Tarsius

Tarsius [1] Temporal range: 48.6–0  Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Eocene to recent
Gursky's spectral tarsier
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Suborder:	Haplorhini
Family:	Tarsiidae
Genus:	Tarsius Storr, 1780
Type species
Lemur tarsier Erxleben, 1777
Species
T. dentatus T. lariang T. niemitzi T. pelengensis T. pumilus T. sangirensis T. tarsier T. tumpara T. wallacei T. fuscus T. spectrumgurskyae T. supriatnai † T. eocaenus † T. sirindhornae
Distribution and range of Tarsius supriatnai and other tarsier species in Sulawesi, Indonesia:    Tarsius dentatus    Tarsius wallacei    Tarsius lariang    Tarsius fuscus    Tarsius pumilus    Tarsius pelengensis    Tarsius spectrumgurskyae    Tarsius supriatnai    Tarsius niemitzi

Tarsius is a genus of tarsiers, small primates native to islands of Maritime Southeast Asia, with almost all of its species found on Sulawesi Island. Until 2010, all tarsier species were typically assigned to this genus, but a revision of the family Tarsiidae restored the generic status of Cephalopachus and created a new genus Carlito . ^[1]

All members of Tarsius are found on Sulawesi, while Cephalopachus is found on Sundaland and Carlito in Greater Mindanao.

Species

Genus Tarsius – Storr, 1780 – twelve species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Dian's tarsier	T. dentatus Miller & Hollister, 1921	Central Sulawesi, Indonesia	Size: 11–12 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 13–28 cm (5–11 in) tail [2] [3] Habitat: Forest [4] Diet: Insects, as well as small vertebrates [2]	VU  Unknown [4]
Gursky's spectral tarsier	T. spectrumgurskyae Shekelle, Groves, Maryanto & Mittermeier, 2017	Northeastern Sulawesi (in purple)	Size: About 14 cm (6 in) long, plus 21–27 cm (8–11 in) tail [5] Habitat: Forest [6] Diet: Insects, as well as small vertebrates [6]	VU  Unknown [6]
Jatna's tarsier	T. supriatnai Shekelle, Groves, Maryanto & Mittermeier, 2017	Northern Sulawesi (in gray)	Size: About 14 cm (6 in) long, plus 23–25 cm (9–10 in) tail [5] Habitat: Forest [7] Diet: Insects, as well as small vertebrates [7]	VU  Unknown [7]
Lariang tarsier	T. lariang Groves & Merker, 2006	Central Sulawesi	Size: About 12 cm (5 in) long, plus 12–21 cm (5–8 in) tail [8] Habitat: Forest [9] Diet: Insects, as well as small vertebrates [9]	DD  Unknown [9]
Makassar tarsier	T. fuscus Fischer von Waldheim, 1804	Southern Sulawesi (in yellow)	Size: 12–13 cm (5 in) long, plus 24–26 cm (9–10 in) tail [10] Habitat: Forest and caves [11] Diet: Insects, as well as small vertebrates [10]	VU  Unknown [11]
Niemitz's tarsier	T. niemitzi Shekelle, Groves, Maryanto, Mittermeier, Salim & Springer, 2019	Northern Sulawesi (circled in black)	Size: About 14 cm (6 in) long, plus 24–26 cm (9–10 in) tail [12] Habitat: Forest [13] Diet: Insects, as well as small vertebrates [13]	EN  10,000–20,000 [13]
Peleng tarsier	T. pelengensis Sody, 1949	Eastern Sulawesi	Size: 12–14 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 25–27 cm (10–11 in) tail [14] Habitat: Forest [15] Diet: Insects, as well as frogs, lizards, and other small vertebrates [15]	EN  Unknown [15]
Pygmy tarsier	T. pumilus Miller, Hollister, 1921	Central Sulawesi	Size: 8–11 cm (3–4 in) long, plus 20–21 cm (8 in) tail [16] [17] Habitat: Forest [18] Diet: Arthropods and insects, as well as small vertebrates [16]	EN  Unknown [18]
Sangihe tarsier	T. sangirensis Meyer, 1897	Sangir Island, southeastern Philippines	Size: 12–13 cm (5 in) long, plus about 30 cm (12 in) tail [19] Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands [20] Diet: Insects, as well as birds, lizards, and other small vertebrates [19]	EN  Unknown [20]
Siau Island tarsier	T. tumpara Shekelle, Groves, Merker & Supriatna, 2008	Siau Island, north of Sulawesi	Size: 10–15 cm (4–6 in) long, plus about 20 cm (8 in) tail [21] Habitat: Forest [22] Diet: Arthropods, as well as small vertebrates [22]	CR  Unknown [22]
Spectral tarsier	T. tarsier (Erxleben, 1777)	Sulawesi	Size: 9–14 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 20–26 cm (8–10 in) tail [23] Habitat: Forest [24] Diet: Insects, as well as lizards, bats, and other small vertebrates [23]	VU  Unknown [24]
Wallace's tarsier	T. wallacei Merker, Driller, Dahruddin, Wirdateti, Sinaga, Perwitasari-Farajallah & Shekelle, 2010	Northern Sulawesi (in orange)	Size: 11–13 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 23–27 cm (9–11 in) tail [25] Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands [26] Diet: Insects, as well as small vertebrates [25]	VU  Unknown [26]

As of 2018 ^[update] , Fossilworks also recognizes the following additional extinct species: ^[27]

• † Tarsius eocaenus Beard et al., 1994 ^[28]
• † Tarsius sirindhornae Chaimanee et al., 2011 ^[29]

References

1. Groves, C.; Shekelle, M. (2010). "The Genera and Species of Tarsiidae". International Journal of Primatology. 31 (6): 1071–1082. doi:10.1007/s10764-010-9443-1. S2CID   21220811.
2. Yang, Liubin (2007). "Tarsius dentatus". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved August 28, 2023.
3. Supriatna, p. 49
4. Shekelle, M. (2020). "Tarsius dentatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T21489A17977790. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T21489A17977790.en .
5. Shekelle, M.; Groves, C. P.; Maryanto, I.; Mittermeier, R. A. (2017). "Two new tarsier species (Tarsiidae, Primates) and the biogeography of Sulawesi, Indonesia". Primate Conservation . 31: 61–69.
6. Shekelle, M. (2020). "Tarsius spectrumgurskyae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T162336422A162336580. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T162336422A162336580.en .
7. Shekelle, M. (2022) [errata version of 2020 assessment]. "Tarsius supriatnai". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T162336881A220971513. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T162336881A220971513.en .
8. Supriatna, p. 45
9. Shekelle, M; Salim, M.; Merker, S. (2020). "Tarsius lariang". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T136319A17978130. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T136319A17978130.en .
10. Supriatna, pp. 40–41
11. Shekelle, M. (2020). "Tarsius fuscus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T162369593A162369616. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T162369593A162369616.en .
12. Shekelle, M.; Groves, C. P.; Maryanto, I/; Mittermeier, R. A.; Salim, A/; Springer, M/ S. (2019). "A new tarsier species from the Togean Islands of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, with references to Wallacea and conservation on Sulawesi". Primate Conservation . 33: 1–9. S2CID   204801433.
13. Shekelle, M. (2020). "Tarsius niemitzi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T162337005A171341769. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T162337005A171341769.en .
14. Supriatna, p. 53
15. Shekelle, M. (2020). "Tarsius pelengensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T21494A17977515. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T21494A17977515.en .
16. Ford, Trevor (2011). "Tarsius pumilus". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved August 28, 2023.
17. Supriatna, pp. 42–43
18. Shekelle, M; Salim, A. (2020). "Tarsius pumilus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T21490A17977980. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T21490A17977980.en .
19. Minich, Miriam (2017). "Tarsius sangirensis". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved August 28, 2023.
20. Shekelle, M. (2020). "Tarsius sangirensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T21493A17977351. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T21493A17977351.en .
21. Downey, Kathleen (March 2019). "Siau Island Tarsier, Tarsius tumpara". New England Primate Conservancy. Retrieved September 20, 2023.
22. Shekelle, M; Salim, A. (2020). "Tarsius tumpara". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T179234A17977202. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T179234A17977202.en .
23. Mogk, Kenzie (2012). "Tarsius tarsier". Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved August 28, 2023.
24. Shekelle, M. (2020). "Tarsius tarsier". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T162369551A17978304. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T162369551A17978304.en .
25. Supriatna, pp. 47–48
26. Merker, S.; Shekelle, M. (2020). "Tarsius wallacei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T195277A17977659. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T195277A17977659.en .
27. "Tarsius Storr 1780 (tarsier)". Paleobiology Database . Retrieved 24 November 2018.
28. Beard, K. Christopher; Qi, Tao; Dawson, Mary R.; Wang, Banyue; Li, Chuankuei (1994). "A diverse new primate fauna from middle Eocene fissure-fillings in southeastern China". Nature. 368 (6472): 607. Bibcode:1994Natur.368..604B. doi:10.1038/368604a0. PMID   8145845. S2CID   2471330.
29. Chaimanee, Y.; Lebrun, R.; Yamee, C.; Jaeger, J.-J. (2010). "A new Middle Miocene tarsier from Thailand and the reconstruction of its orbital morphology using a geometric-morphometric method". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1714): 1956–1963. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.2062. PMC   3107645 . PMID   21123264.

Sources

• Groves, Colin P. (2005). Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World . Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN   978-0-8018-8221-0.
• Supriatna, Jatna (2022). Field Guide to the Primates of Indonesia. Springer Nature. ISBN   978-3-03-083206-3.