Red-necked wallaby

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Red-necked wallaby [1]
Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus Bruny.jpg
Bennett's wallaby (N. r. rufogriseus), Bruny Island, Tasmania
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Marsupialia
Order: Diprotodontia
Family: Macropodidae
Genus: Notamacropus
Species:
N. rufogriseus
Binomial name
Notamacropus rufogriseus
(Desmarest, 1817)
Subspecies

N. r. rufogriseus
N. r. banksianus
N. r. fruticus

Bennett's Wallaby.jpg
Red-necked wallaby's native range
Synonyms [2]
  • Wallabia rufogriseusDesmarest, 1817
  • Macropus ruficollis(Desmarest, 1817)
  • Macropus rufogriseus(Desmarest, 1817)

The red-necked wallaby or Bennett's wallaby (Notamacropus rufogriseus) [3] is a medium-sized macropod marsupial (wallaby), common in the more temperate and fertile parts of eastern Australia, including Tasmania. Red-necked wallabies have been introduced to several other countries, including New Zealand, the United Kingdom (in England and Scotland), Ireland, the Isle of Man, France and Germany. [4]

Contents

Description

Red-necked wallabies are distinguished by their black nose and paws, white stripe on the upper lip, and grizzled medium grey coat with a reddish wash across the shoulders. They can weigh 13.8 to 18.6 kilograms (30 to 41 lb) and attain a head-body length of 90 centimetres (35 in), although males are generally bigger than females. Red-necked wallabies are very similar in appearance to the black-striped wallaby (Notamacropus dorsalis), the only difference being that red-necked wallabies are larger, lack a black stripe down the back, and have softer fur. [5] Red-necked wallabies may live up to nine years. [6]

Distribution and habitat

Red-necked wallabies are found in coastal scrub and sclerophyll forest throughout coastal and highland eastern Australia, from Bundaberg, Queensland to the South Australian border; [6] in Tasmania and on many of the Bass Strait islands. It is unclear which of the Tasmanian islands have native populations as opposed to introduced ones.

In Tasmania and coastal Queensland, their numbers have expanded over the past 30 years because of a reduction in hunting pressure and the partial clearing of forest to result in a mosaic of pastures where wallabies can feed at night, alongside bushland where they can shelter by day. For not altogether clear reasons, they are less common in Victoria.

Behaviour

Two adult males fighting Wallaby-fighting-Tasmania.jpg
Two adult males fighting

Red-necked wallabies are mainly solitary but will gather together when there is an abundance of resources such as food, water or shelter. When they do gather in groups, they have a social hierarchy similar to other wallaby species. A recent study has demonstrated that wallabies, as other social or gregarious mammals, are able to manage conflict via reconciliation, involving the post-conflict reunion, after a fight, of former opponents, which engage in affinitive contacts. [7] Red-necked wallabies are mainly nocturnal. They spend most of the daytime resting. [6]

A female's estrus lasts 33 days. [6] During courting, the female first licks the male's neck. The male will then rub his cheek against the female's. Then the male and female will fight briefly, standing upright like two males. After that they finally mate. A couple will stay together for one day before separating. A female bears one offspring at a time; the young stay in the pouch for about 280 days, [8] whereafter females and their offspring stay together for only a month. However, females may stay in the home range of their mothers for life, while males leave at the age of two. Also, red-necked wallabies engage in alloparental care, in which one individual may adopt the child of another. This is a common behavior seen in many other animal species like wolves, elephants, humans, and fathead minnows. [9]

Diet

Red-necked wallabies diets consists of grasses, roots, tree leaves, and weeds. [6]

Subspecies

There are two or three subspecies:

The Tasmanian subspecies, Notamacropus rufogriseus rufogriseus, usually known as Bennett's wallaby, is smaller (as island subspecies or species often are), has longer, darker [5] and shaggier fur, and breeds in the late summer, mostly between February and April. They have adapted to living in proximity to humans and can be found grazing on lawns in the fringes of Hobart and other urban areas.

The mainland Australian subspecies, Notamacropus rufogriseus banksianus, usually known as the red-necked wallaby, breeds all year round. Captive animals maintain their breeding schedules; Tasmanian females that become pregnant out of their normal season delay birth until summer, which can be anywhere up to 8 months later.

Introductions to other countries

A population of albino Bennett's wallabies (N. r. rufogriseus) lives on Bruny Island. Albino Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus.jpg
A population of albino Bennett's wallabies (N. r. rufogriseus) lives on Bruny Island.

There are significant introduced populations in the Canterbury Region of New Zealand's South Island. In 1870, several Bennett's wallabies were transported from Tasmania to Christchurch, New Zealand. Two females and one male from this stock were later released at Te Waimate, the property of Waimate's first European settler Michael Studholme. The year 1874 saw them freed in the Hunters Hills, where over the years their population has dramatically increased. Bennett's wallabies are now resident on approximately 350,000 ha of terrain in the Hunters Hills, including the Two Thumb Range, the Kirkliston Range and the Grampians. They have been declared an animal pest in the Canterbury Region and land occupiers must contain the wallabies within specified areas. [10] Bennett's wallaby is now widely regarded as a symbol of Waimate.

There are also small colonies in England [6] in the Peak District (extirpated), Derbyshire (extirpated), and the Ashdown Forest in East Sussex (population unknown). These were established ca. 1900. There are also other sightings frequently spotted in West Sussex and Hampshire and recently YouTuber 'Wildlife With Cookie' found a population in an unknown part of England not associated with the previous mentioned locations. One of this small population was a mother carrying a joey, confirming that breeding was still occurring in the UK. [11] He also went on to locate wallabies with albinism in Kenilworth, Warwickshire. [12]

There is a small colony of red-necked wallabies on the island of Inchconnachan, Loch Lomond in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. This was founded in 1975 with two pairs taken from the Whipsnade Zoo, and had risen to 26 individuals by 1993. [13]

There is a significant group of escaped red-necked wallabies living wild across the Isle of Man, which are the descendants of numerous escapes from a wildlife park on the island in the 1960s and 1970s. [14] A 2017 study by estimated their number in the vicinity of the wildlife park to be 83 individuals, including a very small number of Parma wallabies. [15] A 2023 study by the Manx Wildlife Trust using drone and thermal technology resulted in the first accurate count of the red-necked wallabies in the Ballaugh Curragh Area of Special Scientific Interest and Ramsar site. Two nocturnal surveys, carried out across 400 hectares of the Ballaugh Curragh over two consecutive nights, gave an average number of 568 wallabies with a density of 140 per km². As the survey site included surrounding agricultural land, it is thought the density would be higher when the wallabies retreat into the wet woodland during the day. Wallabies are now widely reported across the northern half of the Isle of Man. [16] Along with concerns about inbreeding leading to a high prevalence of blindness and neurological disorders, there is concern that they are having a detrimental impact on the native ecology of the island, therefore the Isle of Man Government has classed them as an invasive, non-native species via listing on Schedule 8 of the Wildlife Act 1990. [17]

The Baring family, who owned Lambay Island off the eastern coast of Ireland, introduced red-necked wallabies to the island in the 1950s and 1960s. In the 1980s, the red-necked wallaby population at the Dublin Zoo was growing out of control. Unable to find another zoo to take them, and unwilling to euthanize them, zoo director Peter Wilson donated seven individuals to the Barings. The animals have thrived since then and the current population is estimated to be between 30 and 50. [18]

In France, in the southern part of the Forest of Rambouillet, 50 km (31 mi) west from Paris, there is a wild group of around 50–100 Bennett's wallabies. This population has been present since the 1970s, when some individuals escaped from the zoological park of Émancé after a storm. [19]

In Germany, a wild population originating from zoo escapees exists in the federated state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. [20]

In October 2014, three captive Bennett's wallabies escaped into the wild in northern Austria and one of them roamed the area for three months before being recaptured, surprisingly surviving the harsh winter there. The case attracted media attention, as it humorously defeated the popular slogan "There are no kangaroos in Austria." [21]

Related Research Articles

A phantom kangaroo is a report of kangaroos, wallabies, or their accompanying footprints in areas where there is no native population. Some explanations put forth are escaped zoo or circus animals, or publicity stunts by local businesses using photographs from Australia. Others suggest outbreaks of such sightings are a form of mass hysteria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wallaby</span> Macropods of Australia and New Guinea

A wallaby is a small or middle-sized macropod native to Australia and New Guinea, with introduced populations in New Zealand, Hawaii, the United Kingdom and other countries. They belong to the same taxonomic family as kangaroos and sometimes the same genus, but kangaroos are specifically categorised into the four largest species of the family. The term "wallaby" is an informal designation generally used for any macropod that is smaller than a kangaroo or a wallaroo that has not been designated otherwise.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Macropodidae</span> Family of marsupial mammals

Macropodidae is a family of marsupials that includes kangaroos, wallabies, tree-kangaroos, wallaroos, pademelons, quokkas, and several other groups. These genera are allied to the suborder Macropodiformes, containing other macropods, and are native to the Australian continent, New Guinea and nearby islands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parma wallaby</span> Species of marsupial

The parma wallaby is a small marsupial macropod mammal native to forests and densely-vegetated areas of northeastern New South Wales, Australia, close to the border with Queensland. There is also an introduced population found in and around Rodney District, just north of Auckland, New Zealand. About the size of a stout cat, it lives mainly under thick plant cover, and is only active at night when it emerges to feed on grasses and small plants. It is the smallest of the wallabies and carries its young in a pouch, as with other marsupials. Shy and elusive, it was believed extinct until its rediscovery in the 1960s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Western grey kangaroo</span> Species of marsupial

The western grey kangaroo, also referred to as a western grey giant kangaroo, black-faced kangaroo, mallee kangaroo, sooty kangaroo and Kangaroo Island grey kangaroo, is a large and very common kangaroo found across almost the entire southern part of Australia, from just south of Shark Bay through coastal Western Australia and South Australia, into western Victoria, and in the entire Murray–Darling basin in New South Wales and Queensland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tammar wallaby</span> A small macropod native to South and Western Australia

The tammar wallaby, also known as the dama wallaby or darma wallaby, is a small macropod native to South and Western Australia. Though its geographical range has been severely reduced since European colonisation, the tammar wallaby remains common within its reduced range and is listed as "Least Concern" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). It has been introduced to New Zealand and reintroduced to some areas of Australia where it had been previously extirpated. Skull variations differentiate between tammar wallabies from Western Australia, Kangaroo Island, and mainland South Australia, making them distinct population groups.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Toolache wallaby</span> Extinct species of marsupial

The toolache wallaby or Grey's wallaby is an extinct species of wallaby from southeastern South Australia and southwestern Victoria.

Inchconnachan is an island in Loch Lomond in Scotland, in the Trossachs National Park. It is accessible by boat from the village of Luss on the south side of the Loch.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agile wallaby</span> Species of marsupial

The agile wallaby, also known as the sandy wallaby, is a species of wallaby found in northern Australia and southern New Guinea. It is the most common wallaby in north Australia. The agile wallaby is a sandy colour, becoming paler below. It is sometimes solitary and at other times sociable and grazes on grasses and other plants. The agile wallaby is not considered threatened.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Whiptail wallaby</span> Species of marsupial

The whiptail wallaby, also known as the pretty-faced wallaby, is a species of wallaby found in eastern Australia. It is locally common from Cooktown in Queensland to near Grafton in New South Wales.

Scrub wallaby often refers to the Black-striped wallaby (Macropus dorsalis).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Western brush wallaby</span> Species of marsupial

The western brush wallaby, also known as the black-gloved wallaby, is a species of wallaby found in the southwestern coastal region of Western Australia. The wallaby's main threat is predation by the introduced red fox. The IUCN lists the western brush wallaby as Least Concern, as it remains fairly widespread and the population is believed to be stable or increasing, as a result of red fox control programs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Common wallaroo</span> Species of marsupial

The common wallaroo, also known as the euro, hill wallaroo, or simply wallaroo, is a species of macropod. The word euro is particularly applied to one subspecies.

<i>Klossiella</i> Genus of single-celled organisms

Klossiella is a genus of parasitic alveolates of the phylum Apicomplexa. Species in this genus infect the renal tract of mammals and intestinal tract of snakes.

Boginderra Hills Nature Reserve is a protected nature reserve situated to the north of Temora, located in the Riverina region of New South Wales in eastern Australia. It has an area of 756 hectares.

Fiona Bryde Gore, Countess of Arran was a Scottish powerboating racer who was awarded the 1980 Segrave Trophy. She held the record for the fastest woman on water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tasmanian temperate forests</span> Ecoregion in Tasmania, Australia

The Tasmanian temperate forests is a temperate broadleaf and mixed forests ecoregion in Australia. The ecoregion occupies the eastern portion of the island of Tasmania, which lies south of the Australian mainland.

References

  1. ↑ Groves, C. P. (2005). "Order Diprotodontia". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 65. ISBN   978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC   62265494.
  2. 1 2 McKenzie, N.; Menkhorst, P.; Lunney, D. (2016). "Macropus rufogriseus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T40566A21953329. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T40566A21953329.en . Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  3. ↑ "Australian Faunal Directory: Notamacropus rufogriseus". biodiversity.org.au. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  4. ↑ Dickinson, Greg (20 September 2018). "The curious mystery of the wild wallabies living on the Isle of Man". The Telegraph. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
  5. 1 2 Staker, Lynda (2006). The Complete Guide to the Care of Macropods. Lynda Staker. p. 54. ISBN   0977575101.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Long, John (2003). Introduced Mammals of the World. Csiro Publishing. p. 40. ISBN   0643099166.
  7. ↑ Cordoni, G.; Norscia, I. (2014). "Peace-Making in Marsupials: The First Study in the Red-Necked Wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus)". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e86859. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...986859C. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086859 . PMC   3906073 . PMID   24489796.
  8. ↑ "Bennett's Wallaby". Encyclopedia of Life.
  9. ↑ Riedman, Marianne L. (December 1982). "The Evolution of Alloparental Care in Mammals and Birds". Quarterly Review of Biology. 57 (4): 405–435. doi:10.1086/412936. JSTOR   2826887. S2CID   85378202.
  10. ↑ Law, Tina (28 March 2014). "Big bounce in South Island wallaby numbers". Stuff. Stuff. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
  11. ↑ "You Would NOT Expect To Find THIS In England | (Animal Anomalies)". YouTube. 20 January 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  12. ↑ "I Found Albino Wallabies WILD In The UK!". YouTube. 7 February 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  13. ↑ "The Colquhoun's Island". Inchconnachan Island – Loch Lomond. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
  14. ↑ https://www.mwt.im/news/red-necked-wallaby-position-statement
  15. ↑ https://arcaravaggi.github.io/publication/havlin-distribution-2017/havlin-distribution-2017.pdf
  16. ↑ https://www.mwt.im/wallabies-and-isle-man
  17. ↑ https://legislation.gov.im/cms/images/LEGISLATION/PRINCIPAL/1990/1990-0002/1990-0002_2.pdf
  18. ↑ Connolly, Colleen (12 November 2014). "What the Heck Are Wallabies Doing in Ireland?". Smithsonian. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  19. ↑ "Enquête sur le Wallaby de Bennett en Forêt d'Yvelines" [Investigation of Bennett's Wallaby in the Yvelines Forest]. CERF78 (in French). 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
  20. ↑ Angelika Sigl (5 June 2021). "Die Kängurus von Mecklenburg". Bayerische Rundfunk (BR) (in German). Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  21. ↑ "Runaway 'kangaroo' spotted in garden". The Local.at. 28 January 2015.

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