, and Perodicticinae, or the angwantibos and pottos.

Subfamily Lorisinae Gray, 1821 – three genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Loris
(slender loris)

Sri Lankan Slender Loris 1.jpg

É Geoffroy, 1796

Two species
Sri Lanka and Southern IndiaSize range: 18 cm (7 in) long with no tail (Gray slender loris) to 26 cm (10 in) long with no tail (Red slender loris) [129]

Habitats: Forest [130]

Diets: Insects, as well as tree frogs, geckos, small birds, eggs, and fruit [129]
Nycticebus
(slow loris)

Coucang.jpg

É Geoffroy, 1812

Eight species
Southeastern Asia (blue and brown)
Slow loris area.png
Size range: 26 cm (10 in) long with no tail (Bangka slow loris) to 38 cm (15 in) long, with vestigial tail (Bengal slow loris) [131]

Habitats: Forest [132]

Diets: Resin, sap, gum, nectar, stems, fruit, invertebrates, lizards, bark, and bird eggs [131]
Xanthonycticebus

Nycticebus pygmaeus 004.jpg

Nekaris & Nijman, 2022

One species
Southeastern Asia
Pygmy Slow Loris area.png
Size: 15–25 cm (6–10 in) long, with no tail [133]

Habitats: Forest [134]

Diet: Insects, gum, resin, fruit, and bamboo [133]
Subfamily Perodicticinae Gray, 1870 – two genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Arctocebus
(angwantibo)

ArctocebusCalabarensisWolf.jpg

Gray, 1863

Two species
Western equatorial AfricaSize range: 22 cm (9 in) long, plus vestigial tail (Golden angwantibo) to 31 cm (12 in) long plus 10 cm (4 in) tail (Calabar angwantibo) [135]

Habitats: Forest [136]

Diets: Insects and fruit, as well as gum [135]
Perodicticus
(potto)

PottoCincyZoo.jpg

Bennett, 1831

Three species
Western and central Africa
Perodicticus potto distribution.svg
Size range: 29 cm (11 in) long, plus 4 cm (2 in) tail (East African potto) to 39 cm (15 in) long plus 10 cm (4 in) tail (West African potto) [137]

Habitats: Forest [138]

Diets: Fruit, gum, nectar, invertebrates, and eggs, as well as moss and small vertebrates [137]

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References

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  2. Pough, pp. 269–289
  3. Cartmill; Smith p. 90
  4. Wilson, Reeder, pp. 114–184
  5. Kingdon 2015, p. 143
  6. Maisels, F.; et al. (2020) [amended version of 2019 assessment]. "Allenopithecus nigroviridis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T865A166606573. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T865A166606573.en .
  7. Sides, Corey (2023). "Allenopithecus nigroviridis". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  8. 1 2 Allochrocebus sizes and diets:
  9. Allochrocebus habitats:
  10. 1 2 3 Cercocebus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  11. 1 2 3 Cercopithecus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  12. 1 2 Chlorocebus sizes and diets:
  13. Chlorocebus habitats:
  14. 1 2 Erythrocebus sizes and diets:
  15. Erythrocebus habitats:
  16. 1 2 3 Lophocebus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  17. 1 2 Macaca sizes and diets:
  18. Macaca habitats:
  19. 1 2 3 Mandrillus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  20. 1 2 3 Miopithecus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  21. 1 2 Papio sizes and diets:
  22. Papio habitats:
  23. 1 2 Kingdon 2015, p. 123
  24. Davenport, T. (2019). "Rungwecebus kipunji". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019: e.T136791A17961368. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T136791A17961368.en .
  25. Kingdon 2015, p. 127
  26. 1 2 Gippoliti, S.; et al. (2022) [amended version of 2019 assessment]. "Theropithecus gelada". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022: e.T21744A217754712. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T21744A217754712.en .
  27. 1 2 Colobus sizes and diets:
  28. Colobus habitats:
  29. Nowak 1999b, p. 155
  30. Boonratana, R.; et al. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Nasalis larvatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T14352A195372486. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T14352A195372486.en .
  31. Woltanski, Amy (2004). "Nasalis larvatus". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan. Archived from the original on July 23, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  32. 1 2 Piliocolobus sizes and diets:
  33. Piliocolobus habitats:
  34. 1 2 Presbytis sizes and diets:
  35. Presbytis habitats:
  36. Kingdon 2015, p. 102
  37. Oates, J. F.; et al. (2020) [amended version of 2019 assessment]. "Procolobus verus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T18245A166610679. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T18245A166610679.en .
  38. Thompson, Leah (2002). "Procolobus verus". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  39. 1 2 3 Pygathrix sizes, habitats, and diets:
  40. 1 2 Rhinopithecus sizes and diets:
  41. Rhinopithecus habitats:
  42. 1 2 3 Semnopithecus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  43. Nowak 1999b, p. 156
  44. Quinten, M; et al. (2020). "Simias concolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T20229A17953422. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T20229A17953422.en .
  45. Rankin, Lyndsay (2006). "Simias concolor". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  46. 1 2 Trachypithecus sizes and diets:
  47. Trachypithecus habitats:
  48. 1 2 Gorilla sizes and diets:
  49. Gorilla habitats:
  50. Roser, M.; et al. (2019). "Human Height". Our World in Data . Global Change Data Lab. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
  51. 1 2 Pan sizes and diets:
  52. Pan habitats:
  53. 1 2 Pongo sizes and diets:
  54. Pongo habitats:
  55. 1 2 3 Hoolock sizes, habitats, and diets:
  56. 1 2 3 Hylobates sizes, habitats, and diets:
  57. 1 2 3 Nomascus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  58. Eastridge, Andrew (2023). "Symphalangus syndactylus". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan. Archived from the original on June 7, 2023. Retrieved August 24, 2023.
  59. 1 2 Nijman, V.; et al. (2020). "Symphalangus syndactylus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T39779A17967873. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39779A17967873.en .
  60. 1 2 3 Aotus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  61. 1 2 3 Alouatta sizes, habitats, and diets:
  62. 1 2 Ateles sizes and diets:
  63. Ateles habitats:
  64. 1 2 Brachyteles sizes and diets:
  65. Brachyteles habitats:
  66. 1 2 Lagothrix sizes and diets:
  67. Lagothrix habitats:
  68. 1 2 Maffei, Devin (2023). "Callimico goeldii". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved September 20, 2023.
  69. Palacios, E.; et al. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Callimico goeldii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T3564A191700340. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T3564A191700340.en .
  70. 1 2 Callithrix sizes and diets:
  71. Callithrix habitats:
  72. 1 2 Cebuella sizes and diets:
  73. Cebuella habitats:
  74. 1 2 3 Leontocebus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  75. 1 2 Leontopithecus sizes and diets:
  76. Leontopithecus habitats:
  77. 1 2 3 Mico sizes, habitats, and diets:
  78. 1 2 3 Saguinus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  79. 1 2 Cebus sizes and diets:
  80. Cebus habitats:
  81. 1 2 3 Sapajus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  82. 1 2 3 Saimiri sizes, habitats, and diets:
  83. 1 2 3 Callicebus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  84. 1 2 3 Cheracebus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  85. 1 2 3 Plecturocebus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  86. 1 2 Cacajao sizes and diets:
  87. Cacajao habitats:
  88. 1 2 Chiropotes sizes and diets:
  89. Chiropotes habitats:
  90. 1 2 3 Pithecia sizes, habitats, and diets:
  91. 1 2 Kubicek, Carissa (2023). "Tarsius syrichta". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved August 28, 2023.
  92. Shekelle, M. (2020). "Carlito syrichta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T21492A17978520. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T21492A17978520.en .
  93. Downey, Kathleen (June 2017). "Horsfield's Tarsier, Cephalopachus bancanus". New England Primate Conservancy. Retrieved September 12, 2023.
  94. Shekelle, M.; et al. (2020). "Cephalopachus bancanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T21488A17976989. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T21488A17976989.en .
  95. McKeighan, Paul (2011). "Tarsius bancanus". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved August 28, 2023.
  96. 1 2 3 Tarsius sizes, habitats, and diets:
  97. Drury, Chad (2002). "Allocebus trichotis". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved October 29, 2023.
  98. 1 2 Louis, E. E.; et al. (2020). "Allocebus trichotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T868A115559302. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T868A115559302.en .
  99. 1 2 3 Cheirogaleus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  100. 1 2 3 Microcebus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  101. 1 2 3 Mirza sizes, habitats, and diets:
  102. 1 2 3 Phaner sizes, habitats, and diets:
  103. 1 2 Boucher, Elizabeth (2007). "Daubentonia madagascariensis". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved October 29, 2023.
  104. Louis, E. E.; et al. (2020). "Daubentonia madagascariensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T6302A115560793. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T6302A115560793.en .
  105. 1 2 3 Avahi sizes, habitats, and diets:
  106. 1 2 Lundrigan, Barbara; et al. (2000). "Indri indri". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved October 29, 2023.
  107. King, T.; et al. (2020). "Indri indri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T10826A115565566. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T10826A115565566.en .
  108. 1 2 3 Propithecus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  109. 1 2 3 Eulemur sizes, habitats, and diets:
  110. 1 2 3 Hapalemur sizes, habitats, and diets:
  111. 1 2 Baumhofer, Emma (2017). "Lemur catta". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved October 29, 2023.
  112. LaFleur, M.; et al. (2020). "Lemur catta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T11496A115565760. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T11496A115565760.en .
  113. 1 2 Hoving, Melissa (2011). "Prolemur simus". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved October 29, 2023.
  114. Ravaloharimanitra, M.; et al. (2020). "Prolemur simus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T9674A115564770. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T9674A115564770.en .
  115. 1 2 Varecia sizes and diets:
  116. Varecia habitats:
  117. 1 2 3 Lepilemur sizes, habitats, and diets:
  118. 1 2 3 Euoticus sizes, habitats, and diets:
  119. 1 2 Galago sizes and diets:
  120. Galago habitats:
  121. 1 2 Galagoides sizes and diets:
  122. Galagoides habitats:
  123. 1 2 Otolemur sizes and diets:
  124. Otolemur habitats:
  125. 1 2 Paragalago sizes and diets:
  126. Paragalago habitats:
  127. 1 2 Sciurocheirus sizes and diets:
  128. Sciurocheirus habitats:
  129. 1 2 Loris sizes and diets:
  130. Loris habitats:
  131. 1 2 Nycticebus sizes and diets:
  132. Nycticebus habitats:
  133. 1 2 Gray, Margaret (2011). "Nycticebus pygmaeus". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan. Archived from the original on March 27, 2023. Retrieved June 25, 2023.
  134. Blair, M.; et al. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Nycticebus pygmaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T14941A198267330. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T14941A198267330.en .
  135. 1 2 Arctocebus sizes and diets:
  136. Arctocebus habitats:
  137. 1 2 Perodicticus sizes and diets:
  138. Perodicticus habitats:

Sources