Buffy-tufted marmoset

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Buffy-tufted marmoset [1] [2]
Buffy-tufted marmoset (Callithrix aurita).jpg
CITES Appendix I (CITES) [4]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Callitrichidae
Genus: Callithrix
Species:
C. aurita
Binomial name
Callithrix aurita
(É. Geoffroy, 1812)
Callithrix aurita distribution.svg
Synonyms
  • chrysopygaBurmeister, 1854
  • coelestisMiranda Ribeiro, 1924
  • itatiayaeAvila-Pires, 1959
  • petroniusMiranda Ribeiro, 1924

The buffy-tufted marmoset (Callithrix aurita), also known as the buffy tufted-ear marmoset or white-eared marmoset, is a New World monkey that lives in the forests on the Atlantic coast of southeast Brazil. Of all the marmosets, it has the southernmost range. [5]

Contents

The buffy-tufted marmoset resembles the common marmoset, but is somewhat larger. It has grey-black skin, and the most obvious differences from the common marmoset are its whitish face ("skull-like facial mask", [6] ) brown crown, and shorter ear tufts.

The Buffy-tufted marmoset is a species threatened of extinction due to the high level of deforestation in the Atlantic Forest. Buffy tufted marmoset 2.jpg
The Buffy-tufted marmoset is a species threatened of extinction due to the high level of deforestation in the Atlantic Forest.

Distribution

The buffy-tufted marmoset is endemic to the Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil, occurring in ombrophilous and semideciduous forests in the Serras do Mar and Mantiqueira in the states of Minas Gerais, São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro, and extending to the North of Rio Doce in Minas Gerais. [7] They forage and travel in the lower canopy and dense understorey vegetation, typically found between 6 and 9 meters above the ground. Alongside C. flaviceps , they are the species inhabiting areas with the most extreme climatic conditions. [8]

It occurs in perennial, semideciduous, secondary, mixed montane forests, interspersed with stands of bamboo at altitudes ranging from 80 to 1200 meters. [9] [10]

Morphology

It has an overall black coloration, but they can also be found with reddish spots or speckled with red, without presenting a general pattern of stripes. Moreover, its reddish spots provide the characteristic golden hue that gave rise to the species' name "aurita". Its forehead is white, with the sides of the face being black, sometimes speckled with red. They have short (20 to 50 mm), white intra-auricular tufts that can vary to a brownish hue. The feet are brown, and the hands are a strongly weathered brown color. The tail is black with white rings. [11]

It is probably the largest species in the Callithrix genus, weighing 400–450 g and with a body length of 19–25 cm and a tail length of 27–35 cm. [12]

Ecology

It is diurnal and arboreal, living almost all its life in the trees in groups that usually consist of 4 to 8 individuals, although it's possible to find groups of 11 individuals, with only one reproductive pair of male and female, with a dominant female. [8] [13] The offspring, always twins, are born after a gestation period of 144 days and are carried by the parents in the first weeks of life. Older siblings assist in caring for the offspring. When they reach adulthood, they migrate to other groups to form new pairs. [14] [15] Their activity period is reduced during hot-dry times. During the rainy season - 6:30-19:00 / dry season - 7:30-16:30. Their resting sites are associated with dense vegetation. [8]

They feed on resins and other plant secretions, as well as plant material itself, such as fruits and tree gum. During dry periods, they adapt their diet to include animal matter, such as lepidoptera larvae, orthopterans, cockroaches, spiders, harvestmen, snakes, lizards, small frogs and bird eggs. [16] Studies also show that this species can feed on bamboo fungi. [3]

It can establish sympatry with other species like those of the genus Cebus and Callicebus , but there are no records of sympatry with other forms of Callithrix . [17]

Conservation

This species is present on the list of endangered species in the mentioned states where it occurs, [18] [19] [ failed verification ] [20] as well as on the Brazilian [21] and global lists. [3] Its restricted distribution, habitat destruction, population decline, competition with other species, and hybridization due to the introduction of invasive exotic species ( Callithrix jacchus and C. penicillata ) are among the main threats. [3]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Callitrichidae</span> Family of New World monkeys

The Callitrichidae are a family of New World monkeys, including marmosets, tamarins, and lion tamarins. At times, this group of animals has been regarded as a subfamily, called the Callitrichinae, of the family Cebidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marmoset</span> Genus of mammals (monkeys)

The marmosets, also known as zaris or sagoin, are twenty-two New World monkey species of the genera Callithrix, Cebuella, Callibella, and Mico. All four genera are part of the biological family Callitrichidae. The term "marmoset" is also used in reference to Goeldi's marmoset, Callimico goeldii, which is closely related.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wied's marmoset</span> Species of New World monkey

Wied's marmoset, also known as Wied's black-tufted-ear marmoset, is a New World monkey that lives in tropical and subtropical forests of eastern Brazil. Unlike other marmosets, Wied's marmoset lives in groups consisting of 4 or 5 females and 2 or 3 males. They are matriarchal, and only the dominant female is allowed to mate. Like other marmosets, the offspring are always born in pairs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Silvery marmoset</span> Species of New World monkey

The silvery marmoset is a New World monkey that lives in the eastern Amazon Rainforest in Brazil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Common marmoset</span> Species of New World monkey

The common marmoset, also called white-tufted marmoset or white-tufted-ear marmoset, is a New World monkey. It originally lived on the northeastern coast of Brazil, in the states of Piauí, Paraíba, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco, Alagoas, and Bahia. Through release of captive individuals, it has expanded its range since the 1920s to Southeast Brazil, where it became an invasive species, raising concerns about genetic pollution of similar species, such as the buffy-tufted marmoset, and predation upon bird nestlings and eggs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black-tufted marmoset</span> Species of New World monkey

The black-tufted marmoset is a species of New World monkey that lives primarily in the Neotropical gallery forests of the Brazilian Central Plateau. It ranges from Bahia to Paraná, and as far inland as Goiás, between 14°S and 25°S, and can commonly be seen in the Rio de Janeiro city where it was introduced. This marmoset typically resides in rainforests, living an arboreal life high in the trees, below the canopy. They are only rarely spotted near the ground.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-headed marmoset</span> Species of New World monkey

The white-headed marmoset, also known as the tufted-ear marmoset, Geoffroy's marmoset, or Geoffrey's marmoset, is a marmoset endemic to forests in eastern Brazil, where it is native to Bahia, Espírito Santo, and Minas Gerais, and introduced to Santa Catarina. It is known as the sagüi or sauim in Brazil. Its diet consists of fruits, insects, and the gum of trees. It is a host of Pachysentis lenti an acanthocephalan intestinal parasite.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Buffy-headed marmoset</span> Species of New World monkey

The buffy-headed marmoset is a rare species of marmoset endemic to the rainforests of south-eastern Brazil. It occurs in southern Espírito Santo and possibly northern Rio de Janeiro and its distribution extends into Minas Gerais.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Santarem marmoset</span> Species of New World monkey

The Santarem marmoset, also known as the black and white tassel-ear marmoset, is a marmoset endemic to the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Pará.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emilia's marmoset</span> Species of New World monkey

The Emilia's marmoset, also known as Snethlage's marmoset, is a marmoset endemic to Brazil. It is found only in the Brazilian states of Pará and Mato Grosso. It was named to honour German-born Brazilian ornithologist Emilie Snethlage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Golden-headed lion tamarin</span> Species of New World monkey

The golden-headed lion tamarin, also the golden-headed tamarin, is a lion tamarin endemic to Brazil. It is found only in the lowland and premontane tropical forest fragments in the state of Bahia, and therefore is considered to be an endangered species. It lives at heights of 3–10 metres (9.8–32.8 ft). Its preferred habitat is within mature forest, but with habitat destruction this is not always the case. Several sources seem to have different information on the number of individuals within a group, and the type of social system that may be apparent. The golden-headed lion tamarin lives within group sizes ranging from 2 to 11 individuals, with the average size ranging from 4 to 7. According to various sources, the group may consist of two adult males, one adult female, and any immature individuals, one male and one female and any immature individuals, or there may be one producing pair and a varying number of other group members, usually offspring from previous generations. There is not much known on its mating system, but according to different sources, and information on the possible social groups, it can be assumed that some may practice monogamous mating systems, and some may practice polyandrous mating systems. Both males and females invest energy in caring for the young, and all members of the group also help with juvenile care.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black-mantled tamarin</span> Species of New World monkey

The black-mantled tamarin, Leontocebus nigricollis, is a species of saddle-back tamarin from the northwestern Amazon in far western Brazil, southeastern Colombia, north-eastern Peru and eastern Ecuador.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Graells's tamarin</span> Subspecies of New World monkey

Graells's tamarin, Leontocebus nigricollis graellsi, is a subspecies of the black-mantled tamarin from the northwestern Amazon in southeastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador and northeastern Peru. It differs from other black-mantled tamarins in having a dull olive-brown lower back, rump and thighs. However, molecular genetic analysis does not support treating Graell's tamarin as a separate species from the black-mantled tamarin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rio Acarí marmoset</span> Species of New World monkey

The Rio Acarí marmoset is a marmoset species endemic to Brazil. It was first described in 2000.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gold-and-white marmoset</span> Species of New World monkey

The gold-and-white marmoset, also known as the golden-white tassel-ear marmoset, is a species of marmoset, a small monkey endemic to the Amazon rainforest in eastern Amazonas state, Brazil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White marmoset</span> Species of New World monkey

The white marmoset, or golden-white bare-ear marmoset, is a species of marmoset, a small monkey endemic to the Amazon rainforest in Pará, Brazil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marca's marmoset</span> Species of New World monkey

The Marca's marmoset is a species of marmoset that is endemic to the Amazon, in the Aripuanã-Manicoré interfluvium in Brazil. Its body is light grey, with orange legs, a black tail, a pinkish face, and naked ears. It is about 9 inches (23 cm) long, excluding the tail, and it has a 15-inch (38 cm) long tail. It weighs about 12 ounces (340 g).

<i>Mico</i> (genus) Genus of New World monkeys

Mico is a genus of New World monkeys of the family Callitrichidae, the family containing marmosets and tamarins. The genus was formerly considered a subgenus of the genus Callithrix.

<i>Callithrix</i> Genus of New World monkeys

Callithrix is a genus of New World monkeys of the family Callitrichidae, the family containing marmosets and tamarins. The genus contains the Atlantic Forest marmosets. The name Callithrix is derived from the Greek words kallos, meaning beautiful, and thrix, meaning hair.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern pygmy marmoset</span> Species of New World monkey

The eastern pygmy marmoset is a marmoset species, a very small New World monkey, found in the southwestern Amazon Rainforest in Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru. It was formerly regarded as conspecific with the similar western pygmy marmoset, but the eastern pygmy marmoset has whitish colored underparts. Although the eastern pygmy marmoset occurs further east than the western pygmy marmoset, the primary separators of their ranges are the Amazon River and Maranon River, with the western occurring to the north of them and the eastern to the south. The species has recently been confirmed by DNA testing to exist in Ecuador, hundreds of kilometers north of the Maranon River.

References

  1. ↑ Groves CP (2005). Wilson DE, Reeder DM (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 130. ISBN   0-801-88221-4. OCLC   62265494.
  2. ↑ Rylands AB, Mittermeier RA (2009). "The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini)". In Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW, Strier KB (eds.). South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Springer. pp. 23–54. ISBN   978-0-387-78704-6.
  3. 1 2 3 4 de Melo, F.R., Port-Carvalho, M., Pereira, D.G., Ruiz-Miranda, C.R., Ferraz, D.S., Bicca-Marques, J.C., Jerusalinsky, L., Oliveira, L.C., Valença-Montenegro, M.M., Valle, R.R., da Cunha, R.G.T., Mittermeier, R.A. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Callithrix aurita". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T3570A191700629. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T3570A191700629.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  4. ↑ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  5. ↑ Rylands AB, Coimbra-Filho AF, Mittermeier RA (1993-06-10). "Systematics, geographic distribution, and some notes on the conservation status of the Callitrichidae". Marmosets and Tamarins. Oxford University Press. pp. 11–77. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198540229.003.0002. ISBN   978-0-19-854022-9.
  6. ↑ Coimbra-Filho AF, Mittermeier RA, Rylands AB, Mendes SL, Kierulff MC, Pinto LP (2006). "The Taxonomic Status of Wied's Black-tufted-ear Marmoset, Callithrix kuhlii (Callitrichidae, Primates)". Primate Conservation. 21: 1–24. doi: 10.1896/0898-6207.21.1.1 . S2CID   51681917.
  7. ↑ Mittermeier RA, Coimbra-Filho AF, Constable ID, Rylands AB, Valle C (January 1982). "Conservation of primates in the Atlantic forest region of eastern Brazil". International Zoo Yearbook. 22 (1): 2–17. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1982.tb02004.x. ISSN   0074-9664.
  8. 1 2 3 Ferrari SF, Kátia H, Corrêa M, Coutinho PE (1996). "Ecology of the "Southern" Marmosets (Callithrix aurita and Callithrix flaviceps)". In Norconk MA, Rosenberger AL, Garber PA (eds.). Adaptive Radiations of Neotropical Primates. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 157–171. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8770-9_9. ISBN   978-1-4419-8770-9 . Retrieved 2023-11-28.
  9. ↑ Brandão LD, Develey PF (1998). "Distribution and conservation of the buffy tufted-ear marmoset, Callithrix aurita, in lowland coastal atlantic forest, southeast Brazil". Neotropical Primates. 6 (3): 86–88. doi: 10.62015/np.1998.v6.402 .
  10. ↑ Corrêa HK, Coutinho PE (April 1997). "Fatal attack of a pit viper,Bothrops jararaca, on an infant buffy-tufted ear marmoset (Callithrix aurita)". Primates. 38 (2): 215–217. doi:10.1007/bf02382010. ISSN   0032-8332. S2CID   20234237.
  11. ↑ "Handbook of the Mammals of the World - Volume 3". Lynx Nature Books. 2019-07-29. Retrieved 2023-11-29.
  12. ↑ Malukiewicz J, Boere V, de Oliveira MA, D'arc M, Ferreira JV, French J, Housman G, de Souza CI, Jerusalinsky L, R de Melo F, M Valença-Montenegro M, Moreira SB, de Oliveira E Silva I, Pacheco FS, Rogers J (2020-12-31). "An Introduction to the Callithrix Genus and Overview of Recent Advances in Marmoset Research". ILAR Journal. 61 (2–3): 110–138. doi: 10.1093/ilar/ilab027 . ISSN   1930-6180. PMID   34933341.
  13. ↑ Muskin A (January 1984). "Field notes and geographic distribution of Callithrix aurita in Eastern Brazil". American Journal of Primatology. 7 (4): 377–380. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350070406. ISSN   0275-2565. PMID   32106636. S2CID   84555471.
  14. ↑ Mf S (1988). "The marmosets, genus callithrix". Ecology and Behavior of Neotropical Primates: 131–222.
  15. ↑ Ross CN, Fite JE, Jensen H, French JA (February 2007). "Demographic review of a captive colony of callitrichids (Callithrix kuhlii)". American Journal of Primatology. 69 (2): 234–240. doi:10.1002/ajp.20367. ISSN   0275-2565. PMC   2980351 . PMID   17177315.
  16. ↑ Martins MM, Setz EZ (2000-06-01). "Diet of Buffy Tufted-Eared Marmosets (Callithrix aurita) in a Forest Fragment in Southeastern Brazil". International Journal of Primatology. 21 (3): 467–476. doi:10.1023/A:1005491903220. ISSN   1573-8604. S2CID   1471465.
  17. ↑ Densidade, genética e saúde populacional como ferramentas para propor um plano de controle e erradicação de invasão biológica: o caso de Callithrix aurita (Primates) no Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, RJ, Brasil (Thesis) (in Brazilian Portuguese).
  18. ↑ "Texto publicado no Diário Oficial do Estado do Rio de Janeiro contendo a listagem das 257 espécies" (PDF) (in Portuguese). p. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 April 2024.
  19. ↑ "Pesquisa de legislação". Norma (in Portuguese).
  20. ↑ "DELIBERAÇÃO NORMATIVA COPAM Nº 147, DE 30 DE ABRIL DE 2010" (PDF). www.siam.mg.gov.br. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
  21. ↑ "Diário Oficial da União" (PDF) (in Brazilian Portuguese). ISSN   1677-7042.
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