Collared titi monkey

Collared titi
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) [1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Suborder:	Haplorhini
Infraorder:	Simiiformes
Family:	Pitheciidae
Genus:	Cheracebus
Species:	C. torquatus
Binomial name
Cheracebus torquatus (Hoffmannsegg, 1807)
Collared titi range
Synonyms
Callicebus torquatus Hoffmannsegg, 1807 Cheracebus purinus(Thomas, 1927)

The collared titi monkey (Cheracebus torquatus) is a species of titi, a type of New World monkey. It is endemic to northern Brazil. ^[2]

Taxonomy

At the end of the 1980s, the genus Callicebus was revised from the Hershkovitz concept of three species ^[3] to thirteen neotropical species, with the collared titi, Callicebus torquatus, having four subspecies. ^{[4] [5]} In 2001, Colin Groves elevated one of the subspecies, the Colombian black-handed titi, C. t. medemi, to Callicebus medemi and a year later Van Roosmalen et al. elevated the remaining subspecies to species. ^{[6] [7]} These last changes were made with few arguments to support the changes and were apparently influenced by the increasing use of the so-called phylogenetic species concept of Cracraft, which seeks to define species as the "smallest diagnosable cluster of individual organisms within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent." ^[8]

The species complex was updated to Cheracebus in 2016. The recent discovery of a diploid number of 16 for the black titi, Cheracebus lugens, in Brazil suggested that (with the previously known 2n=20 of another, unidentified population of C. torquatus) there are at least two species in this complex. ^[9] But whether the Lucifer titi, Cheracebus lucifer, or the Colombian black-handed titi, Cheracebus medemi, were good species from this complex was in doubt. ^[10] However, a 2020 study prove them to be distinct species from C. torquatus. However, the same study found the Rio Purus titi (C. purinus), previously thought to be endemic to Brazil, to be conspecific with the collared titi, with the type locality and specimen of C. torquatus being from populations attributed to C. purinus; thus, C. purinus was synonymized with C. torquatus. The American Society of Mammalogists and ITIS follow this synonymization, but the IUCN Red List retains it as a distinct species, classifying it as a species of least concern. ^{[11] [12] [13] [14]}

Physical description

Five adults weighed an average of 1462 g (range 1410–1722 g) with a head-body length of around 290–390 mm and a tail length of about 350–400 mm. ^[4] The face has very little hair, being limited to sparse short white hairs over a black skin. There is no sexual dimorphism, although the male has canines a bit longer than the female. The species has the smallest karyotype known for primates, 2n=16 recently described by Bonvicino et al. ^[15]

The pelage is typically uniformly reddish brown or blackish brown. The tail is blackish mixed with some reddish hairs with hands and feet whitish or dark brown. This pelage contrasts in all of the subspecies with a band of white hair which extends upward from the chest and follows the neck, prolonging itself to the ears. This extension to the ears is weak, different from the other Cheracebus species which have white extending to the base of the ears.

Geographic distribution and habitat

This species is thought to be restricted to Brazil, although it may range into adjacent Colombia. It is found south to the Tapauá River or potentially the Pauiní River, west to the Apaporis and Vaupés rivers, north to the Uaupés River and Rio Negro, and as far east as the town of Manacapurú. If it ranges into Colombia, it may potentially hybridize with the black titi (C. lugens) where their ranges overlap. ^{[14] [16]}

The collared titi is seen most frequently in well-developed, tall forest with a closed canopy, usually over terra firme, but not exclusively so. The species also enters extensive várzea forest, especially if the forest is tall and well-developed. ^[17] Such várzea forest contrasts with the habitat needs of the coppery titi, which also uses várzea forest and more commonly so. But the coppery titi survives in low, vine-covered, "poor" forest where the collared titi is rarely found.

Conservation status

The collared titi is not considered to be endangered, but where there are many colonists this primate tends to disappear, due to deforestation. The species is commonly hunted and eaten by indigenous peoples or used as bait for hunting larger carnivores or for fishing; however, where there is plenty of forest meat the species is found commonly close to indigenous settlements. The species is classified Least Concern (formerly LR) in the IUCN Red List. ^[1]

References

1. Veiga, L.M. & Boubli, J.-P. (2008). "Cheracebus torquatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008: e.T41562A10499183. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41562A10499183.en .
2. Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 146. ISBN   0-801-88221-4. OCLC   62265494.
3. Hershkovitz, P (1963): A systematic and zoogeographic account of South American titi monkeys, genus Callicebus (Cebidae) of the Amazonas and Orinoco river basins, Mammalia, 27(1):1-80.
4. Hershkovitz, P (1990): Titis, new world monkeys of the genus Callicebus (Cebidae, Platyrrhini): a preliminary taxonomic review, Fieldiana (Zoology, New Series, no. 55):1-109-
5. Hershkovitz, P. (1988): Origin, speciation, dispersal of South American titi monkeys, genus Callicebus (family Cebidae, Platyrrhini), Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 140(1):240-272.
6. Groves 2001
7. Van Roosmalen, M.G.M.; Van Roosmalen, T.; Mittermeier, R.A. (2002). "A taxonomic review of the titi monkeys, genus Callicebus Thomas, 1903, with the description of two new species, Callicebus bernhardi and Callicebus stephennashi from the Brazilian Amazon" (PDF). Neotropical Primates. 10 (Suppl): 1–52. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-23. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
8. Cracraft 1983, pp. 159–187
9. Barros, R. M. S.; Pieczarka, J. C.; Brigido, M. D. C. O.; Muniz, J. A. P. C.; Rodrigues, L. R. R.; Nagamachi, C. Y. (2004). "A new karyotype in Callicebus torquatus (Cebidae, Primates)". Hereditas. 133 (1): 55–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.2000.t01-1-00055.x . PMID   11206854.
10. Defler 2010
11. Byrne, H.; Rylands, A. B.; Nash, S. D.; Boubli, J. P. (2020). "On the taxonomic history and true identity of the collared titi, cheracebus torquatus (Hoffmannsegg, 1807) (Platyrrhini, Callicebinae)" (PDF). Primate Conservation. 34: 13–52. ISSN   0898-6207.
12. Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 145. ISBN   0-801-88221-4. OCLC   62265494.
13. Byrne, Hazel; Rylands, Anthony B.; Carneiro, Jeferson C.; Alfaro, Jessica W. Lynch; Bertuol, Fabricio; da Silva, Maria N. F.; Messias, Mariluce; Groves, Colin P.; Mittermeier, Russell A. (2016-01-01). "Phylogenetic relationships of the New World titi monkeys (Callicebus): first appraisal of taxonomy based on molecular evidence". Frontiers in Zoology. 13: 10. doi: 10.1186/s12983-016-0142-4 . ISSN   1742-9994. PMC   4774130 . PMID   26937245.
14. Boubli, Jean P.; Fialho, Marcos de Souza (2015-01-26). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Cheracebus purinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
15. Bonvicino, C. R.; Penna-Firme, V. E. R.; Do Nascimento, F. I. C. F.; Lemos, B.; Stanyon, R.; Seuánez, H. E. C. N. (2003). "The Lowest Diploid Number (2n=16) yet Found in Any Primate: Callicebus lugens (Humboldt, 1811)". Folia Primatologica. 74 (3): 141–149. doi:10.1159/000070647. PMID   12826733. S2CID   32922523.
16. Martins, Amely B.; Boubli, Jean P.; Erwin Palacios (Conservación Internacional Colombia, Bogotá (2015-01-26). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Cheracebus torquatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
17. Defler, 1994a

Books cited

• Hernández-Camacho, J.I.; Cooper, G.W. (1976). "The non-human primates of Colombia". In Thorington, R.W. Jr.; Heltne, P.G. (eds.). Neotropical Primates: Field Studies and Conservation. Washington, D. C.: National Academy of Sciences. pp. 35–69. ISBN   978-0-309-02442-6.
• Cracraft, J. (1983). "Species concepts and speciation analysis". In Johnston, R.F.; Power, D.M. (eds.). Current Ornithology. Vol. 1. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 159–187. ISBN   978-0-306-41780-1. OCLC   181794456.
• Defler, T.R. (2010). Historia Natural de los Primates Colombianos[Natural History of the Colombian Primates]. Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
• Groves, C.P. (2001). Primate Taxonomy. Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN   978-1-56098-872-4.

External links

• Callicebus torquatus, Collared Titi Monkey on Digimorph