Pied tamarin

Last updated

Pied tamarin [1] [2]
Saguinus bicolor Parque do Mindu.jpg
Pied tamarin at Parque Municipal do Mindu, Brazil
CITES Appendix I (CITES) [4]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Callitrichidae
Genus: Saguinus
Species:
S. bicolor
Binomial name
Saguinus bicolor
Spix, 1823
Saguinus bicolor MDD Range.png
The approximate range of the Pied Tamarin
Pied tamarin in captivity Pied Tamarin.JPG
Pied tamarin in captivity

The pied tamarin (Saguinus bicolor), sometimes referred to as the Brazilian bare-faced tamarin, is a critically endangered species of primate found in a restricted area of the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest. It was named the mascot of Manaus, Brazil in 2005. [3] [5] The species is endangered due to the increasing size of the city of Manaus, which is encroaching on their native habitat.

Contents

Distribution and habitat

A New World monkey, the pied tamarin is found at the city limits of Manaus, the capital of the Amazonas state of Brazil and up to 35 km (22 mi) to the north and 100 km (62 mi) to the east. [3] A tamarin group has a home range of 10–100 ha (25–247 acres).[ citation needed ] The main distribution is in the interfluvial areas of the Rio Cuieiras and Rio Preto da Eva. Pied tamarins are also found in the adjacent interfluvial areas of the Rio Preto da Eva and Rio Urubu, but are comparatively rare. [6] The pied tamarin is found in old-growth forests, sand forest and smaller secondary forest fragments. Their density is higher in secondary forest fragments than in primary forest. [3]

Description

The pied tamarin does not exhibit sexual dimorphism, as both males and females weigh around 500 g (18 oz) and are roughly 28–32 cm (11–13 in) in length. [7] Furthermore, both male and female tamarins exhibit the same coloration: they have a black furless face with a white upper body and a lower body that can range in color from a light to dark brown. [7] Their furless face gives them the nickname "Brazilian bare-faced tamarin."[ citation needed ]

The pied tamarin does not have nails, but instead has claws that allow them to quickly scale trees in order to retrieve food or escape predators. These claws also allow the tamarin to dig into tree bark and extract sap to eat. [5]

Its life expectancy is approximately 10 years in the wild, but can be extended to double that in captivity. [8]

Behavior

Diet

Pied tamarins are omnivorous; their diet consisting of gums, saps, fruit, flowers, nectar, insects, spiders, small vertebrates and bird eggs. [6] During the dry season, when tree gums and saps are less available, they consume smaller animals. [7]

Due to their omnivorous diets, pied tamarins are responsible for seed dispersal and the regulation of small animal populations such as insects and amphibians. [5] [9]

Group structure and reproduction

Individuals live in groups of 2 to 15 members with little intragroup competition.[ citation needed ] The average group size in the Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke is 4.8 individuals per group, [10] and other areas around Manaus reported mean group sizes of 6.19. [11] Generally, group sizes range from 2 to 15 individuals. [7] [12]

Pied tamarin groups are mixed, containing multiple males and females. [5] [7] A single dominant female is the only one in the group to reproduce, and the dominant female suppresses the estrus cycles of the other females through the release of pheromones. [5] [7] [13] [ irrelevant citation ]

Reproduction

Like other tamarin species, the pied tamarins are polyandrous, as the dominant female mates with multiple males. [5] [7] Due to the pheromones released by the dominant female, none of the other females in the group mate with other males. The fact that only one female per group produces offspring inhibits their population growth.[ citation needed ] The breeding period lasts from March to May. [12] When the dominant female becomes pregnant, she usually will give birth to twins after a 120-to-195 day long gestation period. [5] [7]

Young tamarins are cared for primarily by the father and turned over to the mother only to nurse; however, the entire group helps with the care of the alpha female's offspring, a behavior known as alloparenting. [5] [12]

Conservation

Classification

As of 2015, the pied tamarin is rated critically endangered by the IUCN Red List. [3] The pied tamarin's population is expected to decline 80% by 2033 due to anthropogenic threats, competition with golden-handed tamarin (Saguinus midas), and disease. It is on the IUCN list for the top 25 most endangered primates in Brazil. [14]

Causes of endangerment

The pied tamarins' natural predators are small cats, birds of prey, and snakes. Their habitat has been lost due to expansion of the city of Manaus. Within the Manaus area, pied tamarins are threatened by domestic and feral cats and dogs, electrocution from power lines, and the pet trade. [15] Additionally, rural settlement and increasing livestock agriculture continue to encroach upon and degrade the pied tamarin's remaining habitat. [3]

Interspecific competition with both the golden-handed tamarin and the red-handed tamarin has lead to displacement of the pied tamarin. [3] [5]

Protection

The pied tamarin is protected in some parts of its range, such as in Sumaúma State Park (52 ha (130 acres)), Adolfo Ducke Forest Reserve (18,240 ha (45,100 acres)) and less than half of Puranga Conquista Sustainable Development Reserve (157,807 ha (389,950 acres)). The Centro de Instrução de Guerra na Selva (CIGS) (115,000 ha (280,000 acres)) is an important protected area for the species; however, it is not a conservation area, but a military jungle training facility, thus making the area's status uncertain. [3]

Both European and American zoos and conservation services[ who? ] have allocated funding to the conservation of pied tamarin species. [14] While there are only two areas in the world[ which? ] that are protected for the tamarins, and both are under 50 hectares, the conservation efforts have allowed for the reforestation of these places and the slow and uncertain return of the pied tamarin's native habitat. [16]

There is an established captive breeding program for the pied tamarin and an official studbook. [17] As of 2009, there are 172 pied tamarins in captivity and all are registered property of the Brazilian government. [3] However, their captive breeding success rate is limited. [18]

The pied tamarin is featured as a pet in the game Super Auto Pets.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Callitrichidae</span> Family of New World monkeys

The Callitrichidae are a family of New World monkeys, including marmosets, tamarins, and lion tamarins. At times, this group of animals has been regarded as a subfamily, called the Callitrichinae, of the family Cebidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Golden lion tamarin</span> Species of New World monkey

The golden lion tamarin, also known as the golden marmoset, is a small New World monkey of the family Callitrichidae. Endemic to the Atlantic coastal forests of Brazil, the golden lion tamarin is an endangered species. The range for wild individuals is spread across four places along southeastern Brazil, with a recent census estimating 3,200 individuals left in the wild and a captive population maintaining about 490 individuals among 150 zoos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geoffroy's tamarin</span> Species of New World monkey

Geoffroy's tamarin, also known as the Panamanian, red-crested or rufous-naped tamarin, is a tamarin, a type of small monkey, found in Panama and Colombia. It is predominantly black and white, with a reddish nape. Diurnal, Geoffroy's tamarin spends most of its time in trees, but does come down to the ground occasionally. It lives in groups that most often number between three and five individuals, and generally include one or more adults of each sex. It eats a variety of foods, including insects, plant exudates, fruits and other plant parts. Insects and fruits account for the majority of its diet, but exudates are also important. But since its teeth are not adapted for gouging trees to get to the sap, it can only eat exudates when they are easily available.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lion tamarin</span> Genus of New World monkeys

The four species of lion tamarins or maned marmosets make up the genus Leontopithecus. They are small New World monkeys named for the mane surrounding their face, similar to the mane of a lion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tamarin</span> Genus of New World monkeys

The tamarins are squirrel-sized New World monkeys from the family Callitrichidae in the genus Saguinus. They are the first offshoot in the Callitrichidae tree, and therefore are the sister group of a clade formed by the lion tamarins, Goeldi's monkeys and marmosets.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cotton-top tamarin</span> Species of New World monkey

The cotton-top tamarin is a small New World monkey weighing less than 0.5 kg (1.1 lb). This New World monkey can live up to 24 years, but most of them die by 13 years. One of the smallest primates, the cotton-top tamarin is easily recognized by the long, white sagittal crest extending from its forehead to its shoulders. The species is found in tropical forest edges and secondary forests in northwestern Colombia, where it is arboreal and diurnal. Its diet includes insects and plant exudates, and it is an important seed disperser in the tropical ecosystem.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-lipped tamarin</span> Species of New World monkey

The white-lipped tamarin, also known as the red-bellied tamarin, is a tamarin which lives in the Amazon area of Brazil and Bolivia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emperor tamarin</span> Species of New World monkey

The emperor tamarin is a species of tamarin monkey allegedly named for its beard's resemblance to the German emperor Wilhelm II. It lives in the north Brazilian states of Acre and Amazonas and the southwest Amazon Basin, in east Peru, north Bolivia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Golden-handed tamarin</span> Species of New World monkey

The golden-handed tamarin, also known as the red-handed tamarin or Midas tamarin, is a New World monkey belonging to the family Callitrichidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mottle-faced tamarin</span> Species of New World monkey

The mottle-faced tamarin is a species of tamarin from South America. It is found in Brazil and Colombia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Martins's tamarin</span> Species of New World monkey

Martins's tamarin or Martin's ochraceous bare-face tamarin, is a species of tamarin endemic to Brazil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black-mantled tamarin</span> Species of New World monkey

The black-mantled tamarin, Leontocebus nigricollis, is a species of saddle-back tamarin from the northwestern Amazon in far western Brazil, southeastern Colombia, north-eastern Peru and eastern Ecuador.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black tamarin</span> Species of New World monkey

The black tamarin or western black-handed tamarin is a species of tamarin endemic to Brazil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brown-mantled tamarin</span> Species of New World monkey

The brown-mantled tamarin, also known as Spix's saddle-back tamarin, is a species of saddle-back tamarin. This New World monkey is found in the Southern American countries of Bolivia, Brazil and Peru. This omnivorous member of the Callitrichidae family is usually found in smaller groups ranging between 4 and 15 individuals. This species communicates vocally and largely rely their olfactory system. The brown-mantled tamarin is considered as a species of Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, despite a decreasing population and being threatened by poaching, habitat loss and capture for the illegal pet trade.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-footed tamarin</span> Species of New World monkey

The white-footed tamarin is a tamarin species endemic to Colombia. It is a silvery brown colour with pale streaks and russet underparts, and is very similar in appearance to the cotton-top tamarin, from which it is separated by the Atrato River. It is thought that the two species diverged during the Pleistocene, at a time when a sea occupied the area between their present ranges. This tamarin is an arboreal species, living in small family groups in the canopy. Females give birth to one to three young after a gestation period of about 140 days. This species has a relatively small range and is under threat from destruction and fragmentation of the forest in which it lives and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as "vulnerable".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bearded emperor tamarin</span> Subspecies of New World monkey

The bearded emperor tamarin is one of the two subspecies of the emperor tamarin. It is mostly found in the tropical forests of southwestern Brazil and eastern Peru. This omnivorous member of the Callitrichidae family is usually found in groups of 4 and shares social relations with other callitrichids. They communicate vocally, as well as with olfactory signals. Males tend to be primary caregivers for their young. It is considered as a species of Least Concern by the IUCN, despite threats from increased habitat loss.

<i>Mico</i> (genus) Genus of New World monkeys

Mico is a genus of New World monkeys of the family Callitrichidae, the family containing marmosets and tamarins. The genus was formerly considered a subgenus of the genus Callithrix.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cuieiras River (Rio Negro tributary)</span> River in Brazil

The Cuieiras River is a river in the municipality of Maués, Amazonas state, Brazil.

Rio Negro State Park South Section is a State park in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. It protects an area of Amazon rainforest to the east of the Rio Negro that is home to the endangered pied tamarin. The area was reduced in 2001 and was further reduced in 2014 to create a sustainable development reserve for the people that had been living there since before the park was created.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Uatuma–Trombetas moist forests</span>

The Uatuma–Trombetas moist forests (NT0173) is an ecoregion in northwest Brazil in the Amazon biome. It covers the Amazon basin north of the Amazon River from close to the Atlantic Ocean to the Rio Negro west of Manaus. The ecoregion is relatively intact, although it has been damaged along the main rivers and around population centers.

References

  1. ↑ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 133–134. ISBN   0-801-88221-4. OCLC   62265494.
  2. ↑ Rylands AB, Mittermeier RA (2009). "The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini)". In Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW, Strier KB (eds.). South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Springer. pp. 23–54. ISBN   978-0-387-78704-6.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Gordo, M.; Röhe, F.; Vidal, M.D.; Subirá, R.; Boubli, J.P.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Jerusalinsky, L. (2021). "Saguinus bicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T40644A192551696. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T40644A192551696.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  4. ↑ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Meet the pied tamarin, with one of the smallest ranges of any primate". One Earth. Retrieved 2022-10-27.
  6. 1 2 Röhe, F. (2006). Área de contato entre as distribuições geográficas de Saguinus midas e Saguinus bicolor (Callitrichidae-Primates): a importância de interações e fatores ecológicos. Dissertação de Mestrado — INPA/UFAM. p. 71.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Pied Tamarin, Saguinus bicolor | New England Primate Conservancy". neprimateconservancy.org. 2022-01-19. Retrieved 2025-01-10.
  8. ↑ Price, Eluned C.; Payne, Catherine; Wormell, Dominic (November 2016). "Why do captive pied tamarins give birth during the day?: Diurnal Births in Pied Tamarins". Zoo Biology. 35 (6): 487–494. doi:10.1002/zoo.21325. PMID   27684732.
  9. ↑ Ayres, J. M.; R. A. Mittermeier & I. D. Constable (1982). "Brazilian Tamarins on the way to extinction?". Oryx. 16 (4): 329–333. doi: 10.1017/S0030605300017786 .
  10. ↑ Vidal, M. D. & R. Cintra (2006). "Effects of forest structure components on the occurrence, group size and density of groups of bare-face tamarin (Saguinus bicolor – Primates: Callitrichinae) in Central Amazonia". Acta Amazonica. 36 (2): 237–248. doi: 10.1590/s0044-59672006000200014 .
  11. ↑ Subirá, R. J. (1998). Avaliação da situação atual das populações selvagens do Sauim-de-coleira Saguinus b. bicolor (Spix, 1823). Dissertação de Mestrado — UNB. p. 98.
  12. 1 2 3 "Pied Tamarin". Lincoln Park Zoo. Retrieved 2025-01-10.
  13. ↑ Sobroza, Tainara Venturini; Cerqueda, Laia Segarra; Simões, Pedro Ivo; Gordo, Marcelo (2017-08-01). "Vocal Repertoire and Its Behavioral Contexts in the Pied Tamarin, Saguinus bicolor". International Journal of Primatology. 38 (4): 642–655. doi:10.1007/s10764-017-9971-z. ISSN   1573-8604. S2CID   254544857.
  14. 1 2 "Pied Tamarin Conservation Project". Action For The Wild. 2019-10-28. Retrieved 2022-11-15.
  15. ↑ Gordo, Marcelo; Calleia, Fabiano O.; Vasconcelos, Sâmia A.; Leite, José J. F.; Ferrari, Stephen F. (2013), Marsh, Laura K.; Chapman, Colin A. (eds.), "The Challenges of Survival in a Concrete Jungle: Conservation of the Pied Tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) in the Urban Landscape of Manaus, Brazil", Primates in Fragments: Complexity and Resilience, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 357–370, doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8839-2_23, ISBN   978-1-4614-8839-2 , retrieved 2022-10-27
  16. ↑ Sobroza, Tainara V.; Gordo, Marcelo; Barnett, Adrian P. A.; Boubli, Jean P.; Spironello, Wilson R. (2021-05-01). "Parapatric pied and red-handed tamarin responses to congeneric and conspecific calls". Acta Oecologica. 110: 103688. doi:10.1016/j.actao.2020.103688. ISSN   1146-609X. S2CID   229412503.
  17. ↑ Baker, Andrew J.; Davis, Andria; Pissinatti, Alcides (2005-04-01). "International Studbook for the Pied Tamarin, Saguinus bicolor". Neotropical Primates. 13 (1): 33–34. doi: 10.1896/1413-4705.13.1.33b . ISSN   1413-4705.
  18. ↑ Armstrong, D. M.; Santymire, R.M. (May 2013). "Hormonal and Behavioral Variation in Pied Tamarins Housed in Different Management Conditions: Hormones and Behavior in Pied Tamarins". Zoo Biology. 32 (3): 299–306. doi:10.1002/zoo.21023. PMID   22628259.
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