Common wombat

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Common wombat [1]
Vombatus ursinus -Maria Island National Park.jpg
Vombatus ursinus ursinus, Maria Island, Tasmania
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Marsupialia
Order: Diprotodontia
Family: Vombatidae
Genus: Vombatus
Species:
V. ursinus
Binomial name
Vombatus ursinus
(Shaw, 1800)
Common Wombat area.png
Common wombat range
Synonyms

Reference [3]

  • Wombatus fossor
  • Phascolomis wombat
  • Phascolomis vombatus
  • Phascolomys platyrhinus
  • Phascolomys fuscus
  • Phascolomys mitchellii
  • Phascolomys niger
  • Phascolomys setosus
  • Phascolomys assimilis

The common wombat (Vombatus ursinus), also known as the bare-nosed wombat, is a marsupial, one of three extant species of wombats and the only one in the genus Vombatus. It has three subspecies: Vombatus ursinus hirsutus, found on the Australian mainland; Vombatus ursinus tasmaniensis (Tasmanian wombat), found in Tasmania; and Vombatus ursinus ursinus (Bass Strait wombat), found on Flinders Island and Maria Island in the Bass Strait.

Contents

The mainland species is the largest of the three, with its largest specimens measuring up to 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) and 35 kg (77 lb). The common wombat is herbivorous, mainly nocturnal, and lives in burrows. Being a marsupial, its joeys inhabit a pouch on the mother for around five months after birth.

Taxonomy

1807 illustration of the now-extinct wombats of King Island King Island wombats.jpg
1807 illustration of the now-extinct wombats of King Island

The common wombat was first described by George Shaw in 1800.[ citation needed ]

There are three extant subspecies of the common wombat, confirmed in 2019: [4]

Hackett's wombat (V. hacketti) is an extinct species of genus Vombatus, inhabiting the southwestern part of Australia. [12] [13] [14] [15] Being around the same size as V. ursinus, with an average weight of 30 kg,V. hacketti went extinct at the end of the Late Pleistocene, in the Quaternary extinction event. [16] [17]

Description

Common wombats are sturdy and built close to the ground. They have small ears and eyes, and a large bald nose. Their fur is thick and coarse and its colour varies from light brown to grey and black. The Flinders Island wombat is the smallest of the three subspecies at around 75 cm (30 in) in length, while the Tasmanian wombat averages 85 cm (33 in) and a weight of 20 kg (44 lb). The largest of the three, the mainland species, are around 1 m (3 ft 3 in) long and weigh 27 kg (60 lb) on average. Larger specimens can reach 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) and 35 kg (77 lb). [8]

They have short, strong legs with long claws and are very efficient diggers. One mark of distinction from all other marsupials is that the wombat has a single pair of upper and lower incisors, which never stop growing. [8]

Distribution and habitat

Common wombats are widespread in the cooler and better-watered parts of southern and eastern Australia, including Tasmania and Victoria, and in mountain districts as far north as southern Queensland. [18] [19] In Tasmania, their preference is heathland, coastal scrub, and open forest. [8]

Common wombats can be found at any elevation in the south of their range, but in the north of their range are only found in higher, more mountainous areas. They may be found in a variety of habitats including rainforest, eucalyptus forest, woodland, alpine grassland, and coastal areas. [20] In some regions, they have adapted to farmland and can even be seen grazing in open fields with cattle and sheep.

Behaviour

Common wombats have been described as ecological engineers, [21] as their burrow building results in soil turnover and aeration, which assists plant growth, and provides habitat for a range of invertebrate and vertebrate species. [22] [23]

Common wombats are a solitary, territorial species, with each wombat having an established range in which it lives and feeds. [24] In this area, they dig a tunnel system, with tunnels ranging from 2–20 m (6 ft 7 in – 65 ft 7 in) in length, along with many side tunnels, and often more than one entrance. More than one wombat may build their nest, made from sticks, leaves, and grasses, in one burrow. [8]

A wide range of other animals are known to make use of wombat burrows including reptiles, rodents, rabbits, echidnas, wallabies, birds and koalas. Wombats are usually fairly tolerant of non-threatening species, and have a number of burrows that they can occupy. [25] [26] The typically switch the burrow that they sleep in every 1-9 days. [27]

Many wombats can live in the same burrow, and wombats normally live in the same burrow for their whole lifespan unless the wombat is forced out of the burrow by farmers or other animal species, or unless the burrow is destroyed. Often nocturnal, the common wombat does come out during the day in cooler weather, such as in early morning or late afternoon. [28]

Diet

grazing on Maria Island, Tasmania Common wombat (Vombatus ursinus tasmaniensis) Maria Island 2.jpg
grazing on Maria Island, Tasmania

Common wombats are herbivorous, [29] [30] subsisting on grass, snow tussocks, and other plant materials. Foraging is usually done during the night. They are the only marsupial in the world whose teeth constantly grow. Due to the underlying enamel structure of the teeth, the continuously growing teeth maintain a self-sharpening ridge [31] which allows easier grazing of the diet consisting of mainly native grasses. [28] Captive wombats are also fed a range of vegetables. [32]

Their dung is cube-shaped. [8]

Breeding

The common wombat breeds mainly in winter. [8] It can breed every two years and produce a single joey. Wombats appear to mate side-ways [33] The gestation period is about 20–30 days, and the young remain in the pouch for five months. When leaving the pouch, they weigh between 3.5 and 6.5 kg (7.7 and 14.3 lb). The joey is weaned around 12 to 15 months of age, and is usually independent at 18 months of age. [28] Wombats have an average lifespan of 15 years in the wild and 20 years in captivity.

Threats

Whilst bare-nosed wombats are listed as Least Concern by the IUCN, [2] they remain threatened largely due to anthropomorphic factors [34] including habitat reduction, roadkill [35] and sarcoptic mange. [36] Sarcoptic mange is prevalent in the population [37] [38] and remains the most problematic of issues facing bare-nosed wombats, with wildlife carers regularly treating wombats in the field [36] [39] with low-risk moxidectin. [40]

Wombats have also been reported to harbour a range of parasites, including ticks and associated pathogens. [41] [42]

Its main predators are Tasmanian devils and eagles. [8]

There was a significant increase in overall wombat counts throughout Tasmania between 1985 and 2019 although numbers decreased in the last 10 years of that period in the west Tamar area. [8]

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Probably the Bass Strait species. [4]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marsupial</span> Infraclass of mammals in the clade Metatheria

Marsupials are a diverse group of mammals belonging to the infraclass Marsupialia. They are natively found in Australasia, Wallacea, and the Americas. One of the defining features of marsupials is their unique reproductive strategy, where the young are born in a relatively undeveloped state and then nurtured within a pouch on their mother's abdomen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wombat</span> Species of marsupials

Wombats are short-legged, muscular quadrupedal marsupials of the family Vombatidae that are native to Australia. Living species are about 1 m (40 in) in length with small, stubby tails and weigh between 20 and 35 kg. They are adaptable and habitat tolerant, and are found in forested, mountainous, and heathland areas of southern and eastern Australia, including Tasmania, as well as an isolated patch of about 300 ha in Epping Forest National Park in central Queensland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phalangeriformes</span> Suborder of arboreal marsupials

Phalangeriformes is a paraphyletic suborder of about 70 species of small to medium-sized arboreal marsupials native to Australia, New Guinea, and Sulawesi. The species are commonly known as possums, gliders, and cuscus. The common name "possum" for various Phalangeriformes species derives from the creatures' resemblance to the opossums of the Americas. However, although opossums are also marsupials, Australasian possums are more closely related to other Australasian marsupials such as kangaroos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Narawntapu National Park</span> Protected area in Tasmania, Australia

Narawntapu National Park is a national park in the Australian state of Tasmania. It lies on Tasmania's north coast, adjoining Bass Strait, between Port Sorell in the west and the mouth of the Tamar River in the east. It lies about 20 km east of Devonport, 60 km north-west of Launceston and 250 km north of Hobart.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tiger quoll</span> Carnivorous marsupial native to Australia

The tiger quoll, also known as the spotted-tailed quoll, spotted quoll, spotted-tailed dasyure, or tiger cat, is a carnivorous marsupial of the quoll genus Dasyurus native to Australia. With males and females weighing around 3.5 and 1.8 kg, respectively, it is the world's second-largest extant carnivorous marsupial, behind the Tasmanian devil. Two subspecies are recognised; the nominate is found in wet forests of southeastern Australia and Tasmania, and a northern subspecies, D. m. gracilis, is found in a small area of northern Queensland and is endangered.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quoll</span> Genus of marsupial mammals

Quolls are carnivorous marsupials native to Australia and New Guinea. They are primarily nocturnal and spend most of the day in a den. Of the six species of quoll, four are found in Australia and two in New Guinea. Another two species are known from fossil remains in Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits in Queensland. Genetic evidence indicates that quolls evolved around 15 million years ago in the Miocene, and that the ancestors of the six species had all diverged by around four million years ago. The six species vary in weight and size, from 300 g (11 oz) to 7 kg (15 lb). They have brown or black fur and pink noses. They are largely solitary, but come together for a few social interactions such as mating which occurs during the winter season. A female gives birth to up to 30 pups, but the number that can be raised to adulthood is limited by the number of teats (6–7). They have a life span of 1–5 years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flinders Island</span> Island to the north of Tasmania, Australia

Flinders Island, the largest island in the Furneaux Group, is a 1,367-square-kilometre (528 sq mi) island in the Bass Strait, northeast of the island of Tasmania. Today Flinders Island is part of the state of Tasmania, Australia. It is 54 kilometres (34 mi) from Cape Portland and is located on 40° south, a zone known as the Roaring Forties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mange</span> Type of skin disease caused by parasitic mites

Mange is a type of skin disease caused by parasitic mites. Because various species of mites also infect plants, birds and reptiles, the term "mange", or colloquially "the mange", suggesting poor condition of the skin and fur due to the infection, is sometimes reserved for pathological mite-infestation of nonhuman mammals. Thus, mange includes mite-associated skin disease in domestic mammals, in livestock, and in wild mammals. Severe mange caused by mites has been observed in wild bears. Since mites belong to the arachnid subclass Acari, another term for mite infestation is acariasis.

<i>Vombatus</i> Genus of mammals

Vombatus is a genus of marsupial that contains a single living species, the common wombat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Moxidectin</span> Chemical compound

Moxidectin is an anthelmintic drug used in animals to prevent or control parasitic worms (helminths), such as heartworm and intestinal worms, in dogs, cats, horses, cattle, sheep and wombats. Moxidectin kills some of the most common internal and external parasites by selectively binding to a parasite's glutamate-gated chloride ion channels. These channels are vital to the function of invertebrate nerve and muscle cells; when moxidectin binds to the channels, it disrupts neurotransmission, resulting in paralysis and death of the parasite.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Burrow</span> Underground animal home dug in soft dirt

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern hairy-nosed wombat</span> Species of marsupial

The southern hairy-nosed wombat is one of three extant species of wombats. It is found in scattered areas of semiarid scrub and mallee from the eastern Nullarbor Plain to the New South Wales border area. It is the smallest of all three wombat species. The young often do not survive dry seasons. It is the state animal of South Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern hairy-nosed wombat</span> Species of marsupial

The northern hairy-nosed wombat or yaminon is one of three extant species of Australian marsupials known as wombats. It is one of the rarest land mammals in the world and is critically endangered. Its historical range previously extended across New South Wales, Victoria, and Queensland, and as recently as 100 years ago it was considered as having become extinct, but in the 1930s a population of about 30 individuals was discovered located in one place, a 3 km2 (1.2 sq mi) range within the 32 km2 (12 sq mi) Epping Forest National Park in Queensland. With the species threatened by wild dogs, the Queensland Government built a 20-kilometre (12 mi)-long predator-proof fence around all wombat habitat at Epping Forest National Park in 2002. Insurance populations have since been translocated to two other locations to ensure the species survives threats such as fire, flood, or disease.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kultarr</span> Species of marsupial

The kultarr is a small insectivorous nocturnal marsupial inhabiting the arid interior of Australia. Preferred habitat includes stony deserts, shrubland, woodland, grassland and open plains. The kultarr has a range of adaptations to help cope with Australia's harsh arid environment including torpor similar to hibernation that helps conserve energy. The species has declined across its former range since European settlement due to changes in land management practices and introduced predators.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stripe-faced dunnart</span> Species of marsupial

The striped-faced dunnart is a small, Australian, nocturnal, "marsupial mouse," part of the family Dasyuridae. The species' distribution occurs throughout much of inland central and northern Australia, occupying a range of arid and semi-arid habitats.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern brown bandicoot</span> Species of marsupial

The southern brown bandicoot is a short-nosed bandicoot, a type of marsupial, found mostly in southern Australia. A subspecies in Western Australia was also known as the quenda in South Western Australia. This subspecies was elevated to species in 2018.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-tailed phascogale</span> Species of mammal

The red-tailed phascogale, also known as the red-tailed wambenger, red-tailed mousesack or kenngoor, is a small carnivorous marsupial found in inland areas of south-western Western Australia, and has been reintroduced in sanctuaries in WA and the Northern Territory. It is listed as near threatened by the IUCN Red List, vulnerable under the federal EPBC Act, and its status varies between extinct and conservation-dependent under respective legislation in other states and territories of Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern marsupial mole</span> Species of marsupial

The southern marsupial mole, also known as the itjaritjari or itjari-itjari, is a mole-like marsupial found in the western central deserts of Australia. It is extremely adapted to a burrowing way of life. It has large, shovel-like forepaws and silky fur, which helps it move easily. It also lacks complete eyes as it has little need for them. It feeds on earthworms and larvae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tasmanian temperate forests</span> Ecoregion in Tasmania, Australia

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References

  1. ↑ Groves, C. P. (2005). "Genus Vombatus ursinus". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN   0-801-88221-4. OCLC   62265494.
  2. 1 2 Taggart, D.; Martin, R.; Menkhorst, P. (2016). "Vombatus ursinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T40556A21958985. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T40556A21958985.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  3. ↑ S. Jackson; C. Groves (2015). Taxonomy of Australian Mammals. p. 101.
  4. 1 2 Howarth, Carla (13 April 2019). "Scientists discover wombats on Tasmania's islands are one of three genetically unique subspecies". ABC News . Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  5. ↑ "Vombatus ursinus ursinus — Common Wombat (Bass Strait)". Species Profile and Threats Database . Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Australian Government. 7 July 2022. CC-BY icon.svg Text may have been copied from this source, which is available under a Attribution 3.0 Australia (CC BY 3.0 AU) licence.
  6. ↑ "Bass Strait Wombat". Threatened Species Link. 6 June 2024. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  7. 1 2 Knoblauch, Wiebke; Carver, Scott; Driessen, Michael M; Gales, Rosemary; Richards, Shane A (4 September 2023). "Abundance and population growth estimates for bare-nosed wombats". Ecology and Evolution. 13 (9): e10465. doi: 10.1002/ece3.10465 . PMC   10477484 . PMID   37674647.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Common Wombat". Department of Natural Resources and Environment Tasmania . 3 April 2024. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  9. 1 2 "Common Wombat". Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. Retrieved 13 December 2009.
  10. ↑ Spencer, Walter Baldwin; Kershaw, James A. (1910). The existing species of the genus Phascolomys. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, Melbourne. Vol. 3. Melbourne: J. Kemp, government printer.
  11. ↑ "Common Wombat". Wombania's Wombat Information Center. Retrieved 13 December 2009.
  12. ↑ "Megafauna". austhrutime.com. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
  13. ↑ Triggs, Barbara (1 January 2009). Wombats. Csiro Publishing. ISBN   9780643096011.
  14. ↑ "Anaspides.net". www.anaspides.net. Archived from the original on 20 July 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
  15. ↑ Johnson (2002). "Determinants of loss of mammal species during the Late Quaternary 'megafauna' extinctions: life history and ecology, but not body size". Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 269 (1506): 2221–2227. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2130. PMC   1691151 . PMID   12427315.
  16. ↑ "The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database cubit: The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database Extinct Mammals: Marsupials: Vombatus hacketti". cubits.org. Archived from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
  17. ↑ MacPhee, R. D. E. (30 June 1999). Extinctions in Near Time. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN   9780306460920.
  18. ↑ Thorley RK, Old JM (2020). Distribution, abundance and threats to bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus). Australian Mammalogy. 42, 249-256. DOI: 10.1071/AM19035
  19. ↑ "Bare-nosed wombat Vombatus ursinus" (PDF). Queensland Government. 16 September 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  20. ↑ Thorley, Rowan K.; Old, Julie M. (2020). "Distribution, abundance and threats to bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus)". Australian Mammalogy. 42 (3): 249. doi:10.1071/AM19035. S2CID   213536628.
  21. ↑ Old, Julie M.; Lin, Simon H.; Franklin, Michael J. M. (December 2019). "Mapping out bare-nosed wombat (Vombatus ursinus) burrows with the use of a drone". BMC Ecology. 19 (1): 39. doi: 10.1186/s12898-019-0257-5 . PMC   6749681 . PMID   31533684. S2CID   202641093.
  22. ↑ Old, Julie M.; Hunter, NE; Wolfenden, J (2018). "Who utilises bare-nosed wombat burrows?". Australian Zoologist. 39 (3): 409–413. doi: 10.7882/AZ.2018.006 . S2CID   135128293.
  23. ↑ Fleming, PA; Anderson, H; Prendergast, AS; Bretz, MR; Valentine, LE; Hardy, GES (1 April 2014). "Is the loss of Australian digging mammals contributing to a deterioration in ecosystem function?". Mammal Review . 44 (2): 94–108. doi:10.1111/mam.12014.
  24. ↑ "Living with wombats". NSW Department of Planning and Environment. NSW Government. 17 February 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  25. ↑ "Australian bushfires: animals that take refuge in wombat burrows usually uninvited, experts say". AFP Fact Check. 20 January 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  26. ↑ Nimmo, Dale (15 January 2020). "Viral stories of wombats sheltering other wildlife from the bushfires aren't entirely true". ABC News. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  27. ↑ Carver, Scott; Stannard, Georgia L; Martin, Alynn M (6 September 2023). "The Distinctive Biology and Characteristics of the Bare-Nosed Wombat (Vombatus ursinus)". Annual Review of Animal Biosciences. 12 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1146/annurev-animal-021022-042133.
  28. 1 2 3 "Wombats, Wombat Pictures, Wombat Facts". National Geographic Society . 11 April 2010. Archived from the original on 7 February 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
  29. ↑ Old, Julie M.; Vallin, Blaire L.; Thorley, Rowan K.; Casey, Fiona; Stannard, Hayley J. (2024). "DNA metabarcoding analysis of the bare-nosed wombat (Vombatus ursinus) diet". Ecology and Evolution. 14 (5): e11432. doi:10.1002/ece3.11432. PMC   11103767 . PMID   38770127.
  30. ↑ Casey, Fiona; Vallin, Blaire L.; Wolfenden, Jack; Old, Julie M.; Stannard, Hayley J. (2024). "Nutritional composition of plants and preliminary assessment of nutrition in free-ranging bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus)". Australian Mammalogy. 46 (2). doi:10.1071/AM23013.
  31. ↑ Ferreira, J. M.; Phakey, P. P.; Palamara, J.; Rachinger, W. A.; Orams, H. J. (1989). "Electron microscopic investigation relating the occlusal morphology to the underlying enamel structure of molar teeth of the wombat (Vombatus ursinus)". Journal of Morphology. 200 (2): 141–149. doi:10.1002/jmor.1052000204. PMID   29865656. S2CID   46929011.
  32. ↑ Stannard, Hayley J.; Purdy, Katherine; Old, Julie M. (2021). "A survey and critical review of wombat diets in captivity". Australian Mammalogy. 43 (1): 66. doi:10.1071/AM20028. S2CID   225365567.
  33. ↑ Stannard, Hayley; Old, Julie (28 March 2023). "A rare video of wombats having sex sideways offers a glimpse into the bizarre realm of animal reproduction". The Conversation .
  34. ↑ Thorley, Rowan K.; Old, Julie M. (2020). "Distribution, abundance and threats to bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus)". Australian Mammalogy. 42 (3): 249. doi:10.1071/AM19035. S2CID   213536628.
  35. ↑ Mayadunnage, S.; Stannard, H. J.; West, P.; Old, J. M. (6 July 2022). "Identification of roadkill hotspots and the factors affecting wombat vehicle collisions using the citizen science tool, WomSAT". Australian Mammalogy. 45 (1): 53–61. doi:10.1071/AM22001.
  36. 1 2 Old, J. M.; Sengupta, C.; Narayan, E.; Wolfenden, J. (April 2018). "Sarcoptic mange in wombats-A review and future research directions". Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 65 (2): 399–407. doi: 10.1111/tbed.12770 . PMID   29150905.
  37. ↑ Stannard, Hayley J.; Wolfenden, Jack; Hermsen, Eden; Vallin, Blaire T.; Hunter, Nicole E.; Old, Julie M. (2021). "Incidence of sarcoptic mange in bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus)". Australian Mammalogy. 43: 85. doi: 10.1071/AM20001 .
  38. ↑ Mayadunnage, Sujatha; Stannard, Hayley J.; West, Peter; Old, Julie M. (2023). "Spatial and temporal patterns of sarcoptic mange in wombats using the citizen science tool, WomSAT". Integrative Zoology. 19 (3): 387–399. doi: 10.1111/1749-4877.12776 . PMID   37865949.
  39. ↑ Old, Julie M.; Skelton, Candice J. A.; Stannard, Hayley J. (March 2021). "The use of Cydectin® by wildlife carers to treat sarcoptic mange in free-ranging bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus)". Parasitology Research. 120 (3): 1077–1090. doi:10.1007/s00436-020-07012-8. PMID   33438043. S2CID   231595549.
  40. ↑ Schraven, Andrea L.; Stannard, Hayley J.; Old, Julie M. (April 2021). "A systematic review of moxidectin as a treatment for parasitic infections in mammalian species". Parasitology Research. 120 (4): 1167–1181. doi:10.1007/s00436-021-07092-0. PMID   33615411. S2CID   231989259.
  41. ↑ Beard, Danielle; Stannard, Hayley J.; Old, Julie M. (February 2021). "Parasites of wombats (family Vombatidae), with a focus on ticks and tick-borne pathogens". Parasitology Research. 120 (2): 395–409. doi:10.1007/s00436-020-07036-0. PMID   33409643. S2CID   253981632.
  42. ↑ Beard, Danielle; Stannard, Hayley J.; Old, Julie M. (December 2021). "Morphological identification of ticks and molecular detection of tick-borne pathogens from bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus)". Parasites & Vectors. 14 (1): 60. doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-04565-6 . PMC   7814742 . PMID   33468211.
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