Mantled guereza

Last updated

Mantled guereza [1]
Mantled Guereza.jpg
Male at the Henry Doorly Zoo
Mantelaffe-mit-Baby-Zoo-Muenster.jpg
Female with infant at Münster Zoo
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Cercopithecidae
Genus: Colobus
Species:
C. guereza
Binomial name
Colobus guereza
Rüppell, 1835
Mapa distribucion Colobus guereza.png
Mantled guereza range

The mantled guereza (Colobus guereza), also known simply as the guereza, the eastern black-and-white colobus, or the Abyssinian black-and-white colobus, is a black-and-white colobus, a type of Old World monkey. It is native to much of west central and east Africa, including Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Chad. The species consists of several subspecies that differ in appearance. It has a distinctive appearance, which is alluded to in its name; the long white fringes of hair that run along each side of its black trunk are known as a mantle. Its face is framed with white hair and it has a large white tail tuft.

Contents

The mantled guereza is diurnal and arboreal, found in both deciduous and evergreen forests. It is an adaptable species that can cope with habitat disturbance and prefers secondary forest close to rivers or lakes. Although previously thought to eat only leaves, it also eats seeds, fruits, and arthropods. It is able to digest plant material with a high fibre content with its specialised stomach and may only eat from a few plant species at a time. It is preyed on by birds of prey and some mammals, such as the common chimpanzee and the leopard.

The mantled guereza lives in social groups of three to fifteen individuals. These groups normally include a dominant male, several females, and the offspring of the females. It has a polygynous mating system and copulation is initiated with vocal communication. [3] After a gestation period of just over five months, infants are born with pink skin and white fur, which darkens to the adult coloration by three to four months. The mantled guereza is well known for its dawn chorus, the males' "roar" is a method of long-distance communication that reinforces territorial boundaries. It also makes other vocalization and uses body postures, movements, and facial expressions to communicate.

The mantled guereza is listed as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) because it is widespread – although it is locally threatened in some areas, the decline is not great enough to list it in a higher category of threat. However, one subspecies found in Kenya is listed as Endangered. It can survive well in degraded forests and in some areas it is more common in logged areas than unlogged ones. The mantled guereza is also threatened by hunting for bushmeat and for its skin.

Etymology

The mantled guereza has many alternative common names including the guereza, the eastern black-and-white colobus, the magistrate colobus, [2] or the Abyssinian black-and-white colobus. [4] The name "mantled" refers to its mantle, the long silky white fringes of hair that run along its body and "guereza" is the native name of the monkey in Ethiopia. [5] The scientific name Colobus derives from Greek kolobus meaning "mutilated" which refers to its lack of thumbs. [6]

Taxonomic classification

The mantled guereza was first classified by Eduard Rüppell, a German naturalist and explorer, during his trip to Abyssinia between 1830 and 1834. [7] He wrote about the species in Neue Wirbelthiere con Abyssinien, Saengthiere in 1835. [8] It was first seen in Europe in 1890 in Berlin Zoological Garden when three individuals were purchased from a dealer from Massawa, Eritrea. [9]

Distribution map of subspecies of Mantled guereza Colobus guereza map.svg
Distribution map of subspecies of Mantled guereza

The mantled guereza is in the Colobinae subfamily, also known as the leaf-eating monkeys, a group of Old World monkeys from Asia and Africa. This subfamily is split into three groups, the colobus monkeys of Africa, of which the mantled guereza is a part, the langurs, or leaf monkeys, of Asia, and an "odd-nosed" group. The African colobus monkeys are divided again by distinctions in color, behavior, and ecology. The three genera are the black-and-white colobi, the red colobi, and the olive colobi. There are three black-and-white colobi: the mantled guereza, Colobus guereza, the king colobus, C. polykomos, and the Angola colobus, C. angolensis. [10] Groves lists seven subspecies of mantled guereza in Mammal Species of the World (MSW) (2005). [1] The validity of the Djaffa Mountain guereza, C. g. gallarum, is uncertain, although not listed by Groves in MSW, it is recognised in his 2007 Colobinae review paper, [11] and by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) assessors Gippolliti and Butynski in 2008. [2]

The morphological difference between subspecies is most pronounced between the southeastern Kilimanjaro guereza, C. g. caudatus, and the northwestern western guereza, C. g. occidentalis. The intermediate subspecies show a gradual change between the two. [11]

Physical description

3d model of the skeleton Colobus guereza 3d scan Natural History Museum University of Pisa C 1765.stl
3d model of the skeleton
A skull at the Museum Wiesbaden in Wiesbaden, Germany Colobus guereza 04 MWNH 212.jpg
A skull at the Museum Wiesbaden in Wiesbaden, Germany

The mantled guereza has a distinctive pelage, which is mostly black, with long white fringes of silky hair—known as a mantle or ornamentation—along the sides of its body and tail. The bands that make up the mantle start at the shoulders and extend along the back until they connect at the lower torso. The tail is long and ends in a white tuft which varies in how much it covers the tail. These features vary in color among subspecies, for example the tail of C. g. guereza is gray until the white tail tuft which covers half of its length, while the tail tuft of C. g. caudatus makes up 80% of the tail. The mantle color ranges from white to cream or yellow. Its face is framed by white hair and it has bushy cheek hairs. The thigh has a white stripe. [12]

Infants are born with pink skin and white hair. The hair and skin darken as they age and by three to four months they attain adult coloration. Male usually gain their coloration before females. [13] The male typically weighs 9.3 and 13.5 kilograms (21 and 30 lb) and the female weighs between 7.8 and 9.2 kilograms (17 and 20 lb). The head and body length averages 61.5 centimetres (24.2 in) for males and 57.6 centimetres (22.7 in) for females. Like most colobi, the mantled guereza has a small thumb that is vestigial. [14] [15] There is dentition sexual dimorphism among the subspecies. In some, the males have larger teeth than females, in others the reverse is true, and some have no significant difference. [16]

Distribution and habitat

Mantled guerezas are arboreal and prefer secondary forests. Colobuses in Murchison Falls National Park.JPG
Mantled guerezas are arboreal and prefer secondary forests.

The mantled guereza is distributed throughout Equatorial Africa. It ranges from Nigeria and Cameroon in the west to Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, and northern Tanzania in the east. [12] [14] The mantled guereza lives in both deciduous and evergreen forests. It mainly inhabits forest and savannah woodlands and often extend into highland and montane forests. [17] It can be found in other forest habitats, both primary and secondary, such as riparian (near fresh or brackish water), gallery, and upland forests. It is particularly common in forests close to rivers and lakes and at high elevations. [18] It can be found in elevations as high as 3,300 metres (10,800 ft). [19] This species prefers secondary forests and selects them over old-growth forests if given the choice. [20] It is likely that the mantled guereza prefers these forests due to the increased number of food trees and the weaker chemical defenses of the species within. [20] The mantled guereza is sometimes found in swamps [21] as well as human-made habitats such as Eucalyptus plantations, which may be frequented when the monkey has nutritional deficiencies. [19]

Ecology

The mantled guereza is primarily arboreal, but does sometimes descend on the ground to forage and travel, perhaps more so than most other colobines. It is diurnal and rests for up to half the day. Foraging or travelling are the next most common activity. Sometime after dawn, mantled guereza groups leave their sleeping trees and will return to them at dusk. During the day, the mantled guereza has long rest periods in between periods of moving and feeding. [22] [23] [24] Other activities, including grooming, greeting, playing and being vigilant, are performed to a lesser extent. [23] [24]

The diet of the mantled guereza is predominantly leaves, often of only a few tree species. Black-and-white Colubus.jpg
The diet of the mantled guereza is predominantly leaves, often of only a few tree species.

Despite its reputation as an exclusive leaf-eater, the mantled guereza is not an obligate folivore. [15] While it mainly eats leaves and fruit, its diet is quite variable. It may eat bark, wood, seeds, flowers, petioles, lianas, aquatic-plants, arthropods, soil, and even concrete from buildings. [25] The amount of each food item in its diet varies by area and time of year. Nutritional factors like protein, tannins, and sodium levels in leaves influence its food choices. It may even intermittently travel longer distances to access plants with higher levels of nutrition. [26] Leaves usually make up over half of its diet, although fruits are occasionally eaten more depending on the season. [15] [19] When foraging for leaves, the mantled guereza prefers young ones over old. [20] With fleshy fruits, the mantled guereza prefers to eat them unripe, which may serve to reduce competition with primates that eat ripe fruits. [25] It consumes a number of plant species but only some make up most of its diet at a specific site. [21] [25]

Like all colobi, the mantled guereza is able to digest leaves and other plant fibers with a large, multi-chambered stomach that contains bacteria in certain areas. [27] Like most colobines, it prefers foods with high fiber content that can be easily extracted with its specialized stomach. [26] The mantled guereza is mostly preyed on by the crowned hawk-eagle, [28] but it is also eaten by other birds of prey such as Verreaux's eagle. [19] The common chimpanzee is known to hunt the guereza. [29] The leopard is another possible predator. [30]

Behaviour

Social structure

Social grooming or allogrooming mainly occurs between females and is an important social interaction in mantled guereza groups. Colobus guereza Mantelaffen.JPG
Social grooming or allogrooming mainly occurs between females and is an important social interaction in mantled guereza groups.

The mantled guereza lives in stable social groups usually containing three to fifteen members. [23] The groups usually contain one male, several females and juveniles. In some populations, groups containing several males are common. [31] In multi-male groups, males tend to be aggressive with one another with one being dominant. Some males may be expelled from these groups. [22] Multi-male groups may contain father-son pairs or unrelated males. [32] Males that are not part of groups either live solitarily or with other outside males in bachelor groups. The females keep the groups cohesive and they are matrilineally related. They rarely disperse from their natal groups, except possibly when they break apart. [22] Males on the other hand, usually leave when they become subadults or adults. They may start out being solitary and or in bachelor groups. They gain entry into a social group either by being on the periphery or displacing a group male. [19]

Because of its low quality diet and the dispersed distribution of its food, the mantled guereza has a resident-egalitarian social structure. Female guerezas living in a group often have an egalitarian dominance style with no formalized rank relations. Relationships are relaxed and friendly with rare signals of dominance or subordinance. Physical aggression within the group is usually not harmful and rarely escalates into a conflict. Allogrooming is an important part of mantled guereza interactions and mostly occurs between females. [33] The adult males rarely groom in the groups. While not strictly territorial, mantled guereza groups can be aggressive towards each other. [23] In some populations, groups may defend core areas (which exist as a small part of the home range), resources, and mates. During intergroup encounters, males can engage in direct or indirect mate defense, like defending a female's resources. [34] It is the males that participate in agonistic inter-group encounters but female may do so as well. [23] Aggressive encounters between groups usually involve chases, displays and vocalizations rather than physical contact. [23]

Two Mantled guereza in a Japanese zoo.

Reproduction and parenting

Infants are born with white fur and are always carried during the first months of their life. 2011 Colobus guereza cropped2.jpg
Infants are born with white fur and are always carried during the first months of their life.

The mantled guereza has a polygynous harem-based mating system. [15] [22] Mating solicitations are made by both males and females, half of the time for each. [35] To solicit mating, the mantled guereza will walk near its potential partner and make low-intensity mouth clicks or tough-smacks. [36] During copulation, the males hold on the female's ankles and body. [37] Most matings take place between individuals of the same group but copulations outside of the group have been recorded. [37] In multi-male groups, more than one male may mate with the females. [23] The gestation period lasts 158 days with a 16–22 month interbirth interval. [19] The newborn guereza relies on its mother for support and must cling to her. As they grow older, infants can move on their own but keep returning to their mothers. [38] The infants take up most of the attention in the groups. The other females in a group may handle an infant although the latter are only comfortable with their mothers. [39] The males normally do not pay much attention to infants until they are four to five weeks old. [38] Infants can eat solid food at about eight to nine weeks and by fifty weeks they are fully weaned and no longer need to hold on to their mothers. [39]

Communication

The most notable vocalization of the mantled guereza is the "roar", which is made mainly at night or dawn by males. The sound of a roar can be carried for up to a mile. It is normally the dominant male who roars when there are multiple males in the group. Roars are used for long-distance communication and can regulate inter-group spacing without direct, physical contact while foraging. [40] When one male starts roaring, neighboring males will start to roar as well. [37] Often, the mantled guereza will respond to calls regardless of "caller identity," focusing more on the collective vocal displays and not the familiarity of the caller. [40] There is variation in the roars of males which could signal the status of their group and fighting ability. [37] With a roar, a male can advertise his body size; both actual and exaggerated. [41] Other vocalizations are made as well. Males may snort, possibly as an alarm call. "Purrs" are made before group movements. Females and infants may "caw" when under mild distress. When in more serious distress, like if an infant is in danger, females and sub-adults will squeak or scream. "Tongue-clicking" is made during mild aggression. [42] In addition to vocalizations, the mantled guereza communicates with several different body postures and movements, displaying of fringe fur, facial expressions, and touches. [39]

Conservation status

The mantled guereza is hunted for its skin and meat. Colobus Guereza fur skin.jpg
The mantled guereza is hunted for its skin and meat.

Because it can live in both dry and gallery forests and move on the ground, the mantled guereza is less threatened than many other colobine species. [43] The IUCN lists it as Least Concern because "although locally threatened in parts of its range, this widespread species is not thought to be declining fast enough to place it in a higher category of threat." [2] However, some of the subspecies are classified under different categories. The Mt Uaraguess guereza, C. g. percivali, is listed as Endangered due to its small range and its risk from hunting, [44] while the Dodinga Hills guereza, C. g. dodingae, the Djaffa Mountains guereza, C. g. gallarum, and the Mau Forest guereza, C. g. matschiei are all listed as Data Deficient. [45] [46] [47]

The Dodinga Hills guereza has not been recorded since the 1960s. [45] Unlike most other primate species, the mantled guereza can survive habitat degradation and can even thrive in degraded forests. [48] Sometimes, logging may increase the number of preferred food trees for the mantled guereza and it is more abundant in logged areas than unlogged ones. [43] However, complete forest clearance causes dramatic declines in numbers. In Uganda complete forest clearings caused a decline of 50% over eight years. [49] The mantled guereza is also threatened by hunting for meat and its skin. Mantled guereza meat sells as bushmeat for $4–9 US. [50] The skins have been sold for fashion or in the tourist trade. [51]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black-and-white colobus</span> Genus of Old World monkeys

Black-and-white colobuses are Old World monkeys of the genus Colobus, native to Africa. They are closely related to the red colobus monkeys of genus Piliocolobus. There are five species of this monkey, and at least eight subspecies. They are generally found in high-density forests where they forage on leaves, flowers and fruit. Social groups of colobus are diverse, varying from group to group. Resident-egalitarian and allomothering relationships have been observed among the female population. Complex behaviours have also been observed in this species, including greeting rituals and varying group sleeping patterns. Colobi play a significant role in seed dispersal.

<i>Semnopithecus</i> Genus of Old World monkeys

Semnopithecus is a genus of Old World monkeys native to the Indian subcontinent, with all species with the exception of two being commonly known as gray langurs. Traditionally only the species Semnopithecus entellus was recognized, but since about 2001 additional species have been recognized. The taxonomy has been in flux, but currently eight species are recognized.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue monkey</span> Species of Old World monkey

The blue monkey or diademed monkey is a species of Old World monkey native to Central and East Africa, ranging from the upper Congo River basin east to the East African Rift and south to northern Angola and Zambia. It sometimes includes Sykes', silver, and golden monkeys as subspecies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zanzibar red colobus</span> Species of Old World monkey

The Zanzibar red colobus is a species of red colobus monkey endemic to Unguja, the main island of the Zanzibar Archipelago, off the coast of Tanzania. It is also known as Kirk's red colobus after Sir John Kirk, the British Resident of Zanzibar who first brought it to the attention of zoological science. It is now classified as an endangered species and in the mid-1990s was adopted as the flagship species for conservation in Zanzibar. The population is still decreasing, and conservationists are attempting to work with the local government to devise a proper, effective strategy to protect the population and habitat. Challenges include the species' habitat, which is limited to the archipelago. The species has been reclassified three times; it was previously in the genus Colobus, then in the genus Procolobus, and later in the genus Piliocolobus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Colobinae</span> Subfamily of Old World monkeys

The Colobinae or leaf-eating monkeys are a subfamily of the Old World monkey family that includes 61 species in 11 genera, including the black-and-white colobus, the large-nosed proboscis monkey, and the gray langurs. Some classifications split the colobine monkeys into two tribes, while others split them into three groups. Both classifications put the three African genera Colobus, Piliocolobus, and Procolobus in one group; these genera are distinct in that they have stub thumbs. The various Asian genera are placed into another one or two groups. Analysis of mtDNA confirms the Asian species form two distinct groups, one of langurs and the other of the "odd-nosed" species, but are inconsistent as to the relationships of the gray langurs; some studies suggest that the gray langurs are not closely related to either of these groups, while others place them firmly within the langur group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">King colobus</span> Species of Old World monkey

The king colobus, also known as the western black-and-white colobus, is a species of Old World monkey, found in lowland and mountain rainforests in a region stretching from Senegal, through Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia to the Ivory Coast. One of five members of the genus Colobus, the black-and-white colobuses, the king colobus is the westernmost species of the group on the continent of Africa. It eats mainly leaves, but also fruits and flowers. Though it is arboreal, it eats primarily on the ground. It lives in small groups consisting of 3 to 4 females and 1 to 3 males, plus their young. These groups maintain distance from one another through territorial calling.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red colobus</span> Genus of Old World monkeys

Red colobuses are Old World monkeys of the genus Piliocolobus. It was formerly considered a subgenus within the genus Procolobus, which is now restricted to the olive colobus. They are closely related to the black-and-white colobus monkeys, and some species are often found in groups with the blue monkey. The western red colobus is frequently hunted by the common chimpanzee.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mantled howler</span> Species of New World monkey

The mantled howler is a species of howler monkey, a type of New World monkey, from Central and South America. It is one of the monkey species most often seen and heard in the wild in Central America. It takes its "mantled" name from the long guard hairs on its sides.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">De Brazza's monkey</span> Species of Old World monkey

De Brazza's monkey is an Old World monkey endemic to the riverine and swamp forests of central Africa. The largest species in the guenon family, it is one of the most widespread arboreal African primates. Aside from size, it can be differentiated from other Cercopithecus monkeys by its orange diadem and white beard. Due to its cryptic nature, the species is not well documented in all of its habitats but has shown unique traits, such as pair-bonding and aggressive behavior towards other guenons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Angola colobus</span> Species of Old World monkey

The Angola colobus, Angolan black-and-white colobus, or Angolan colobus is a primate species of Old World monkey belonging to the genus Colobus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wolf's mona monkey</span> Species of Old World monkey

Wolf's mona monkey, also called Wolf's guenon, is a colourful Old World monkey in the family Cercopithecidae. It is found in central Africa, primarily between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda. It lives in primary and secondary lowland rainforest and swamp forest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black colobus</span> Species of Old World monkey

The black colobus, or satanic black colobus, is a species of Old World monkey belonging to the genus Colobus. The species is found in a small area of western central Africa. Black colobuses are large, completely covered with black fur, and like all other Colobus monkeys, do not have a thumb. The species has faced large declines in population due to habitat destruction and hunting by humans, and was consequently listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List in 1994.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ursine colobus</span> Species of Old World monkey

The ursine colobus, also known as the white-thighed colobus, Geoffroy's black-and-white colobus, or the white-thighed black-and-white colobus, is a West African species of primate in the family Cercopithecidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pennant's colobus</span> Species of Old World monkey

Pennant's colobus or Pennant's red colobus is a species of tree-dwelling primate in the family Cercopithecidae. It is endemic to tropical Central Africa. Three subspecies have traditionally been recognised but its distribution is peculiarly disjunct and has been considered a biogeographical puzzle, with one population on the island of Bioko, a second in the Niger River Delta in southern Nigeria, and a third in east-central Republic of Congo. It is found in rainforests and marshy forests. It is threatened by habitat loss and hunting for bushmeat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tana River red colobus</span> Species of Old World monkey

The Tana River red colobus, also called the eastern red colobus, is a highly endangered species of primate in the family Cercopithecidae. It is endemic to a narrow zone of gallery forest near the Tana River in southeastern Kenya.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Olive colobus</span> Species of Old World monkey

The olive colobus monkey, also known as the green colobus or Van Beneden's colobus, is a species of primate in the family Cercopithecidae. Its English name refers to its dull olive upperparts. It is the smallest example of all colobine monkeys and is rarely observed in its natural habitat because of its cryptic coloration and secretive nature. It is found in the rain forests of West Africa, ranging from southern Sierra Leone to Nigeria. The IUCN Red List classifies the olive colobus as vulnerable, with the cause of its decline attributed to habitat loss and hunting. Though much of the land within the range of the olive colobus has been affected by human activities, it retains its ability to thrive in small degraded forest fragments.

<i>Afromorus</i> Species of tree

Afromorus mesozygia, known as black mulberry or African mulberry, is the only species in the genus Afromorus. The plant is a small- to medium-sized forest tree of Tropical Africa. Its leaves and fruit provide food for the mantled guereza, a colobus monkey native to much of Tropical Africa, and for the common chimpanzee of West and Central Africa. It is also a commercial hardwood.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ugandan red colobus</span> Species of Old World monkey

The Ugandan red colobus or ashy red colobus is an endangered species of red colobus monkey, recognised as a distinct species since 2001. There is disagreement however over taxonomy with many considering the Ugandan red colobus to be a subspecies. The Ugandan red colobus is an Old World monkey which is found in five different locations across Uganda and Tanzania.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Niger Delta red colobus</span> Species of Old World monkey

The Niger Delta red colobus is a critically endangered species of colobus monkey endemic to the western part of the Niger Delta. It is threatened by hunting and habitat loss.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crowned eagle</span> Species of bird

The crowned eagle, also known as the African crowned eagle or the crowned hawk-eagle, is a large bird of prey found in sub-Saharan Africa; in Southern Africa, it is restricted to more easterly areas. Its preferred habitats are principally riparian woodlands and various forests. The crowned eagle is the only extant member of the genus Stephanoaetus. A second species, the Malagasy crowned eagle, went extinct after early humans settled on Madagascar.

References

  1. 1 2 Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 168. ISBN   0-801-88221-4. OCLC   62265494.
  2. 1 2 3 4 de Jong, Y.A.; Butynski, T.M.; Oates, J.F. (2019). "Colobus guereza". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019: e.T5143A17944705. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T5143A17944705.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  3. ↑ Kim, Kenneth (June 21, 2024). "Colobus guereza". University of Michigan Museum of Zoology's Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
  4. ↑ Wolfheim, J. H. (1983). Primates Of The World: Distribution, Abundance And Conservation. Routledge. ISBN   978-3-7186-0190-5.
  5. ↑ "Guereza". Merriam-Webster dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
  6. ↑ Grzimek, B. (1972). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia: Mammals I-IV. Vol. 10. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. p. 464.
  7. ↑ Beolens, B.; Watkins, M.; Grayson, M. (2009). The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals . JHU Press. p.  353. ISBN   978-0-8018-9533-3.
  8. ↑ A Catalogue of the Mammalia in the Museum of the Hon. East-India Company (Google eBook). Allen. 1851. p. 16.
  9. ↑ Heck, L. (1892). "Two rare monkeys". The Popular Science Monthly. 41 (22). Bonnier Corporation: 393. ISSN   0161-7370.
  10. ↑ Fleagle, J. G. (1998). Primate Adaptation and Evolution (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp.  207–209. ISBN   978-0-12-260341-9.
  11. 1 2 Groves, C. (2007). "The taxonomic diversity of the Colobinae of Africa" (PDF). Journal of Anthropological Sciences . 85: 7–34. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-19.
  12. 1 2 Groves, C. (2001). Primate Taxonomy. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
  13. ↑ Ackerman, D. E. (1991). "A study of the colobus monkey (Colobus guereza kikuyuensis)". Animal Keeper's Forum. 18 (4): 164–171.
  14. 1 2 Napier, P. H. (1985). Catalogue of Primates in the British Museum (Natural History) and Elsewhere in the British Isles, part III: Family Cercopithecidae, Subfamily Colobinae. London: British Museum (Natural History).
  15. 1 2 3 4 Davies & Oates 1994.
  16. ↑ Hayes, V. J.; Freedman, L.; Oxnard, C. E. (1995). "The differential expression of dental sexual dimorphism in subspecies of Colobus guereza". International Journal of Primatology. 16 (6): 971–996. doi:10.1007/bf02696112. S2CID   23753155.
  17. ↑ Oates 1994a, pp. 75–128.
  18. ↑ Dunbar, R. I. M. (1987). "Habitat quality, population dynamics, and group composition in colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza)". International Journal of Primatology. 8 (4): 299–329. doi:10.1007/bf02737386. S2CID   2006267.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dunbar, R. I. M.; Dunbar, E. P. (1974). "Ecology and population dynamics of Colobus guereza in Ethiopia". Folia Primatologica. 21 (3–4): 188–208. doi:10.1159/000155600. PMID   4214737.
  20. 1 2 3 Lwanga, J. S. (2006). "Spatial distribution of primates in a mosaic of colonizing and old growth forest at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda". Primates. 47 (3): 230–238. doi:10.1007/s10329-005-0173-5. PMID   16479411. S2CID   8734069.
  21. 1 2 Oates, J. F. (1978). "Water-plant and soil consumption by guereza monkeys (Colobus guereza): a relationship with minerals and toxins in the diet?". Biotropica. 10 (4): 241–253. doi:10.2307/2387676. JSTOR   2387676.
  22. 1 2 3 4 Bocian, C. M. (1997). Niche separation of black-and-white colobus monkeys (Colobus angolensis and C. guereza) in the Ituri Forest (Ph.D.). City University of New York.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 von Hippel, F. A. (1996). "Interactions between overlapping multimale groups of black and white colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza) in the Kakamega Forest, Kenya". American Journal of Primatology. 38 (3): 193–209. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1996)38:3<193::AID-AJP1>3.0.CO;2-U. PMID   31918478. S2CID   210133123.
  24. 1 2 Oates, J. F. (1977a). "The guereza and its food". In Clutton-Brock, T. H. (ed.). Primate Ecology: Studies of Feeding and Ranging Behaviour in Lemurs, Monkeys and Apes. London: Academic Press. pp. 275–321.
  25. 1 2 3 Harris, T. R.; Chapman, C. A. (2007). "Variation in diet and ranging of black and white colobus monkeys in Kibale National Park, Uganda" (PDF). Primates. 48 (3): 208–221. doi:10.1007/s10329-006-0036-8. PMID   17429575. S2CID   6986510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-09-02.
  26. 1 2 Fashing, P. J.; Dierenfeld, E. S.; Mowry, C. B. (2007). "Influence of plant and soil chemistry on food selection, ranging patterns, and biomass of Colobus guereza in Kakamega Forest, Kenya" (PDF). International Journal of Primatology. 28 (3): 673. doi:10.1007/s10764-006-9096-2. S2CID   25984104.
  27. ↑ Oates, Davies & Delson 1994, pp. 45–73.
  28. ↑ Struhsaker, T. T.; Leakey, M. (1990). "Prey selectivity by crowned hawk-eagles on monkeys in the Kibale Forest, Uganda". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 26 (6): 435–443. doi:10.1007/bf00170902. S2CID   21024373.
  29. ↑ Ihobe, H. (2001). "Hunting attempt by chimpanzees on Abyssinian colobus at the Kalinzu Forest, Uganda". Pan Africa News. 8 (2): 31–32. doi: 10.5134/143397 .
  30. ↑ Schel, A. M.; Tranquilli, S.; Zuberbühler, K. (2009). "The alarm call system of two species of black-and-white colobus monkeys (Colobus polykomos and Colobus guereza)" (PDF). Journal of Comparative Psychology. 123 (2): 136–150. doi:10.1037/a0014280. PMID   19450021.
  31. ↑ Dunbar, R. I. M. (1976). "Contrasts in social structure among black-and-white colobus monkey groups". Animal Behaviour. 24 (1): 84–92. doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(76)80102-9. PMID   817624. S2CID   20145070.
  32. ↑ Harris, T. R.; Caillaud, D.; Chapman, C. A.; Vigilant, L. (2009). "Neither genetic nor observational data alone are sufficient for understanding sex-biased dispersal in a social-group-living species". Molecular Ecology. 18 (8): 1777–1790. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04139.x. PMID   19302351. S2CID   26345361.
  33. ↑ Grunau, T.; Kuester, J. (2001). "Dominance style in female guerezas (Colobus guereza Rüppell 1835)". Primates. 42 (4): 301. doi:10.1007/BF02629621. S2CID   43214796.
  34. ↑ Fashing, P. (2001). "Male and female strategies during intergroup encounters in guerezas (Colobus guereza): Evidence for resource defense mediated through males and a comparison with other primates" (PDF). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 50 (3): 219–230. doi:10.1007/s002650100358. S2CID   12964572.
  35. ↑ Harris, T. R.; Monfort, S. L. (2006). "Mating behavior and endocrine profiles of wild black and white colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza): Toward an understanding of their life history and mating system". American Journal of Primatology. 68 (4): 383–396. doi:10.1002/ajp.20232. PMID   16534807. S2CID   7198092.
  36. ↑ Grimes, K. H. (2000). Guereza dietary and behavioural patterns at the Entebbe Botanical Gardens (M.A.). University of Calgary.
  37. 1 2 3 4 Harris, T. R. (2005). Roaring, intergroup aggression, and feeding competition in black and white colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza) at Kanyawara, Kibale National Park, Uganda. Ph.D. thesis. Yale University.
  38. 1 2 Horwich, R. H.; Manski, D. (1975). "Maternal care and infant transfer in two species of Colobus monkeys" (PDF). Primates. 16: 49–73. doi:10.1007/BF02381799. S2CID   45582808. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-09-02.
  39. 1 2 3 Oates, J. F. (1977). "The social life of a black-and-white colobus monkey, Colobus guereza". Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie. 45 (1): 1–60. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1977.tb01007.x. PMID   414475.
  40. 1 2 Schel, A. M.; Zuberbühler, K. (2011). "Dawn chorusing in guereza colobus monkeys". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 66 (3): 361. doi:10.1007/s00265-011-1282-3. S2CID   7149453.
  41. ↑ Harris, T. R.; Fitch, W. T.; Goldstein, L. M.; Fashing, P. J. (2006). "Black and white colobus monkey (Colobus guereza) roars as a source of both honest and exaggerated information about body mass" (PDF). Ethology. 112 (9): 911. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2006.01247.x.
  42. ↑ Marler, P. (1972). "Vocalizations of East African monkeys II: black and white colobus". Behaviour. 42 (3): 175–197. doi:10.1163/156853972X00266.
  43. 1 2 Oates 1994b, pp. 347–358.
  44. ↑ Mwenja, I. (2019). "Colobus guereza ssp. percivali". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019: e.T40007A17983118. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T40007A17983118.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  45. 1 2 Butynski, T.M.; de Jong, Y.A. (2020). "Colobus guereza ssp. dodingae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T136880A17983306. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136880A17983306.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  46. ↑ Fashing, P.J.; Oates, J.F. (2019). "Colobus guereza ssp. gallarum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019: e.T5150A17983175. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T5150A17983175.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  47. ↑ Butynski, T.M.; de Jong, Y.A. (2020). "Colobus guereza ssp. matschiei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T136846A176219904. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T136846A176219904.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  48. ↑ Chapman, C. A.; Balcomb, S. R.; Gillespie, T. R.; Skorupa, J. P.; Struhsaker, T. T. (2000). "Long-term effects of logging on African primate communities: A 28-year comparison from Kibale National Park, Uganda" (PDF). Conservation Biology. 14: 207–217. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98592.x. S2CID   6827577. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-03-03. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
  49. ↑ Chapman, C. A.; Naughton-Treves, L.; Lawes, M. J.; Wasserman, M. D.; Gillespie, T. R. (2007). "Population declines of Colobus in western Uganda and conservation value of forest fragments" (PDF). International Journal of Primatology. 28 (3): 513. doi:10.1007/s10764-007-9142-8. S2CID   20186034. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2015-09-02.
  50. ↑ Eves, H. E.; Ruggiero, R. G. (2000). "Socioeconomics and the sustainability of hunting in the forests of northern Congo (Brazzaville)". In Robinson, J. G.; Bennett, E. L. (eds.). Hunting for Sustainability in Tropical Forests . New York: Columbia University Press. pp.  427–454. ISBN   978-0-231-50492-8.
  51. ↑ Oates, J. F. (1977c). "The guereza and man". In Rainier III, Prince of Monaco; Bourne, G. H. (eds.). Primate Conservation. New York: Academic Press. pp. 419–467. ISBN   978-0-12-576150-5.

Cited sources

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.