Northern common cuscus

Northern common cuscus [1]
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) [2]
CITES Appendix II (CITES) [3]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Infraclass:	Marsupialia
Order:	Diprotodontia
Family:	Phalangeridae
Genus:	Phalanger
Species:	P. orientalis
Binomial name
Phalanger orientalis (Pallas, 1766)
Northern common cuscus range (blue — native, red — introduced, dark gray — origin uncertain)

The northern common cuscus (Phalanger orientalis), also known as the gray cuscus, is a species of marsupial in the family Phalangeridae native to northern New Guinea and adjacent smaller islands, but is now also found in the Bismarck Archipelago, southeast and central Moluccas, the Solomons, and Timor, where it is believed to have been introduced in prehistoric times from New Guinea. ^{[2] [4]} It was formerly considered conspecific with the allopatric P. intercastellanus and P. mimicus .

It is hunted for human consumption in New Guinea. ^[5]

Names

It is known as laku ita in the Naueti language ^[6] or meda in the Tetum Terik Tetum language of Timor-Leste.

Habitat

The northern common cuscus normally inhabits disturbed habitats. These would include secondary forest, plantations, and gardens. This species is also found in primary tropical forests. ^[7] While living in the arboreal environments, hunters in the area believe that the tree hollows are the preferred den site of the cuscus. ^[8] Local villagers reported that the northern common cuscus can be found in any substantially forested areas from coastal monsoon rainforest and gallery forest to the remnant montane rainforest. ^[9]

Distribution

The northern common cuscus inhabits the islands of Timor, specifically Indonesia and Timor-Leste, Wetar and Leti (both to Indonesia) through the Kai Islands and a number of the Moluccan Islands of Indonesia (including Ambon, Buru, and Seram); it is also found on the islands of Misool, Waigeo, Batanta, and Salawati (all Indonesia), and ranges over much of the northern part of the island of New Guinea (Indonesia and Papua New Guinea), including a number of offshore islands. ^[7] It ranges as far east as the Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea, where it is present on many islands including the islands of New Britain and New Ireland. It also occurs on many of the Solomon Islands. ^[7] It is believed that many of the insular island populations are the result of prehistorical introductions, possibly including Timor, Seram, Buru, Sanana, the Kai Islands, the Bismarck Archipelago, and the Solomon Island chain. ^[7] The northern common cuscus was introduced into New Ireland between 10,000 and 20,000 years ago, and into the Solomon Islands after 6,000 years ago; in Biak Island and Supiori Island, it is also an introduced species. ^[4]

Description

The northern common cuscus has a body weight around 2.1 kilograms (4.6 lb); the weight is slightly lower in females. In adult males, the thick, wooly fur ranges in color from white to medium or dark grey. In adult females the color ranges from reddish-brown to brownish-grey. In both sexes the stomach area is white, as well as patches of white behind the ears. Usually, a dark stripe runs from the head to the lower back. The male has a distinct yellowish-orange chest gland which can also be visible around the throat region. The male's tail is all white, whereas the female's tail is only white on the tips. ^[10]

Niche

Generally, its niche is thought to be that of a nocturnal arboreal folivore with frugivorous tendencies. ^{[11] [12] [13]}

References

1. Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 47. ISBN   0-801-88221-4. OCLC   62265494.
2. Leary, T.; Singadan, R.; Menzies, J.; Helgen, K.; Wright, D.; Allison, A.; Hamilton, S.; Salas, L.; Dickman, C. (2016). "Phalanger orientalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T16847A21951519. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T16847A21951519.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
3. "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
4. Schapper, Antoinette (2011). "Phalanger Facts: Notes on Blust's Marsupial Reconstructions". Oceanic Linguistics. 50 (1): 258–272. doi:10.1353/ol.2011.0004. S2CID   145482148.
5. Margaretha Pangau-Adam & Richard Noske & Michael Muehlenberg. Wildmeat or Bushmeat? Subsistence Hunting and Commercial Harvesting in Papua (West New Guinea), Indonesia. Hum Ecol (2012) 40:611–621. doi : 10.1007/s10745-012-9492-5
6. LexiRumah 2.2.3, ‘cuscus’/‘kuskus’.
7. Leary, T., Singadan, R., Menzies, J., Helgen, K., Wright, D., Allison, A., Hamilton, S., Salas, L. & Dickman, C. 2008. Phalanger orientalis. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org.
8. TE Heinsohn, Department of Archaeology and Natural History, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia. Manuscript received 1 September 2004; accepted 23 October 2004.
9. TE Heinsohn, Department of Archaeology and Natural History, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia. Manuscript received 1 September 2004; accepted 23 October 2004.
10. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wartika-Farida/publication/360761740_Habitat_and_Distribution_of_Cuscuses_Phalangeridae/links/62e7498e7782323cf1903a00/Habitat-and-Distribution-of-Cuscuses-Phalangeridae.pdf
11. FLANNERY TF, 1994. Possums of the world: a monograph of the Phalangeroidea. GeoProductions / Australian Museum: Sydney.
12. FLANNERY TF, 1995a. Mammals of New Guinea. Australian Museum / Reed Books: Sydney.
13. FLANNERY TF, 1995b. Mammals of the south-west Pacific and Moluccan Islands. Australian Museum / Reed Books: Sydney.