Presbytis

Presbytis
	Javan surili
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Suborder:	Haplorhini
Infraorder:	Simiiformes
Family:	Cercopithecidae
Subfamily:	Colobinae
Tribe:	Presbytini
Genus:	Presbytis ; Eschscholtz, 1821
Type species
	Presbytis mitrata ; Eschsholtz, 1821; (Simia melalophos Raffles, 1821)
Species
	11, see text

Last updated January 14, 2024

Presbytis is a genus of Old World monkeys also known as langurs, leaf monkeys, or surilis. Members of the genus live in the Thai-Malay Peninsula, on Sumatra, Borneo, Java and smaller nearby islands.^[1]

Description

Surilis are rather small, slimly built primates. Their fur at the top is brown, grey, black, or orange, and at the lower surface whitish or greyish, sometimes also orange, with some species having fur designs at the head or at the hips.^[2]^[3] Their German name of Mützenlanguren ("capped langurs") comes from the hair on their head, which forms a tuft. They differ from the other langurs by characteristics in the shape of their head (particularly the poorly developed or absent brow ridges, and the prominent nasal bones),^[2] in the teeth, and by the size of their small thumbs. Surilis range in adult length from 40 to 60 cm (with a 50- to 85-cm-long tail) and a weight of 5 to 8 kg.^[2]

Behaviour

Diurnal forest dwellers, they spend nearly their entire lives in the trees. They live in groups of up to 21 animals (typically 10 or fewer animals in most species) consisting of a male, several females, and their young.^[3] A few species have been observed in monogamous pairings (particularly the Mentawai langur),^[3] although this might be a reaction to the decrease of their habitat. Lone males and all-male groups have also been reported.^[2] The groups are hierarchically developed, with intergroup communication that is both vocal and postural.

Diet

The surilis' diet consists of leaves, fruits, and seeds.^[3]

Breeding

Gestation time is 5–6 months, and births are typically of single young. Newborn animals are white colored and have a black strip at the back, although some have a cross-shaped mark. By one year old, the young are weaned and at an age of 4–5 years, they are fully mature. The typical life expectancy in the wild remains poorly known for most species, but captive Sumatran surilis have lived more than 18 years.^[2]

Conservation

Several species in this genus are restricted to regions with extensive habitat destruction, and are also threatened by hunting. Consequently, 16 of the 19 species are rated as vulnerable or worse by IUCN,^[4] and the Sarawak surili has been referred to as "one of the rarest primates in the world."^[5] Recently, a subspecies of Hose's langur called Miller's grizzled langur, thought to be extinct, was rediscovered in the Wehea Forest on the eastern tip of Borneo island,^[6] though it remains one of the world's most endangered primates.^[7]

Taxonomy

Two other genera, Trachypithecus and Semnopithecus , were formerly considered subgenera of Presbytis.^[1] The species-level taxonomy of Presbytis is complex, and significant changes have been proposed for several in recent years.^[1]^[8]^[9]^[10]

Genus **Presbytis** – Eschscholtz, 1821 – nineteen species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Black Sumatran langur	P. sumatranus (S. Müller, Schlegel, 1841)	Island of Sumatra in Indonesia	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[11] Habitat: Forest^[12] Diet: Fruit, leaves, seeds and flowers^[12]	EN Unknown ^[12]
Black-and-white langur	P. bicolor Aimi, Bakar, 1992	Island of Sumatra	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[11] Habitat: Forest^[13] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[11]	DD Unknown ^[13]
Black-crested Sumatran langur	P. melalophos (Raffles, 1821)	Island of Sumatra	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[11] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[14] Diet: Fruits and leaves, as well as seeds and flowers^[15]	EN Unknown ^[14]
East Sumatran banded langur	P. percura Lyon, 1908	Island of Sumatra	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[11] Habitat: Forest^[16] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[11]	CR Unknown ^[16]
Hose's langur	P. hosei (Thomas, 1889)	Borneo	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[11] Habitat: Forest^[17] Diet: Leaves, unripe fruits, seeds, flowers, bird eggs and nestlings^[17]	VU Unknown ^[17]
Javan surili	P. comata (Desmarest, 1822) Two subspecies P. c. comata P. c. fredericae	Island of Java in Indonesia	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[11] Habitat: Forest^[18] Diet: Leaves, as well as fruits, flowers, and seeds^[18]	VU 5,500 ^[18]
Maroon leaf monkey	P. rubicunda (Müller, 1838) Five subspecies P. r. carimatae P. r. chrysea P. r. ignita P. r. rubicunda P. r. rubida	Borneo	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[11] Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands^[19] Diet: Leaves, seeds, and fruit, as well as flowers and pith^[19]	VU Unknown ^[19]
Siberut langur	P. siberu (Chasen, Kloss, 1928)	Island of Siberut in Indonesia	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[11] Habitat: Forest^[20] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[11]	EN Unknown ^[20]
Mentawai langur	P. potenziani (Bonaparte, 1856)	Mentawai islands in Indonesia	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[11] Habitat: Forest^[21] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[11]	CR Unknown ^[21]
Miller's langur	P. canicrus G. S. Miller, 1934	Eastern Borneo (in light green)	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[11] Habitat: Forest^[22] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[11]	EN Unknown ^[22]
Mitered langur	P. mitrata Eschscholtz, 1821	Island of Sumatra	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[11] Habitat: Forest^[23] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[11]	VU Unknown ^[23]
Natuna Island surili	P. natunae (Thomas, Hartert, 1894)	Island of Natuna Besar in Indonesia	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[11] Habitat: Forest^[24] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[11]	VU 9,000 ^[24]
Raffles' banded langur	P. femoralis (Martin, 1838)	Singapore and southern Peninsular Malaysia	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[11] Habitat: Forest^[25] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[11]	CR 200–250 ^[25]
Robinson's banded langur	P. robinsoni Thomas, 1910	Southern Malay Peninsula	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[11] Habitat: Forest^[26] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[11]	NT Unknown ^[26]
Sabah grizzled langur	P. sabana (Thomas, 1893)	Eastern Borneo (in dark brown)	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[11] Habitat: Forest^[27] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[11]	EN Unknown ^[27]
Sarawak surili	P. chrysomelas (Müller, 1838) Two subspecies P. c. chrysomelas P. c. cruciger	Northern Borneo	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[11] Habitat: Forest^[5] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[11]	CR Unknown ^[5]
Thomas's langur	P. thomasi (Collett, 1893)	Northern island of Sumatra in Indonesia	Size: 42–62 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[28] Habitat: Forest^[29] Diet: Fruit, leaves, and seeds, as well as flowers, bark, twigs, stalks, birds, bird eggs, algae, and insects^[28]	VU Unknown ^[29]
White-fronted surili	P. frontata (Müller, 1838)	Borneo	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[11] Habitat: Forest^[30] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[11]	VU Unknown ^[30]
White-thighed surili	P. siamensis (Müller, Schlegel, 1838) Four subspecies P. s. cana P. s. paenulata P. s. rhionis P. s. siamensis	Southeastern Asia	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[11] Habitat: Forest^[31] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[11]	NT Unknown ^[31]

Related Research Articles

The macaques constitute a genus (Macaca) of gregarious Old World monkeys of the subfamily Cercopithecinae. The 23 species of macaques inhabit ranges throughout Asia, North Africa, and Europe. Macaques are principally frugivorous, although their diet also includes seeds, leaves, flowers, and tree bark. Some species such as the long-tailed macaque will supplement their diets with small amounts of meat from shellfish, insects, and small mammals. On average, a southern pig-tailed macaque in Malaysia eats about 70 large rats each year. All macaque social groups are arranged around dominant matriarchs.

Trachypithecus is a genus of Old World monkeys containing species known as lutungs, langurs, or leaf monkeys. Their range is much of Southeast Asia.

The Javan surili is a vulnerable species of Old World monkey endemic to the western half of Java, Indonesia, a biodiversity hotspot. Other common names by which it is known by include gray, grizzled or Sunda Island surili; grizzled or stripe-crested langur; Javan grizzled langur; grizzled, Java or Javan leaf monkey; langur gris.

The white-fronted surili is a species of primate in the family Cercopithecidae, the Old World monkeys. It is endemic to the large international island of Borneo, in Indonesia, Malaysia, and possibly Brunei.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hose's langur</span> Species of Old World monkey

Hose's langur is a species of primate in the family Cercopithecidae endemic to the island of Borneo, including Brunei, Kalimantan (Indonesia), and East Malaysia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. It was first identified in Kutai National Park and Sangkulirang Peninsula, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, in 1985.

The black-crested Sumatran langur is a species of primate in the family Cercopithecidae. It is endemic to Sumatra in Indonesia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

The Mentawai langur is a species of primate in the family Cercopithecidae. It is endemic to the Mentawai Islands in Indonesia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. The Siberut langur was formerly considered a subspecies of the Mentawai langur.

The white-thighed surili is a species of primate from the family of old world monkeys (Cercopithecidae). This species lives arboreal amongst the sub-montane forests. It is endemic to the Thai-Malay Peninsula, the Riau Archipelago and Sumatra. In addition, the white-thighed surili contain four subspecies: siamensis (nominate), cana, paenulata and rhionis, are recognized here. Furthermore, they are characterized by the white patches located on the outside of their legs, which is what gives them their name. Additionally, they can be referred to as pale-thighed langur/surili. These primates are an important species for the diversity of forest environments in the Malaysian area.

Thomas's langur, also known as the North Sumatran leaf monkey or Thomas's leaf monkey, is a species of primate in the family Cercopithecidae. It is endemic to northern Sumatra, Indonesia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. Its native names are reungkah in Acehnese and kedih in Alas.

The Sarawak surili, Bornean banded langur, or cross-marked langur is a species of primate in the family Cercopithecidae. It is endemic to the southeast Asian island of Borneo, where it is distributed north of the Kapuas River in Kalimantan, Indonesia, the Malaysia states of Sarawak and Sabah, and in Brunei. Its taxonomy is complex and disputed, and it has been considered a subspecies of P. femoralis or P. melalophos. The Sarawak surili was formerly considered common, but has declined drastically due to persecution and habitat loss, and as of 2015 is only known from five sites with a combined population of 200–500 individuals. Consequently, it is believed to be one of the rarest primates in the world, and has been rated as critically endangered by IUCN.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Natuna Island surili</span> Species of Old World monkey

The Natuna Island surili is a species of primate in the family Cercopithecidae.

Robinson's banded langur, also known as Robinson's banded surili, is a species of monkey in the family Cercopithecidae. It was formerly considered a subspecies of the Raffles' banded langur Presbytis femoralis, but genetic analysis revealed that it is no more related to Raffles' banded langur than it is to several other Presbytis species. It lives in the northern Malay Peninsula, including southern Burma and Thailand. It is listed as near threatened by the IUCN.

The East Sumatran banded langur, also known as the East Sumatran banded surili, is a species of monkey in the family Cercopithecidae. It was formerly considered a subspecies of the Raffles' banded langur Presbytis femoralis, but genetic analysis revealed it to be a separate species. Its range is restricted to the Riau Province of east-central Sumatra. Due to its declining population and restricted range in small, isolated forests subject to high rates of deforestation, the IUCN declared it to be a critically endangered species in 2020.

The mitered langur is a species of monkey in the family Cercopithecidae. It was formerly considered a subspecies of the Sumatran surili, Presbytis melalophos but genetic analysis revealed that these are separate species. The mitered langur is native to the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. It is listed as endangered by the IUCN due primarily to deforestation, and also due to animals taken for pets.

The black Sumatran langur is a species of monkey in the family Cercopithecidae. It was formerly considered a subspecies of the Sumatran surili, Presbytis melalophos but genetic analysis revealed that these are separate species. The black Sumatran langur is native to the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. It is listed as endangered by the IUCN due primarily to deforestation, and also due to animals taken for pets.

Miller's langur, also known as Miller's grizzled langur or Kutai grey langur, is a species of leaf monkey. It is endemic to East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo in Indonesia. It is one of the world's most endangered primates, and was at one time thought to be extinct, until it was rediscovered in 2012.

The West Javan langur is an Old World monkey from the Colobinae subfamily. It was formerly considered a subspecies of Trachypithecus auratus until it was elevated to a separate species by Roos and Groves. It is listed as vulnerable by the IUCN. Its range is restricted to the island of Java west of Jakarta. Its range is currently restricted to Ujung Kulon National Park, Muara Angke Wildlife Reserve and Muara Gembong due to industrial development, habitat fragmentation and the disconnection of protected areas. They are known to eat the leaves and fruits of Sonneratia in mangroves.

References

1 2 3 Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 170–172. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
1 2 3 4 5 Novak, R. M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9
1 2 3 4 Rowe, N. (1996). The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates. Pogonias Press, Rhode Island. ISBN 0-9648825-0-7
↑ IUCN (2008). 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved on 2008-12-15.
1 2 3 Nijman, V.; Cheyne, S.; Traeholt, C.; Setiawan, A. (2020). "Presbytis chrysomelas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T39803A17955321. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39803A17955321.en .
↑ The Guardian, guardian.co.uk, Friday 20 January 2012: 'Extinct' monkey rediscovered in Indonesia jungle.
↑ "'Extinct' monkey still lives in Borneo". CBC News.
↑ Meyer, Dirk; Rinaldi, Ir. Dones; Ramlee, Hatta; Perwitasari-Farajallah, Dyah; Hodges, Keith; Roos, Christian (2011). "Mitochondrial phylogeny of leaf monkeys (genus Presbytis, Eschscholtz, 1821) with implications for taxonomy and conservation". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 59 (2): 311–319. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.015. PMID 21333742 . Retrieved 2020-04-08.
↑ Ang, A.; Roesma, D.I.; Nijman, V.; Meier, R.; Srivathsan, A. & Rizaldi (2020). "Faecal DNA to the rescue: Shotgun sequencing of non-invasive samples reveals two subspecies of Southeast Asian primates to be Critically Endangered Species". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 9396. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.9396A. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-66007-8. PMC 7287133 . PMID 32523128.
↑ Abdul-Latiff MAB; Baharuddin H; Abdul-Patah P; Md-Zain BM (2019). "Is Malaysia's banded langur, Presbytis femoralis femoralis, actually Presbytis neglectus neglectus? Taxonomic revision with new insights on the radiation history of the Presbytis species group in Southeast Asia" (PDF). Primates. 60 (1): 63–79. doi:10.1007/s10329-018-0699-y. PMID 30471014. S2CID 254160597.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Nowak 1999, pp. 599–600
1 2 3 Traeholt, C.; Setiawan, A. (2020). "Presbytis sumatranus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T136912A17986913. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136912A17986913.en .
1 2 Nijman, V. (2021). "Presbytis bicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T39812A206547286. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T39812A206547286.en .
1 2 Nijman, V.; Setiawan, A.; Traeholt, C.; Manullang, B. (2020). "Presbytis melalophos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T39811A17954271. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39811A17954271.en .
↑ Tedesco, Dana (2006). "Presbytis melalophos". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
1 2 Rizaldi, Ang; A., Kurnia; I., Prasetio; I., Nijman; V., Setiawan; A., Boonratana; R. (2021). "Presbytis percura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T39805A205841390. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T39805A205841390.en .
1 2 3 Nijman, V.; Traeholt, C.; Setiawan, A.; Cheyne, S. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Presbytis hosei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T175648870A195370322. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T175648870A195370322.en .
1 2 3 Nijman, V.; Setiawan, A.; Ang, A. (2022). "Presbytis comata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022: e.T210369485A210370097. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T210369485A210370097.en .
1 2 3 Cheyne, S.; Ehlers-Smith, D. A.; Nijman, V.; Traeholt, C. (2020). "Presbytis rubicunda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T18131A17953935. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18131A17953935.en .
1 2 Quinten, M; Setiawan, A.; Traeholt, C.; Cheyne, S. M.; Whittaker, D. (2020). "Presbytis siberu". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T39816A17986963. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39816A17986963.en .
1 2 Setiawan, A.; Quinten, M; Cheyne, S.; Traeholt, C.; Whittaker, D. (2020). "Presbytis potenziani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T39815A17954456. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39815A17954456.en .
1 2 Cheyne, S.; Setiawan, A.; Traeholt, C. (2021) [amended version of 2021 assessment]. "Presbytis canicrus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T39808A200247353. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T39808A200247353.en .
1 2 Nijman, V.; Setiawan, A.; Traeholt, C.; Manullang, B. (2020). "Presbytis mitrata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T39813A17986718. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39813A17986718.en .
1 2 Setiawan, A.; Cheyne, S.; Traeholt, C. (2020). "Presbytis natunae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T136500A17955492. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136500A17955492.en .
1 2 Ang, A.; Boonratana, R.; Nijman, V. (2022). "Presbytis femoralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022: e.T39801A215090780. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T39801A215090780.en .
1 2 Ang, A.; Boonratana, R.; Nijman, V. (2021). "Presbytis robinsoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T39806A205875703. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T39806A205875703.en .
1 2 Setiawan, A.; Traeholt, C. (2020). "Presbytis sabana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T39810A17987041. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39810A17987041.en .
1 2 Matthews, Mika (2004). "Presbytis thomasi". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
1 2 Setiawan, A.; Traeholt, C. (2020). "Presbytis thomasi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T18132A17954139. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18132A17954139.en .
1 2 Cheyne, S.; Traeholt, C.; Setiawan, A.; Nijman, V.; Meijaard, E. (2020). "Presbytis frontata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T18127A17954836. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18127A17954836.en .
1 2 Ang, A.; Traeholt, C. (2020). "Presbytis siamensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T18134A17953755. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18134A17953755.en .

Sources

Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Vol. 1. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8.

External links

Primate Info Net Presbytis Factsheets

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[MSW3-1] 1 2 3 Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 170–172. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.

[Walker-2] 1 2 3 4 5 Novak, R. M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9

[Rowe-3] 1 2 3 4 Rowe, N. (1996). The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates. Pogonias Press, Rhode Island. ISBN 0-9648825-0-7

[IUCN-4] IUCN (2008). 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved on 2008-12-15.

[IUCNSarawaksurili-5] 1 2 3 Nijman, V.; Cheyne, S.; Traeholt, C.; Setiawan, A. (2020). "Presbytis chrysomelas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T39803A17955321. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39803A17955321.en .

[6] The Guardian, guardian.co.uk, Friday 20 January 2012: 'Extinct' monkey rediscovered in Indonesia jungle.

[7] "'Extinct' monkey still lives in Borneo". CBC News.

[8] Meyer, Dirk; Rinaldi, Ir. Dones; Ramlee, Hatta; Perwitasari-Farajallah, Dyah; Hodges, Keith; Roos, Christian (2011). "Mitochondrial phylogeny of leaf monkeys (genus Presbytis, Eschscholtz, 1821) with implications for taxonomy and conservation". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 59 (2): 311–319. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.015. PMID 21333742 . Retrieved 2020-04-08.

[ang-9] Ang, A.; Roesma, D.I.; Nijman, V.; Meier, R.; Srivathsan, A. & Rizaldi (2020). "Faecal DNA to the rescue: Shotgun sequencing of non-invasive samples reveals two subspecies of Southeast Asian primates to be Critically Endangered Species". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 9396. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.9396A. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-66007-8. PMC 7287133 . PMID 32523128.

[abdul-10] Abdul-Latiff MAB; Baharuddin H; Abdul-Patah P; Md-Zain BM (2019). "Is Malaysia's banded langur, Presbytis femoralis femoralis, actually Presbytis neglectus neglectus? Taxonomic revision with new insights on the radiation history of the Presbytis species group in Southeast Asia" (PDF). Primates. 60 (1): 63–79. doi:10.1007/s10329-018-0699-y. PMID 30471014. S2CID 254160597.

[MamWorld599600-11] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Nowak 1999, pp. 599–600

[IUCNBlackSumatranlangur-12] 1 2 3 Traeholt, C.; Setiawan, A. (2020). "Presbytis sumatranus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T136912A17986913. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136912A17986913.en .

[IUCNBlack-and-whitelangur-13] 1 2 Nijman, V. (2021). "Presbytis bicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T39812A206547286. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T39812A206547286.en .

[IUCNBlack-crestedSumatranlangur-14] 1 2 Nijman, V.; Setiawan, A.; Traeholt, C.; Manullang, B. (2020). "Presbytis melalophos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T39811A17954271. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39811A17954271.en .

[ADWBlack-crestedSumatranlangur-15] Tedesco, Dana (2006). "Presbytis melalophos". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[IUCNEastsumatranbandedlangur-16] 1 2 Rizaldi, Ang; A., Kurnia; I., Prasetio; I., Nijman; V., Setiawan; A., Boonratana; R. (2021). "Presbytis percura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T39805A205841390. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T39805A205841390.en .

[IUCNHoseslangur-17] 1 2 3 Nijman, V.; Traeholt, C.; Setiawan, A.; Cheyne, S. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Presbytis hosei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T175648870A195370322. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T175648870A195370322.en .

[IUCNJavansurili-18] 1 2 3 Nijman, V.; Setiawan, A.; Ang, A. (2022). "Presbytis comata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022: e.T210369485A210370097. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T210369485A210370097.en .

[IUCNMaroonleafmonkey-19] 1 2 3 Cheyne, S.; Ehlers-Smith, D. A.; Nijman, V.; Traeholt, C. (2020). "Presbytis rubicunda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T18131A17953935. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18131A17953935.en .

[IUCNSiberutlangur-20] 1 2 Quinten, M; Setiawan, A.; Traeholt, C.; Cheyne, S. M.; Whittaker, D. (2020). "Presbytis siberu". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T39816A17986963. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39816A17986963.en .

[IUCNMentawailangur-21] 1 2 Setiawan, A.; Quinten, M; Cheyne, S.; Traeholt, C.; Whittaker, D. (2020). "Presbytis potenziani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T39815A17954456. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39815A17954456.en .

[IUCNMiller'slangur-22] 1 2 Cheyne, S.; Setiawan, A.; Traeholt, C. (2021) [amended version of 2021 assessment]. "Presbytis canicrus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T39808A200247353. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T39808A200247353.en .

[IUCNMiteredlangur-23] 1 2 Nijman, V.; Setiawan, A.; Traeholt, C.; Manullang, B. (2020). "Presbytis mitrata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T39813A17986718. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39813A17986718.en .

[IUCNNatunaIslandsurili-24] 1 2 Setiawan, A.; Cheyne, S.; Traeholt, C. (2020). "Presbytis natunae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T136500A17955492. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136500A17955492.en .

[IUCNRafflesbandedlangur-25] 1 2 Ang, A.; Boonratana, R.; Nijman, V. (2022). "Presbytis femoralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022: e.T39801A215090780. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T39801A215090780.en .

[IUCNRobinson'sbandedlangur-26] 1 2 Ang, A.; Boonratana, R.; Nijman, V. (2021). "Presbytis robinsoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T39806A205875703. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T39806A205875703.en .

[IUCNSabahgrizzledlangur-27] 1 2 Setiawan, A.; Traeholt, C. (2020). "Presbytis sabana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T39810A17987041. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39810A17987041.en .

[ADWThomasslangur-28] 1 2 Matthews, Mika (2004). "Presbytis thomasi". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[IUCNThomasslangur-29] 1 2 Setiawan, A.; Traeholt, C. (2020). "Presbytis thomasi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T18132A17954139. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18132A17954139.en .

[IUCNWhite-frontedsurili-30] 1 2 Cheyne, S.; Traeholt, C.; Setiawan, A.; Nijman, V.; Meijaard, E. (2020). "Presbytis frontata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T18127A17954836. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18127A17954836.en .

[IUCNWhite-thighedsurili-31] 1 2 Ang, A.; Traeholt, C. (2020). "Presbytis siamensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T18134A17953755. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18134A17953755.en .

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