Stump-tailed macaque

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Stump-tailed macaque
Stump tailed Macaque P1130751 24.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Family: Cercopithecidae
Genus: Macaca
Species:
M. arctoides [2]
Binomial name
Macaca arctoides [2]
(I. Geoffroy, 1831)
Stump-tailed Macaque area.png
Stump-tailed macaque range
(blue – native, red – introduced, orange – possibly extinct)
Synonyms [1]
  • Macaca brunneus(Anderson, 1871)
  • Macaca harmandi(Trouessart, 1897)
  • Macaca melanotus(Ogilby, 1839)
  • Macaca melli(Matschie, 1912)
  • Macaca rufescens(Anderson, 1872)
  • Macaca speciosus(Murie, 1875)
  • Macaca ursinus(Gervais, 1854)

The stump-tailed macaque (Macaca arctoides), also called the bear macaque, is a species of macaque native to South Asia and Southeast Asia. In India, it occurs south of the Brahmaputra River, in the northeastern part of the country. [3] Its range in India extends from Assam and Meghalaya to eastern Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram and Tripura. [4]

Contents

It is primarily frugivorous but eats many types of vegetation, such as seeds, leaves and roots. It also hunts freshwater crabs, frogs, bird eggs and insects. [5]

Characteristics

The stump-tailed macaque has long, thick, dark brown fur, and its hairless face and its short tail measures between 32 and 69 mm (1.3 and 2.7 in); it has cheek pouches to store food for short periods of time. [5] Infants are born white and darken as they mature. [5] As they age, their bright pink or red faces darken to brown or nearly black and lose most of the hair. [5] Males are larger than females, measuring 51.7–65 cm (20.4–25.6 in) long and weighing 9.7–10.2 kg (21–22 lb), while females measure 48.5–58.5 cm (19.1–23.0 in) and weigh 7.5–9.1 kg (17–20 lb). [5] Males' canine teeth, which are important for establishing dominance within social groups, are more elongated than those of the females. [5]

Distribution and habitat

The stump-tailed macaque is distributed from northeastern India, Myanmar, Thailand and the northwest tip of Peninsular Malaysia to Laos, Cambodia Vietnam and southern China. It inhabits evergreen and tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests at elevations of up to 4,000 m (13,000 ft). [1] It depends on rainforests for food and shelter, only spending time in secondary forests if it is bordering old-growth forest tropical forests. [5] It is possibly extinct in Bangladesh. [1]

In Cambodia, a population of 230 individuals is reported in Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary. [6] [7]

A study population was introduced to Tanaxpillo, an uninhabited island in Lake Catemaco, Veracruz, Mexico in 1974, where it ranges in seminatural conditions. [5] Most information on the species comes from the introduced population on Tanaxpillo and other captive settings, as few long-term studies have been conducted on the stump-tailed macaque in the wild. [5]

Behaviour and ecology

Sound of stump-tailed macaque (Macaca arctoides) – Kaeng Krachan National Park
Stumptail macaques in Kaeng Krachan National Park Macaca arctoides, Stump-tailed macaque - Kaeng Krachan National Park (23274848523).jpg
Stumptail macaques in Kaeng Krachan National Park
Stumptail macaques Macaca arctoides.png
Stumptail macaques

Stump-tailed macaque generally share the same social structure of any macaque species, with a linear, hereditary dominance hierarchy hereditary in females yet fluctuates among males based on their fighting ability and social maneuvering. Compared to rhesus and long-tail macaques, stump-tails defuse intense confrontations, are relatively tolerant of group members, and have a surprisingly rich repertoire of reconciliation tactics. [8]

Reproduction

A study population of female stump-tailed macaques was found to have increased levels of steroid sex hormones, specifically 17β-estradiol and progesterone levels. 17β-estradiol levels were significantly greater during summer and fall and progesterone levels were significantly greater during summer, fall and winter. This explains how stump-tailed macaques have two mating seasons per year: one in summer (July–August) and one in fall (November). This is supported by the distribution of birth frequency in stump-tailed macaques. [9]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Chetry, D.; Boonratana, R.; Das, J.; Yongcheng, L.; Htun, S.; Timmins, R.J. (2020). "Macaca arctoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020 e.T12548A185202632. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T12548A185202632.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 161. ISBN   0-801-88221-4. OCLC   62265494.
  3. ↑ Choudhury, A.U. (1988). "Priority ratings for conservation of Indian primates". Oryx. 22 (2): 89–94. doi: 10.1017/S0030605300027551 . S2CID   86707943.
  4. ↑ Choudhury, A.U. (2002). "Status and conservation of the stump-tailed macaque Macaca arctoides in India". Primate Report. 63: 63–72.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Cawthon Lang, K.A. (2005). "Primate Factsheets: Stump-tailed macaque (Macaca arctoides) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology" . Retrieved 2008-04-17.
  6. ↑ Nuttall, M. N.; Griffin, O.; Fewster, R. M.; McGowan, P. J. K.; Abernethy, K.; O'Kelly, H.; Nut, M.; Sot, V.; Bunnefeld, N. (2021). "Long-term monitoring of wildlife populations for protected area management in Southeast Asia". Conservation Science and Practice. 4 (2) e614. Bibcode:2022ConSP...4E.614N. doi: 10.1111/csp2.614 . hdl: 1893/33780 . S2CID   245405123.
  7. ↑ Griffin, O.; Nuttall, M. (2020). Status of Key Species in Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary 2010-2020. Wildlife Conservation Society Cambodia (Report). Phnom Penh. doi: 10.19121/2020.Report.38511 . S2CID   229677607.
  8. ↑ Call, J.; Aureli, F.; de Waal, F.B.M. (1999). "Reconciliation patterns among stumptailed macaques: a multivariate approach". Animal Behaviour. 58 (1): 165–172. doi:10.1006/anbe.1999.1116. PMID   10413553. S2CID   28385684.
  9. ↑ Mondragón-Ceballos, R.; García-Granados, M.D.; Matamoros-Trejo, G.; Hernández-López, L.E. (2018). "Annual variations in sexual hormones and births' frequency in female stump-tailed macaques (Macaca arctoides)". Theriogenology. 108: 201–206. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.11.013. PMID   29227912.
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