Presbytis

Not to be confused with monkeys of genus Semnopithecus commonly called gray langurs.

Presbytis
Javan surili
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Suborder:	Haplorhini
Infraorder:	Simiiformes
Family:	Cercopithecidae
Subfamily:	Colobinae
Tribe:	Presbytini
Genus:	Presbytis Eschscholtz, 1821
Type species
Presbytis mitrata Eschsholtz, 1821 (= Simia melalophos Raffles, 1821)
Species
11, see text

Presbytis is a genus of Old World monkeys also known as langurs, leaf monkeys, or surilis. Members of the genus live in the Thai-Malay Peninsula, on Sumatra, Borneo, Java and smaller nearby islands. ^[1]

Description

Surilis are rather small, slimly built primates. Their fur at the top is brown, grey, black, or orange, and at the lower surface whitish or greyish, sometimes also orange, with some species having fur designs at the head or at the hips. ^{[2] [3]} Their German name of Mützenlanguren ("capped langurs") comes from the hair on their head, which forms a tuft. They differ from the other langurs by characteristics in the shape of their head (particularly the poorly developed or absent brow ridges, and the prominent nasal bones), ^[2] in the teeth, and by the size of their small thumbs. Surilis range in adult length from 40 to 60 cm (with a 50- to 85-cm-long tail) and a weight of 5 to 8 kg. ^[2]

Behaviour

Diurnal forest dwellers, they spend nearly their entire lives in the trees. They live in groups of up to 21 animals (typically 10 or fewer animals in most species) consisting of a male, several females, and their young. ^[3] A few species have been observed in monogamous pairings (particularly the Mentawai langur), ^[3] although this might be a reaction to the decrease of their habitat. Lone males and all-male groups have also been reported. ^[2] The groups are hierarchically developed, with intergroup communication that is both vocal and postural.

Diet

The surilis' diet consists of leaves, fruits, and seeds. ^[3]

Breeding

Gestation time is 5–6 months, and births are typically of single young. Newborn animals are white colored and have a black strip at the back, although some have a cross-shaped mark. By one year old, the young are weaned and at an age of 4–5 years, they are fully mature. The typical life expectancy in the wild remains poorly known for most species, but captive Sumatran surilis have lived more than 18 years. ^[2]

Conservation

Several species in this genus are restricted to regions with extensive habitat destruction, and are also threatened by hunting. Consequently, 16 of the 19 species are rated as vulnerable or worse by IUCN, ^[4] and the Sarawak surili has been referred to as "one of the rarest primates in the world." ^[5] Recently, a subspecies of Hose's langur called Miller's grizzled langur, thought to be extinct, was rediscovered in the Wehea Forest on the eastern tip of Borneo island, ^[6] though it remains one of the world's most endangered primates. ^[7]

Taxonomy

Two other genera, Trachypithecus and Semnopithecus , were formerly considered subgenera of Presbytis. ^[1] The species-level taxonomy of Presbytis is complex, and significant changes have been proposed for several in recent years. ^{[1] [8] [9] [10]}

Genus Presbytis – Eschscholtz, 1821 – nineteen species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Black Sumatran langur	P. sumatrana (S. Müller & Schlegel, 1841)	Island of Sumatra in Indonesia	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail [11] Habitat: Forest [12] Diet: Fruit, leaves, seeds and flowers [12]	EN  Unknown [12]
Black-and-white langur	P. bicolor Aimi & Bakar, 1992	Island of Sumatra	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail [11] Habitat: Forest [13] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves [11]	DD  Unknown [13]
Black-crested Sumatran langur	P. melalophos (Raffles, 1821)	Island of Sumatra	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail [11] Habitat: Forest and shrubland [14] Diet: Fruits and leaves, as well as seeds and flowers [15]	EN  Unknown [14]
East Sumatran banded langur	P. percura Lyon, 1908	Island of Sumatra	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail [11] Habitat: Forest [16] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves [11]	CR  Unknown [16]
Hose's langur	P. hosei (Thomas, 1889)	Borneo	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail [11] Habitat: Forest [17] Diet: Leaves, unripe fruits, seeds, flowers, bird eggs and nestlings [17]	VU  Unknown [17]
Javan surili	P. comata (Desmarest, 1822) Two subspecies P. c. comata P. c. fredericae	Island of Java in Indonesia	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail [11] Habitat: Forest [18] Diet: Leaves, as well as fruits, flowers, and seeds [18]	VU  5,500 [18]
Maroon leaf monkey	P. rubicunda (S. Müller, 1838) Five subspecies P. r. carimatae P. r. chrysea P. r. ignita P. r. rubicunda P. r. rubida	Borneo	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail [11] Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands [19] Diet: Leaves, seeds, and fruit, as well as flowers and pith [19]	VU  Unknown [19]
Siberut langur	P. siberu (Chasen & Kloss, 1928)	Island of Siberut in Indonesia	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail [11] Habitat: Forest [20] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves [11]	EN  Unknown [20]
Mentawai langur	P. potenziani (Bonaparte, 1856)	Mentawai islands in Indonesia	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail [11] Habitat: Forest [21] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves [11]	CR  Unknown [21]
Miller's langur	P. canicrus G. S. Miller, 1934	Eastern Borneo (in light green)	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail [11] Habitat: Forest [22] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves [11]	EN  Unknown [22]
Mitered langur	P. mitrata Eschscholtz, 1821	Island of Sumatra	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail [11] Habitat: Forest [23] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves [11]	VU  Unknown [23]
Natuna Island surili	P. natunae (Thomas & Hartert, 1894)	Island of Natuna Besar in Indonesia	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail [11] Habitat: Forest [24] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves [11]	VU  9,000 [24]
Raffles' banded langur	P. femoralis (Martin, 1838)	Singapore and southern Peninsular Malaysia	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail [11] Habitat: Forest [25] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves [11]	CR  200–250 [25]
Robinson's banded langur	P. robinsoni Thomas, 1910	Southern Malay Peninsula	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail [11] Habitat: Forest [26] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves [11]	NT  Unknown [26]
Sabah grizzled langur	P. sabana (Thomas, 1893)	Eastern Borneo (in dark brown)	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail [11] Habitat: Forest [27] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves [11]	EN  Unknown [27]
Sarawak surili	P. chrysomelas (S. Müller, 1838) Two subspecies P. c. chrysomelas P. c. cruciger	Northern Borneo	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail [11] Habitat: Forest [5] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves [11]	CR  Unknown [5]
Thomas's langur	P. thomasi (Collett, 1893)	Northern island of Sumatra in Indonesia	Size: 42–62 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail [28] Habitat: Forest [29] Diet: Fruit, leaves, and seeds, as well as flowers, bark, twigs, stalks, birds, bird eggs, algae, and insects [28]	VU  Unknown [29]
White-fronted surili	P. frontata (S. Müller, 1838)	Borneo	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail [11] Habitat: Forest [30] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves [11]	VU  Unknown [30]
White-thighed surili	P. siamensis (S. Müller & Schlegel, 1838) Four subspecies P. s. cana P. s. paenulata P. s. rhionis P. s. siamensis	Southeastern Asia	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail [11] Habitat: Forest [31] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves [11]	NT  Unknown [31]

References

1. Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 170–172. ISBN   0-801-88221-4. OCLC   62265494.
2. Novak, R. M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. ISBN   0-8018-5789-9
3. Rowe, N. (1996). The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates. Pogonias Press, Rhode Island. ISBN   0-9648825-0-7
4. IUCN (2008). 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved on 2008-12-15.
5. Nijman, V.; Cheyne, S.; Traeholt, C.; Setiawan, A. (2020). "Presbytis chrysomelas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T39803A17955321. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39803A17955321.en .
6. The Guardian, guardian.co.uk, Friday 20 January 2012: 'Extinct' monkey rediscovered in Indonesia jungle.
7. "'Extinct' monkey still lives in Borneo". CBC News.
8. Meyer, Dirk; Rinaldi, Ir. Dones; Ramlee, Hatta; Perwitasari-Farajallah, Dyah; Hodges, Keith; Roos, Christian (2011). "Mitochondrial phylogeny of leaf monkeys (genus Presbytis, Eschscholtz, 1821) with implications for taxonomy and conservation" . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 59 (2): 311–319. Bibcode:2011MolPE..59..311M. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.015. PMID   21333742 . Retrieved 2020-04-08.
9. Ang, A.; Roesma, D.I.; Nijman, V.; Meier, R.; Srivathsan, A. & Rizaldi (2020). "Faecal DNA to the rescue: Shotgun sequencing of non-invasive samples reveals two subspecies of Southeast Asian primates to be Critically Endangered Species". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 9396. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.9396A. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-66007-8. PMC   7287133 . PMID   32523128.
10. Abdul-Latiff MAB; Baharuddin H; Abdul-Patah P; Md-Zain BM (2019). "Is Malaysia's banded langur, Presbytis femoralis femoralis, actually Presbytis neglectus neglectus? Taxonomic revision with new insights on the radiation history of the Presbytis species group in Southeast Asia" (PDF). Primates. 60 (1): 63–79. doi:10.1007/s10329-018-0699-y. PMID   30471014. S2CID   254160597.
11. Nowak 1999, pp. 599–600
12. Traeholt, C.; Setiawan, A. (2020). "Presbytis sumatranus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T136912A17986913. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136912A17986913.en .
13. Nijman, V. (2021). "Presbytis bicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T39812A206547286. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T39812A206547286.en .
14. Nijman, V.; Setiawan, A.; Traeholt, C.; Manullang, B. (2020). "Presbytis melalophos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T39811A17954271. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39811A17954271.en .
15. Tedesco, Dana (2006). "Presbytis melalophos". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
16. Rizaldi, Ang; A., Kurnia; I., Prasetio; I., Nijman; V., Setiawan; A., Boonratana; R. (2021). "Presbytis percura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T39805A205841390. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T39805A205841390.en .
17. Nijman, V.; Traeholt, C.; Setiawan, A.; Cheyne, S. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Presbytis hosei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T175648870A195370322. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T175648870A195370322.en .
18. Nijman, V.; Setiawan, A.; Ang, A. (2022). "Presbytis comata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022: e.T210369485A210370097. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T210369485A210370097.en .
19. Cheyne, S.; Ehlers-Smith, D. A.; Nijman, V.; Traeholt, C. (2020). "Presbytis rubicunda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T18131A17953935. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18131A17953935.en .
20. Quinten, M; Setiawan, A.; Traeholt, C.; Cheyne, S. M.; Whittaker, D. (2020). "Presbytis siberu". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T39816A17986963. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39816A17986963.en .
21. Setiawan, A.; Quinten, M; Cheyne, S.; Traeholt, C.; Whittaker, D. (2020). "Presbytis potenziani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T39815A17954456. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39815A17954456.en .
22. Cheyne, S.; Setiawan, A.; Traeholt, C. (2021) [amended version of 2021 assessment]. "Presbytis canicrus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T39808A200247353. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T39808A200247353.en .
23. Nijman, V.; Setiawan, A.; Traeholt, C.; Manullang, B. (2020). "Presbytis mitrata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T39813A17986718. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39813A17986718.en .
24. Setiawan, A.; Cheyne, S.; Traeholt, C. (2020). "Presbytis natunae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T136500A17955492. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136500A17955492.en .
25. Ang, A.; Boonratana, R.; Nijman, V. (2022). "Presbytis femoralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022: e.T39801A215090780. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T39801A215090780.en .
26. Ang, A.; Boonratana, R.; Nijman, V. (2021). "Presbytis robinsoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T39806A205875703. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T39806A205875703.en .
27. Setiawan, A.; Traeholt, C. (2020). "Presbytis sabana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T39810A17987041. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39810A17987041.en .
28. Matthews, Mika (2004). "Presbytis thomasi". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
29. Setiawan, A.; Traeholt, C. (2020). "Presbytis thomasi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T18132A17954139. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18132A17954139.en .
30. Cheyne, S.; Traeholt, C.; Setiawan, A.; Nijman, V.; Meijaard, E. (2020). "Presbytis frontata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T18127A17954836. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18127A17954836.en .
31. Ang, A.; Traeholt, C. (2020). "Presbytis siamensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T18134A17953755. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18134A17953755.en .

Sources

• Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Vol. 1. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN   978-0-8018-5789-8.

External links

• Primate Info Net Presbytis Factsheets