Tapanuli orangutan

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Tapanuli orangutan
Pongo tapanuliensis.jpg
Adult male
Pongo tapanuliensis female.jpg
Adult female
Both near Lake Toba
CITES Appendix I (CITES) [2]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Pongo
Species:
P. tapanuliensis
Binomial name
Pongo tapanuliensis
Nurcahyo, Meijaard, Nowak, Fredriksson & Groves, 2017 [note 1]
Indonesia Sumatra location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Approximate location in Sumatra

The Tapanuli orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis) is a species of orangutan restricted to South Tapanuli in the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. [3] It is one of three known species of orangutan, alongside the Sumatran orangutan (P. abelii), found farther northwest on the island, and the Bornean orangutan (P. pygmaeus). It was described as a distinct species in 2017. [4] As of 2018, there are roughly 800 individuals of this species and it is currently on the critically endangered species list. [5]

Contents

Taxonomy

Discovery and naming

An isolated population of orangutans in the Batang Toru area of South Tapanuli was reported in 1939. [6] The population was rediscovered by an expedition to the area in 1997, [7] but it was not recognized as a distinct species then. [8] Pongo tapanuliensis was identified as a distinct species, following a detailed phylogenetic study in 2017. The study analyzed the genetic samples of 37 wild orangutans from populations across Sumatra and Borneo and conducted a morphological analysis of the skeletons of 34 adult males. [3] The holotype of the species is the complete skeleton of an adult male from Batang Toru who died after being wounded by locals in November 2013. [3] [9] The holotype is stored in the Zoological Museum of Bogor. [3] The skull and teeth of the Batang Toru male differ significantly from those of the other two orangutan species. [3] [10] Comparisons of the genomes of all 37 orangutans using principal component analysis and population genetic models also indicated that the Batang Toru population is a separate species. [3]

The specific name, tapanuliensis, as well as the common name, Tapanuli orangutan, refer to Tapanuli, the hilly region in North Sumatra where the species lives. [3] [11]

Phylogeny

Genetic comparisons show that Tapanuli orangutans diverged from Sumatran orangutans about 3.4 million years ago, and became more isolated after the Lake Toba eruption that occurred about 75,000 years ago. [3] [4] [9] They had continued sporadic contact that stopped between 10,000 and 20,000 years ago. Tapanuli orangutans diverged from Bornean orangutans about 674,000 years ago. [10] Orangutans were able to travel from Sumatra to Borneo because the islands were connected by land bridges as parts of Sundaland during recent glacial periods when sea levels were much lower. [9] The present range of Tapanuli orangutans is thought to be close to the area where ancestral orangutans first entered what is now Indonesia from mainland Asia. [3]

Description

Males of each orangutan species (from left to right): Bornean, Sumatran, Tapanuli Bornean, Sumatran & Tapanuli orangs (horizontal).jpg
Males of each orangutan species (from left to right): Bornean, Sumatran, Tapanuli

Tapanuli orangutans resemble Sumatran orangutans more than Bornean orangutans in body build and fur color. [3] However, they have frizzier hair, smaller heads, and flatter and wide faces. [4] Dominant male Tapanuli orangutans have prominent moustaches and large flat cheek pads, known as flanges, covered in downy hair. The Tapanuli orangutan differs from the other two existing orangutan species in several specific features:

As with other two orangutan species, males are larger than females; males are 137 cm (54 in) in height and 70–90 kg (150–200 lb) in weight, females are 110 cm (43 in) in height and 40–50 kg (88–110 lb) in weight. [12] When comparing the Tapanuli orangutan with the Pongo abelii, the Tapanuli orangutan has a deeper suborbital fossa, a triangular pyriform aperture, and a facial profile that is more angled. [3]

Behavior

The loud, long-distance call or 'long call' of male Tapanuli orangutans has a higher maximum frequency than that of Sumatran orangutans, and lasts much longer and has more pulses than that of Bornean orangutans. [3] [9] Their diet is also unique, containing unusual items like caterpillars and conifer cones. [10] Tapanuli orangutans are thought to be exclusively arboreal as scientists have not seen them descend to the ground in over 3,000 hours of observation. This is probably due to the presence of Sumatran tigers in the area. [13] Their other main predators are Sunda clouded leopards, Sumatran dholes and crocodiles. [14] Tapanuli orangutans have slow reproductive rates causing a problem in increasing population. [15]

Habitat and distribution

Tapanuli orangutans live in tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests located south of Lake Toba in Sumatra. The entirety of the species is found in an area of about 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi) at elevations from 300 to 1,300 m (980 to 4,300 ft). [3] Tapanuli orangutans are separated from the island's other species of orangutan, the Sumatran orangutan, by just 100 km (62 mi). [11]

Conservation

With fewer than 800 individuals restricted to an area of about 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi), the Tapanuli orangutan is the second rarest great ape. [3] It is listed as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) because of hunting, conflict with humans, the illegal wildlife trade, rampant habitat destruction for small scale agriculture, mining and a proposed hydroelectric dam, the Batang Toru hydropower project, in the area with the highest density of orangutans, which could impact up to 10% of its already dwindling habitat and degrade important wildlife corridors. [1] [3] [13] Conservationists predict an 83% decline in three generations (75 years) if the necessary conservation measures and practices are not implemented. [1] Inbreeding depression is likely due to the small population size and fragmented range. This is supported by the genomes of the two Tapanuli orangutan individuals, which show signs of inbreeding. [3] In August 2019 Swiss environmental group PanEco, which is a partner in the Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme, dropped its previous opposition to the dam, several months after firing several researchers who opposed the new strategy. [16]

Notes

  1. ↑ The description of the Tapanuli orangutan was a collaboration between 37 scientists from institutions around the world but its binomial name (scientific name) was provided by the five scientists cited here.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orangutan</span> Genus of Asian apes

Orangutans are great apes native to the rainforests of Indonesia and Malaysia. They are now found only in parts of Borneo and Sumatra, but during the Pleistocene they ranged throughout Southeast Asia and South China. Classified in the genus Pongo, orangutans were originally considered to be one species. From 1996, they were divided into two species: the Bornean orangutan and the Sumatran orangutan. A third species, the Tapanuli orangutan, was identified definitively in 2017. The orangutans are the only surviving species of the subfamily Ponginae, which diverged genetically from the other hominids between 19.3 and 15.7 million years ago.

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South Tapanuli is a regency in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Its seat is the town of Sipirok. This regency was originally very large and contained thousands of towns and villages, including the city of Padang Sidempuan. The areas that have separated from South Tapanuli Regency are the new regencies of Mandailing Natal, Padang Lawas Utara and Padang Lawas, all lying to the south-east of the residual South Tapanuli Regency, plus the city (kota) of Padang Sidempuan. After the division, the regency seat moved to from Padang Sidempuan to Sipirok.

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References

  1. 1 2 3 Nowak, M.G.; Rianti, P.; Wich, S.A.; Meijaard, E.; Fredriksson, G. (2017). "Pongo tapanuliensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T120588639A120588662. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T120588639A120588662.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ↑ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2023-03-01.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Nater, Alexander; Mattle-Greminger, Maja P.; Nurcahyo, Anton; Nowak, Matthew G.; de Manuel, Marc; Desai, Tariq; Groves, Colin; Pybus, Marc; Sonay, Tugce Bilgin; Roos, Christian; Lameira, Adriano R.; Wich, Serge A.; Askew, James; Davila-Ross, Marina; Fredriksson, Gabriella; de Valles, Guillem; Casals, Ferran; Prado-Martinez, Javier; Goossens, Benoit; Verschoor, Ernst J.; Warren, Kristin S.; Singleton, Ian; Marques, David A.; Pamungkas, Joko; Perwitasari-Farajallah, Dyah; Rianti, Puji; Tuuga, Augustine; Gut, Ivo G.; Gut, Marta; Orozco-terWengel, Pablo; van Schaik, Carel P.; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Anisimova, Maria; Scally, Aylwyn; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Meijaard, Erik; Krützen, Michael (2 November 2017). "Morphometric, behavioral, and genomic evidence for a new orangutan species". Current Biology . 27 (22): 3487–3498. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.047 . hdl: 10230/34400 . PMID   29103940.
  4. 1 2 3 Reese, April (2 November 2017). "Newly discovered orangutan species is also the most endangered". Nature . 551 (7679): 151. Bibcode:2017Natur.551..151R. doi: 10.1038/nature.2017.22934 . PMID   29120449.
  5. ↑ Nasution, Arfah; Perwitasari-Farajallah, Dyah; Utami-Atmoko, Sri Suci (2018). "Declining orangutans population in the unprotected forest of Batang Toru". Tropical Life Sciences Research. 29 (2): 77–87. doi:10.21315/tlsr2018.29.2.6. PMC   6072730 . PMID   30112142.
  6. ↑ Natuur in Zuid- en Oost- Borneo. Fauna, flora en natuurbescherming in de Zuider- en Ooster-Afdeeling van Borneo. In 3 Jaren Indisch Natuur Leven: Opstellen over Landschappen, Dieren en Planten, Tevens Elfde Verslag (1936-1938)[Nature in South and East Borneo. Fauna, flora and nature conservation in the southern and eastern part of Borneo. In 3 Years Dutch Indies Nature Life: Compilation on Landscapes, Animals and Plants, Eleven Reports (1936-1938)] (in Dutch). Batavia, Indonesia: Nederlandsch-Indische Vereeniging tot Natuurbescherming. 1939. pp. 334–411.
  7. ↑ Meijaard, Erik (25 December 2015). "A Sumatran wonderland". Jakarta Globe . Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
  8. ↑ Gill, Victoria (2 November 2017). "New great ape species identified". BBC News . Retrieved 3 November 2017.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Goldman, Jason G. (2 November 2017). "New species of orangutan is rarest great ape on earth". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on November 2, 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
  10. 1 2 3 Stokstad, Erik (12 November 2017). "New great ape species found, sparking fears for its survival". Science . Retrieved 15 November 2017.
  11. 1 2 Davis, Nicola (2 November 2017). "New species of orangutan discovered in Sumatra – and is already endangered". The Guardian . Retrieved 15 November 2017.
  12. ↑ "Tapanuli Orangutan". New England Primate Conservancy. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
  13. 1 2 Leahy, Stephen (9 August 2018). "Hydroelectric Dam Threatens to Wipe Out World's Rarest Ape". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018.
  14. ↑ "Tapanuli Orangutan Facts, Pictures & Information For Kids & Adults". Active Wild. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
  15. ↑ Wich, Serge A.; Fredriksson, Gabriella; Usher, Graham; Kühl, Hjalmar S.; Nowak, Matthew G. (2019). "The Tapanuli orangutan: Status, threats, and steps for improved conservation". Conservation Science and Practice. 1 (6): e33. doi:10.1111/csp2.33. hdl: 21.11116/0000-0004-0336-C . S2CID   155174152.
  16. ↑ Rochmyaningsih, D. (2019). "Accusations fly over threat to rarest great ape". Science. 365 (6458): 1064–1065. Bibcode:2019Sci...365.1064R. doi:10.1126/science.365.6458.1064. PMID   31515361. S2CID   202568749.
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