List of diprotodonts

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Clockwise from upper left: koala (Phascolarctos cinereus), mahogany glider (Petaurus gracilis), eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) and Sulawesi bear cuscus (Ailurops ursinus) Marsupialia collage.png
Clockwise from upper left: koala (Phascolarctos cinereus), mahogany glider (Petaurus gracilis), eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) and Sulawesi bear cuscus (Ailurops ursinus)

Diprotodontia is an order of Australian marsupial mammals. Members of this order are called diprotodonts. Diprotodontia is the largest order of marsupials and currently comprises 140 extant species, which are grouped into 39 genera. They are found in Australia, New Guinea, and Indonesia, in forests, shrublands, grasslands, and savannas, though some species are found in deserts and rocky areas. They come in a wide array of sizes, ranging from the Tasmanian pygmy possum, at 5 cm (2 in) plus a 6 cm (2 in) tail, to the red kangaroo, at 160 cm (63 in) plus a 120 cm (47 in) tail.

Contents

Diprotodontia is subdivided into three suborders: Macropodiformes, Phalangeriformes, and Vombatiformes. Macropodiformes has 72 species in 3 families: Hypsiprymnodontidae, Macropodidae, and Potoroidae, and includes kangaroos, wallabies, bettongs, potoroos, and rat-kangaroos. Phalangeriformes has 64 species in 6 families: Acrobatidae, Petauridae, Pseudocheiridae, Tarsipedidae, Burramyidae, and Phalangeridae, and includes cuscus and the brushtail, ringtail, and gliding possums. Vombatiformes has only four species in two families: Phascolarctidae, the koala, and Vombatidae, the wombats. The classification of species in the order is not fixed, with many recent proposals for changes made based on molecular phylogenetic analysis. Additionally, the present set of suborders was created beginning in 1997 by splitting the former suborder Phalangerida into Macropodiformes and Phalangeriformes, and further reorganizations have been proposed. [1]

In addition to the extant species, eight species in the suborder Phalangeriformes—four in the family Macropodidae and four in Potoroidae—have been made extinct in the modern era, all between the 1880s and the 1940s after the colonization of Australia began: the broad-faced potoroo, crescent nail-tail wallaby, desert bettong, desert rat-kangaroo, eastern hare-wallaby, Lake Mackay hare-wallaby, Nullarbor dwarf bettong, and toolache wallaby. Dozens of extinct, prehistoric Diprotodont species have also been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed. [2]

Conventions

Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the collective range of species in that genera is provided. Ranges are based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species unless otherwise noted. All extinct genera or species listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "".

Classification

Diprotodontia [3] [4]   
Macropodiformes   

Macropodidae

Potoroidae

Hypsiprymnodontidae

Phalangeriformes   
Petauroidea   

Acrobatidae

Tarsipedidae

Petauridae

Pseudocheiridae

Phalangeroidea   

Burramyidae

Phalangeridae

Vombatiformes   

Phascolarctidae

Vombatidae

The order Diprotodontia consists of 140 extant species belonging to 39 genera. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species. Modern molecular studies indicate that the 39 genera can be grouped into 11 families; these families are grouped into the suborders Macropodiformes, Phalangeriformes, and Vombatiformes, and many are further grouped into named clades or subfamilies. In addition to the extant species, eight species in the suborder Phalangeriformes—four in the family Macropodidae and four in Potoroidae, including one extinct genus—have been made extinct in the modern era, all between the 1880s and the 1940s after the colonization of Australia began.

Suborder Macropodiformes

Suborder Phalangeriformes

Suborder Vombatiformes

Diprotodonts

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists. [5]

Suborder Macropodiformes

Hypsiprymnodontidae

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Hypsiprymnodon
(musky rat-kangaroo)

Musky-rat.jpg

Ramsay, 1876

One species
Northeastern Australia
Musky Rat Kangaroo area.png
Size: 20–35 cm (8–14 in) long, plus 6–13 cm (2–5 in) tail [6]

Habitats: Forest [7]

Diet: Insects, as well as worms, tuberous roots, and palm berries [6]

Macropodidae

Subfamily Macropodinae Gray, 1821 – twelve genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Dendrolagus
(tree-kangaroo)

Matschies tree kangaroo Dendrolagus matschiei at Bronx Zoo 1 cropped.jpg

Müller, 1840

Fourteen species
New Guinea and northeastern AustraliaSize range: 41 cm (16 in) long, plus 40 cm (16 in) tail (Doria's tree-kangaroo) to 81 cm (32 in) long plus 94 cm (37 in) tail (dingiso) [8]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland [9]

Diets: Leaves, flowers, and fruit, as well as ferns, soft vines, cereals, grass, bark, nuts, insects, sap, bird eggs, and young birds [10]
Dorcopsis
(dorcopsis)

Dorcopsis a raies blanches (Dorcopsis hageni), Pairi daiza 2.jpg

Schlegel & Müller, 1842

Four species
New GuineaSize range: 34 cm (13 in) long, plus 27 cm (11 in) tail (brown dorcopsis) to 100 cm (39 in) long plus 40 cm (16 in) tail (black dorcopsis) [11]

Habitats: Forest [12]

Diets: Leaves, roots, grass and fruit [13]
Dorcopsulus
(forest wallaby)

Dorcopsulus macleayi (male) - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria - Genoa, Italy - DSC02933.JPG

Matschie, 1916

Two species
New GuineaSize range: 31–46 cm (12–18 in) long, plus 22–41 cm (9–16 in) tail [14]

Habitats: Forest [15]

Diets: Leaves, fruit, buds, and stems [16]
Lagorchestes
(hare-wallaby)

Lagorchestes hirsutus (40007266231) 2.jpg

Gould, 1841

Four species
AustraliaSize range: 31 cm (12 in) long, plus 24 cm (9 in) tail (rufous hare-wallaby) to 49 cm (19 in) long plus 53 cm (21 in) tail (spectacled hare-wallaby) [17]

Habitats: Desert, grassland, forest, shrubland, and savanna [18]

Diets: Grass, forbs, herbs, seeds, fruit, sedges, and succulent shrubs [19]
Macropus
(grey kangaroo)

Macropus giganteus - Brunkerville.jpg

Shaw, 1790

Two species
Southern and eastern AustraliaSize range: 85–140 cm (33–55 in) long, plus 75–100 cm (30–39 in) tail [20]

Habitats: Savanna, grassland, shrubland, and forest [21]

Diets: Grass, forbs, leaves, tree bark, and shrubs [22]
Notamacropus
(brush wallaby)

Whiptail Wallaby Side.JPG

Dawson & Flannery, 1985

Eight species
Australia and southern New GuineaSize range: 40 cm (16 in) long, plus 33 cm (13 in) tail (several) to 105 cm (41 in) long plus 75 cm (30 in) tail (red-necked wallaby) [23]

Habitats: Shrubland, grassland, savanna, and forest [24]

Diets: Grass, ferns, herbs, shrubs, bushes, and roots, as well as leaves and fruit [25]
Osphranter

Red Kangaroo 001.jpg

Shaw, 1790

Four species
AustraliaSize range: 73 cm (29 in) long, plus 64 cm (25 in) tail (black wallaroo) to 160 cm (63 in) long plus 120 cm (47 in) tail (red kangaroo) [26]

Habitats: Desert, grassland, forest, shrubland, and savanna [27]

Diets: Grass and shrubs [28]
Onychogalea
(nail-tail wallaby)

Bridled nailtail wallaby-female-01.JPG

Gray, 1841

Three species
Scattered AustraliaSize range: 37 cm (15 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail (crescent nail-tail wallaby) to 70 cm (28 in) long plus 73 cm (29 in) tail (bridled nail-tail wallaby) [29]

Habitats: Savanna, grassland, shrubland, and forest [30]

Diets: Herbs, succulents, fruit, grass, forbs, and shrubs [31]
Petrogale
(rock-wallaby)

Petrogale xanthopus - Monarto 1.JPG

Gray, 1837

Sixteen species
AustraliaSize range: 29 cm (11 in) long, plus 25 cm (10 in) tail (monjon) to 70 cm (28 in) long plus 70 cm (28 in) tail (allied rock-wallaby) [32]

Habitats: Desert, grassland, forest, shrubland, rocky areas, and savanna [33]

Diets: Grass and leaves, as well as shrubs, forbs, fungi, sedges, ferns, roots, bark, fruit, seeds and flowers [34]
Setonix
(quokka)

Quokka at rottnest (cropped).jpg

Lesson, 1842

One species
Southwestern Australia
Setonix brachyurus distribution.svg
Size: 39–60 cm (15–24 in) long, plus 23–35 cm (9–14 in) tail [35]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and inland wetlands [36]

Diet: Succulents, shrubs, forbs, grasses and sedges, as well as seeds, berries, and fruit [37]
Thylogale
(pademelon)

Thylogale billardierii.jpg

Gray, 1837

Seven species
New Guinea, eastern Australia, and Tasmania Size range: 29–67 cm (11–26 in) long, plus 24–57 cm (9–22 in) tail (several) [38]

Habitats: Savanna, grassland, shrubland, and forest [39]

Diets: Grass, leaves, shoots, seeds, and fruit, as well as grass, bark, fungi, and cicadas [40]
Wallabia
(swamp wallaby)

Wallabia bicolor Jenolan Caves portrait.jpg

Trouessart, 1905

One species
Eastern Australia
Swamp Wallaby.png
Size: 66–85 cm (26–33 in) long, plus 64–87 cm (25–34 in) tail [41]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland [42]

Diet: Buds, ferns, leaves, shrubs, and grasses, as well as bark and shoots from needle-leaf trees [41]
Subfamily Sthenurinae Glauert, 1826 – one genus
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Lagostrophus
(banded hare-wallaby)

Lagorchestes fasciatus Gould.jpg

Thomas, 1887

One species
Western Australia
Banded Hare Wallaby area.png
Size: 40–46 cm (16–18 in) long, plus 32–40 cm (13–16 in) tail [43]

Habitats: Shrubland [44]

Diet: Plants and fruit [43]

Potoroidae

Not assigned to a named subfamily – four genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Aepyprymnus
(rufous rat-kangaroo)

Rufous Bettong (Aepyprymnus rufescens) (9855539716).jpg

Garrod, 1875

One species
Northeastern Australia
Rufous Bettong.JPG
Size: 37–52 cm (15–20 in) long, plus 35–40 cm (14–16 in) tail [45]

Habitats: Forest and savanna [46]

Diet: Grass, herbs, roots, tubers, and fungi, as well as carrion bones and larvae [45]
Bettongia
(bettong)

Bettongia gaimardi.jpg

Gray, 1837

Six species
AustraliaSize range: 27–44 cm (11–17 in) long, plus 26–35 cm (10–14 in) tail (northern bettong) [47]

Habitats: Desert, forest, shrubland, and savanna [48]

Diets: Leaves, seeds, fruits, nuts, tubers, bulbs, flowers, and fungi, as well as insects, resin, marine carrion, and small invertebrates [49]
Caloprymnus
(desert rat-kangaroo)

Caloprymnus.jpg

Thomas, 1888

One species
Central Australia
Desert Rat Kangaroo Distribution Map.png
Size: 25–29 cm (10–11 in) long, plus 29–38 cm (11–15 in) tail [50]

Habitats: Desert [51]

Diet: Leaves and stems, as well as insects [52]
Potorous
(potoroo)

Long-nosed potoroo.jpg

Desmarest, 1804

Four species
Southwestern Australia, southeastern Australia, and TasmaniaSize range: 24–42 cm (9–17 in) long, plus 19–33 cm (7–13 in) tail (several) [53]

Habitats: Shrubland, inland wetlands, and forest [54]

Diets: Fungi, insects, grass, roots, and other vegetation [55]

Suborder Phalangeriformes

Superfamily Petauroidea

Acrobatidae
Not assigned to a named subfamily – two genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Acrobates
(feathertail glider)

Acrobates neuneu.jpg

Desmarest, 1818

One species
Eastern Australia
Feathertail Glider.JPG
Size: 6–8 cm (2–3 in) long, plus 7–8 cm (3 in) tail [56]

Habitats: Forest [57]

Diet: Honeydew and arthropods [56]
Distoechurus
(feather-tailed possum)

Enumerazione dei mammiferi (9680496678) 2.jpg

Peters, 1874

One species
New Guinea
Feather-tailed Possum area.png
Size: 10–12 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 6–12 cm (2–5 in) tail [58]

Habitats: Forest [59]

Diet: Nectar, pollen, insects, and soft fruit [58]
Petauridae
Not assigned to a named subfamily – three genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Dactylopsila
(triok)

Striped Possum on bananas edited.jpg

Gray, 1858

Four species
New Guinea and northeastern AustraliaSize range: 17–32 cm (7–13 in) long, plus 16–40 cm (6–16 in) tail (several) [60]

Habitats: Forest [61]

Diets: Insects, fruit, and leaves [62]
Gymnobelideus
(Leadbeater's possum)

Leadbeater's Possum 02 Pengo.jpg

McCoy, 1867

One species
Southern Australia
Leadbeater's Possum area.png
Size: 15–17 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 14–18 cm (6–7 in) tail [63]

Habitats: Forest [64]

Diet: Insects, spiders, and sap [65]
Petaurus
(wrist-winged gliders)

Mahogany glider.jpg

Shaw, 1791

Six species
New Guinea and northern, eastern, and southern AustraliaSize range: 12–32 cm (5–13 in) long, plus 15–48 cm (6–19 in) tail (various) [66]

Habitats: Savanna and forest [67]

Diets: Nectar, pollen, sap, gum, seeds, insects, arachnids, and small vertebrates [68]
Pseudocheiridae
Subfamily Hemibelideinae Kirsch, Lapointe & Springer, 1997 – two genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Hemibelideus
(lemuroid ringtail possum)

PhalangistaLemuroidesSmit.jpg

Collett, 1884

One species
Northeastern Australia
Lemur-like Ringtail Possum area.png
Size: 30–38 cm (12–15 in) long, plus 30–35 cm (12–14 in) tail [69]

Habitats: Forest [70]

Diet: Leaves [69]
Petauroides
(southern greater glider)

Petauroides volans.jpg

Thomas, 1888

One species
Southeastern AustraliaSize: 30–48 cm (12–19 in) long, plus 45–55 cm (18–22 in) tail [71]

Habitats: Forest [72]

Diet: Eucalyptus leaves [71]
Subfamily Pseudocheirinae Winge, 1893 – three genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Petropseudes
(rock-haunting ringtail possum)

Pseudocheirus dahli (male) - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria - Genoa, Italy - DSC03035.JPG

Thomas, 1923

One species
Northern Australia
Rock-haunting Ringtail Possum area.png
Size: 33–38 cm (13–15 in) long, plus 20–27 cm (8–11 in) tail [73]

Habitats: Rocky areas [74]

Diet: Leaves, fruit, blossoms, and flowers, as well as termites [75]
Pseudocheirus
(ringtail possum)

Possum Ring-tailed444.jpg

Ogilby, 1837

Two species
Eastern, southern, and southwestern AustraliaSize range: 28–40 cm (11–16 in) long, plus 28–36 cm (11–14 in) tail (Western ringtail possum) [76]

Habitats: Savanna and forest [77]

Diets: Leaves, as well as flowers, buds, nectar, fruit, bark, and sap [78]
Pseudochirulus
(slender ringtail possum)

Pseudochirulus cinereus 149827298.jpg

Matschie, 1915

Eight species
New Guinea and northeastern AustraliaSize range: 16 cm (6 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail (several) to 40 cm (16 in) long plus 47 cm (19 in) tail (Herbert River ringtail possum) [79]

Habitats: Forest [80]

Diets: Leaves, fruit, ferns, pollen, fungus, moss, and lichens [81]
Subfamily Pseudochiropsinae Kirsch, Lapointe & Springer, 1997 – one genus
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Pseudochirops
(ringtail possum)

Possum vert.jpg

Matschie, 1915

Five species
New Guinea and northeastern AustraliaSize range: 28–41 cm (11–16 in) long, plus 25–38 cm (10–15 in) tail (several) [82]

Habitats: Grassland and forest [83]

Diets: Leaves as well as fruit [84]
Tarsipedidae
Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Tarsipes
(honey possum)

Tarsipes rostratus Gould 2.jpg

Gervais & Verreaux, 1842

One species
Southwestern Australia
Honey Possum area.png
Size: 6–9 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 7–11 cm (3–4 in) tail [85]

Habitats: Shrubland [86]

Diet: Pollen and nectar [85]

Superfamily Phalangeroidea

Burramyidae
Not assigned to a named subfamily – two genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Burramys
(mountain pygmy possum)

Mountain-pygmy-possum.jpg

Broom, 1895

One species
Southeastern Australia
Mountain Pygmy Possum area.png
Size: 10–12 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 13–16 cm (5–6 in) tail [87]

Habitats: Shrubland [88]

Diet: Insects, spiders, seeds, and berries [89]
Cercartetus
(pygmy possum)

Cercartetus concinnus Museums Victoria.jpg

Gloger, 1841

Four species
New Guinea and northeastern and southern AustraliaSize range: 5 cm (2 in) long, plus 6 cm (2 in) tail (Tasmanian pygmy possum) to 11 cm (4 in) long plus 16 cm (6 in) tail (long-tailed pygmy possum) [90]

Habitats: Shrubland and forest [91]

Diets: Nectar, pollen, invertebrates, and small lizards [92]
Phalangeridae
Subfamily Ailuropinae Flannery, Archer & Maynes, 1987 – one genus
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Ailurops
(bear cuscus)

Ailurops ursinus Naemundung 2 North Sulawesi.jpg

Wagler, 1830

Two species
Sulawesi island and Salibabu Island in IndonesiaSize range: 56–54 cm (22–21 in) long, plus 61–58 cm (24–23 in) tail (both species) [93]

Habitats: Forest [94]

Diets: Leaves, flowers, and fruit [95]
Subfamily Phalangerinae Thomas, 1888 – five genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Phalanger

Southern Brown Cuscus, photo by CNZdenek & AJBurnett.jpg

Storr, 1780

Thirteen species
New Guinea and nearby islandsSize range: 32–60 cm (13–24 in) long, plus 24–61 cm (9–24 in) tail (all species) [96]

Habitats: Savanna and forest [97]

Diets: Leaves, seeds, fruit, buds, vines, flowers, insects, small vertebrates, and eggs [98]
Spilocuscus

Cuscus1.jpg

Gray, 1861

Five species
New Guinea, nearby islands, and northeastern AustraliaSize range: 33–64 cm (13–25 in) long, plus 31–59 cm (12–23 in) tail (several) [99]

Habitats: Forest [100]

Diets: Leaves, coconuts, fruit, insects, and small vertebrates [101]
Strigocuscus
(dwarf cuscus)

CuscusCelebensisWolf.jpg

Gray, 1861

Two species
Sulawesi and nearby islands in IndonesiaSize range: 29–38 cm (11–15 in) long, plus 27–38 cm (11–15 in) tail (Sulawesi dwarf cuscus) [102]

Habitats: Forest [103]

Diets: Fruit, flowers, and leaves [104]
Trichosurus
(brushtail possum)

Trichosurus vulpecula 1.jpg

Lesson, 1828

Four species
Scattered AustraliaSize range: 32–58 cm (13–23 in) long, plus 24–35 cm (9–14 in) tail (several) [105]

Habitats: Savanna and forest [106]

Diets: Leaves, shoots, fruit, flowers, fungi, lichen, buds, and insects, as well as bark [107]
Wyulda
(scaly-tailed possum)

Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia Vol 4 Pl 1.jpg

Alexander, 1918

One species
Northwestern Australia
Scaly-tailed Possum area.png
Size: 29–47 cm (11–19 in) long, plus 25–33 cm (10–13 in) tail [108]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, and rocky areas [109]

Diet: Leaves [110]

Suborder Vombatiformes

Phascolarctidae

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Phascolarctos
(koala)

Koala climbing tree.jpg

Blainville, 1816

One species
Eastern Australia
Koala Range.jpg
Size: 68–82 cm (27–32 in) long [111]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland [112]

Diet: Eucalyptus leaves, as well as other leaves [113]

Vombatidae

Not assigned to a named subfamily – two genera
NameAuthority and speciesRangeSize and ecology
Lasiorhinus
(hairy-nosed wombat)

Southern Hairy-nosed Wombat.jpg

Gray, 1863

Two species
Southern and eastern AustraliaSize range: 77 cm (30 in) long (southern hairy-nosed wombat) to 111 cm (44 in) long (northern hairy-nosed wombat) [114]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, and grassland [115]

Diets: Grass and herbs [116]
Vombatus
(common wombat)

Vombatus ursinus -Maria Island National Park.jpg

Saint-Hilaire, 1803

One species
Southern and southeastern Australia
Common Wombat area.png
Size: 70–110 cm (28–43 in) long [117]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland [118]

Diet: Leaves, grass, sedges, and moss, as well as shrubs, roots, tubers, and bark [117]

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Weyland ringtail possum</span> Species of marsupial

The Weyland ringtail possum is a species of marsupial in the family Pseudocheiridae. It is endemic to the western Central Cordillera of Papua Province, Indonesia. P. caroli is also "known from four localities west of the Star Mountains" and tends to live in montane forest or other hilly areas. Currently the Weyland ringtail is not endangered, but should be "monitored [because] it could rapidly become threatened if either human encroachment or hunting were to increase significantly."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Banggai cuscus</span> Species of marsupial

The Banggai cuscus is a species of cuscus, a type of possum. It is found in the Peleng and Sula Islands to the east of Sulawesi in Indonesia.

References

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Sources