Conservation International

Last updated
Conservation International
AbbreviationCI
Formation1987
FounderSpencer Beebe; Peter Seligmann
Type International NGO
52-1497470 [1]
Legal status 501(c)(3) nonprofit (United States)
FocusBiodiversity conservation and human well-being
Headquarters Crystal City, Arlington County, Virginia, U.S. [2]
Region served
Worldwide
FieldsClimate change, marine conservation, sustainable development, conservation science, conservation finance
Interim CEO
Daniela Raik [3]
Chair of the board
 Wes Bush [3]
Key people
 Harrison Ford (board member) [4]
RevenueUS$271 million (2024) [1]
ExpensesUS$298 million (2024) [1]
Employees1,600+ (2025) [3]
Website www.conservation.org

Conservation International (CI) is an American nonprofit environmental organization headquartered in Crystal City, Virginia. [5]

Contents

As of 2025, CI's stated mission is "to spotlight and secure the critical benefits that nature provides to humanity" through protecting biodiversity hotspots, partnering with the communities that rely on them economically, engaging in field research and supporting environmentally-friendly policies. [6] The organization employs 1,700 people and works with more than 2,000 partners in 29 countries. CI has helped support 1,200 protected areas and interventions across 77 countries, protecting more than 13 million square kilometers (5 million square miles) of land and sea. [7] [8] CI was founded in 1987 by Spencer Beebe and Peter Seligmann.

History

Founding and 1980s

Conservation International was founded in 1987 by Peter Seligmann and Spencer Beebe. [9] [10] In July 1987, the organization and the Government of Bolivia signed a Debt-for-nature swap agreement that has been described as the first of its kind. [11] [12] Conservation International acquired US$650,000 of Bolivian external debt for US$100,000. Bolivia provided the Beni Biological Station Biosphere Reserve with maximum legal protection, created three adjacent protected areas, and agreed to provide US$250,000 in local currency for management activities in the reserve. [11]

In 1989, Conservation International adopted biodiversity hotspots as an institutional blueprint for directing conservation investments and worked with Norman Myers on early updates to the hotspots framework that introduced quantitative criteria for hotspot designation. [13]

1990s

In the early 1990s, Conservation International halted direct-mail fundraising and expanded its programs using support from board members and foundation grants, including from the MacArthur Foundation. [9] In 1990, it entered its first corporate partnership, with McDonald's Corporation. [14]

In 1990, Conservation International created the Rapid Assessment Program, a rapid biodiversity survey initiative intended to support conservation decision-making by generating biological information from field assessments. [15] In the mid-1990s, the organization expanded its fundraising strategies, with increased emphasis on foundations and wealthy individual donors. [9] In 1998, Conservation International scientists published an approach to setting conservation priorities that combined biodiversity hotspots and major tropical wilderness areas. [16]

2000s

In 2000, Conservation International participated in the launch of the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF), a partnership between the World Bank, the Global Environment Facility, and Conservation International that supports civil society conservation work in biodiversity hotspots. [17] The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation joined CEPF as a partner in 2001, and the Government of Japan joined in 2002. [17]

In 2001, Conservation International launched the Global Conservation Fund, which focuses on establishing the financial sustainability of specific protected areas. [18] In 2004, Starbucks launched Coffee and Farmer Equity (C.A.F.E.) Practices, a verification program developed by Starbucks, Conservation International, and SCS Global Services. [19]

On July 1, 2017, Peter Seligmann stepped down as CEO of CI and a new executive team made up of senior CI leadership was announced. As of 2025, Daniela Raik is Interim CEO of the organization, while Robert J. Fisher, the Chair of Gap Inc., is interim Chair of the Board. [20] Conservation International epidemiologist Dr. Neil Vora was named to the 2025 Time 100. [21]

2000s

In 2000, Conservation International participated in the launch of the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF), a partnership between the World Bank, the Global Environment Facility, and Conservation International that supports civil society conservation work in biodiversity hotspots. [17] The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation joined CEPF as a partner in 2001, and the Government of Japan joined in 2002. [17]

In 2001, Conservation International launched the Global Conservation Fund, which focuses on establishing the financial sustainability of specific protected areas. [18] In 2004, Starbucks launched Coffee and Farmer Equity (C.A.F.E.) Practices, a verification program developed by Starbucks, Conservation International, and SCS Global Services. [19] In 2008, Conservation International updated its mission to focus on the connections between human well-being and natural ecosystems, and expanded its work with a stronger focus on marine conservation, scientific research, conservation finance, and partnerships with governments, corporations, and Indigenous and local communities. [22]

2010s

In 2014, Conservation International launched the public-awareness campaign Nature Is Speaking at SXSW Eco in Austin, Texas, using short films narrated by celebrity voices to frame conservation messaging around human dependence on nature for well-being. [23] In contemporaneous interviews, then-chief executive Peter Seligmann described a shift in the organisation’s emphasis from conserving nature “for its own sake” toward a strategy centred on the idea that “people need nature to thrive”, alongside increased investment in public communications and new media formats such as virtual reality storytelling. [24]

In 2017, M. Sanjayan was named chief executive officer, succeeding Peter Seligmann, who remained chair of the board. [25] [24]

2020s

In August 2025, Sanjayan stepped down as CEO, and Daniela Raik was appointed interim chief executive officer while the board conducted a search for a permanent CEO. [3] Conservation International epidemiologist Dr. Neil Vora was named to the 2025 Time 100 Next list. [26] In fiscal year 2024, CI reported expenditures of more than US$297 million. [27] [28]

Approach to conservation

The foundation of CI's work is "science, partnership and field demonstration." The organization has scientists, policy workers and other conservationists on the ground in nearly 30 countries. It also relies heavily on thousands of local partners. [29]

CI divides its work into three priority areas: protecting and restoring natural areas in order to mitigate climate change, protecting ocean areas and Sustainable fisheries, and expanding conservation economies. [30]

CI works with governments, universities, NGOs and the private sector with the aim of replicating its work on a larger scale. By showing how conservation can work at all scales, CI aims to make the protection of nature a key consideration in economic development decisions around the world. [31]

Since its inception, CI claims to have protected more than 5 million square kilometers (13 million square miles) of land and ocean areas while also improving the management of sustainable fisheries and restoring mangroves, which mitigate the impacts of climate change. [32] CI is a founding member of The Blue Nature Alliance, an initiative launched in 2020 that aims to protect an additional 18 million square kilometers (7 million square miles) of ocean area, bringing 30% of the world's oceans under protection by 2030. [33]

The organization has been active in United Nations discussions on issues such as climate change [34] and biodiversity, [35] and its scientists have presented at international conferences and workshops. As of January 2025, Conservation International claims to have published more than 1,300 peer-reviewed articles, in journals like Science, Nature, and the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. [36]

Conservation International works in partnership with many multinational companies to reduce their impact on the environment and support the protection of nature. The organization has worked with Starbucks, Walmart, P&G and Apple, among others. [37] In 2020, CI began a new partnership with Mastercard and World Resources Institute (WRI) to support the Priceless Planet Coalition in its goal to restore 100 million trees in critical forests around the world. [38]

Activities by location

Americas

Bolivia

In Bolivia, Conservation International Bolivia was established in 1987 and is based in La Paz. [39] [40] Its work focuses on strengthening and expanding protected areas in the Bolivian Amazon and supporting community livelihoods. [39] In 1987, the organization helped carry out a debt-for-nature swap, purchasing US$650,000 of Bolivian debt for US$100,000 and making US$250,000 available for the Beni Biosphere Reserve (about 133,500 hectares, 1,335 km²). [41] [42] Three additional reserves totaling about 1,497,000 hectares (14,970 km²) were also established, with management funding supported by the Bolivian government and the United States Agency for International Development. [41] In 2024, Conservation International supported the designation of the Área Natural de Manejo Integrado El Gran Manupare in the municipality of Sena in Pando, covering 452,639 hectares (4,526 km²) and safeguarding 9.2 million tons of irrecoverable carbon; the protected area represents almost 8% of Pando’s forests and increased the department’s conservation coverage to 26%. [43]

Brazil

In Brazil, Conservation International has worked since 1990 and maintains offices in Rio de Janeiro, Brasília and Santarém. [44] [45] Its Brazil programme focuses on conservation in the Amazon rainforest, the Cerrado, the Atlantic Forest and marine/coastal areas. [45] Conservation International do Brasil is an executing partner for the Amazon Sustainable Landscapes Project, financed by the Global Environment Facility and led by the World Bank. [46] The project includes GEF Trust Fund grants of US$30 million to the Brazilian Biodiversity Fund (FUNBIO) and US$30.33 million to Conservation International do Brasil, supporting activities to expand legal protection and improve protected-area management and to increase restoration and sustainable management in the Brazilian Amazon, with activities in Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima and Tocantins. [47] [46] FUNBIO executes the component supporting the Amazon Region Protected Areas Program (ARPA), while Conservation International executes components on integrated landscape management, policy support for sustainable productive landscapes and native-vegetation recovery, and regional training and cooperation with Colombia and Peru. [48] Conservation International served as the executing agency for the UNDP–GEF project Taking Deforestation Out of the Soy Supply Chain, focused on the MATOPIBA agricultural frontier and aiming to reduce deforestation and promote sustainable soy production across 6,000,000 hectares (60,000 km2). [49] In the Abrolhos seascape, Conservation International Brazil developed a 2023–2025 initiative aimed at strengthening marine protected areas and sustainable tourism around Abrolhos Marine National Park and the Cassurubá Extractive Reserve. [50]

Colombia

In Colombia, Conservation International began its activities on 19 December 1991 and its Colombia program is based in Bogotá. [51] In 2004, a debt-for-nature swap under the U.S. Tropical Forest Conservation Act reduced Colombia’s debt to the United States by more than US$10 million in exchange for funding local conservation projects to protect tropical forests. [52] The agreement was signed by the governments of Colombia and the United States along with The Nature Conservancy, the World Wildlife Fund and Conservation International. [52] Since 2007, watershed-focused work around Bogotá has included conservation and restoration planning in the Chingaza–Sumapaz–Guerrero–Guacheneque conservation corridor, involving the city’s water utility (the Empresa de Acueducto y Alcantarillado de Bogotá) and environmental authorities in studies of biodiversity, ecosystem services and environmental conflicts, alongside conservation, restoration and sustainable-use projects intended to recover ecosystem services. [51] [53] In 2022, a coalition of partners including Conservation International launched Herencia Colombia (Heritage Colombia), a project-finance-for-permanence initiative securing about US$245 million in public and private finance to support long-term management of Colombia’s protected areas system and to expand terrestrial and marine protected areas. [54] [55]

Costa Rica

In Costa Rica, Conservation International has worked in the country for more than 35 years and is based in the Los Yoses area of San Pedro (Montes de Oca), San José Province. [56] Work has included ocean and coastal conservation planning and marine spatial planning, and participation in the Transforma-Innova programme, a multi-partner initiative implemented by GIZ with a consortium that includes CATIE, FUNBAM, UNDP and CRUSA, focused on shifting agriculture, livestock and marine-coastal systems toward low-carbon and climate-resilient practices. [57] [58] Conservation International Costa Rica also implements a grant-funded pilot project under AFD’s Blue Carbon Facility to support Costa Rica’s National Blue Carbon Strategy and Action Plan, including piloting financing mechanisms such as carbon credits, payments for marine ecosystem services and biodiversity credits, with field testing in the mangroves of the Gulf of Nicoya. [59] In 2009, National Geographic Pristine Seas and partners including Conservation International conducted a marine expedition to Cocos Island National Park to study the island’s ecosystems and establish scientific baselines for nearby seamounts. [60]

Ecuador

In Ecuador, Conservation International established its country program in 2001 and has offices in Quito, Guayaquil, Coca, and Puyo. [61] [62] Conservation International has served as the Global Environment Facility agency for the Galápagos biosecurity and ecosystem restoration project Safeguarding biodiversity in the Galapagos Islands by enhancing biosecurity and creating the enabling environment for the restoration of Galapagos Island ecosystems, which aims to strengthen biosecurity across the archipelago and support ecosystem recovery measures including invasive-vertebrate eradication on Floreana Island and the translocation of giant tortoises to Santa Fe Island in the Galápagos Islands. [63] On the mainland, it has supported marine conservation through the initiative Implementation of the Strategic Plan of Ecuador Mainland Marine and Coastal Protected Areas Network. Cofinancing, including support from the Walton Family Foundation, expanded the covered marine and coastal protected areas from five to seven. [64] Conservation International Foundation is the accredited entity for the Green Climate Fund project Mangroves for climate: Public, Private and Community Partnerships for Mitigation and Adaptation in Ecuador, approved in July 2024, which engages local communities and the private sector in restoring and sustainably managing mangroves and promoting deforestation-free standards and reforestation in shrimp-aquaculture supply chains through results-based payments and governance measures. [65]

Guyana

In Guyana, Conservation International has worked since 1989 and maintains offices in Georgetown and Lethem (in the Rupununi). [66] In the Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo region, the village council of Konashen (a Wai Wai community) received absolute title to its lands in 2004, declared them as the Konashen Community Owned Conservation Area in 2007 under the Amerindian Act, and later applied for the area to be recognized as an Amerindian Protected Area within Guyana’s National Protected Areas System; the area covers about 648,567 hectares (6,486 km2). [67] Management planning for the Kanashen Amerindian Protected Area has involved the Konashen community, the Protected Areas Commission and Conservation International-Guyana, including community consultations, ranger training and baseline biological surveys. [68] Other initiatives have included efforts related to expanding Guyana’s protected-areas system and biodiversity information, support for implementing REDD+ and tracking deforestation, a Sustainable Villages initiative based on 10-year Village Improvement Plans, an El Dorado Gold programme focused on mercury-free mining, and mangrove mapping and cross-border coordination with Suriname, French Guiana and Brazil. [69]

Mexico

In Mexico, Conservation International has worked since 1990 and maintains offices in Mexico City, Oaxaca and Chiapas. [70] [71] Conservation International partnered in the USAID-supported programme Conserving Critical Coastal Ecosystems in Mexico (1996–2003), which worked with local partners on site-based coastal-management initiatives in Quintana Roo and on Mexico's Pacific coast, including work related to the Gulf of California, and documented capacity-building and technical exchange activities with Mexican NGOs, universities and government agencies. [72] In Oaxaca and Chiapas, it runs the Restauración de Paisajes Emblemáticos project, which focuses on landscape restoration and local environmental governance and set a target of planting about 12.53 million trees by 2025. [73] In the Yucatán Peninsula, it has supported mangrove restoration by digging channels intended to restore water flow in mangrove areas after road construction disrupted local hydrology. [74] Conservation International also implements the Global Biodiversity Framework Fund project Mex30x30: Conserving Mexican biodiversity through the collective social participation approach, with financing of US$18.5 million. [75]

Peru

In Peru, Conservation International began working in 1989, with its headquarters in Lima and offices in Pucallpa (Ucayali), Puerto Maldonado (Madre de Dios) and Rioja (San Martín). [76] [77] It has worked with the national protected-areas service SERNANP and other partners in the Alto Mayo Protection Forest (Bosque de Protección Alto Mayo, San Martín), using conservation agreements and REDD+ finance to support forest protection alongside community livelihoods. Voluntary-market carbon payments, including payments by Disney, have financed conservation agreements under which participating residents commit to no new deforestation and contribute to protected-area management in exchange for technical assistance intended to improve production and access higher-value markets. The Alto Mayo conservation-agreement program covers the protected forest's 182,000 hectares and involves more than 960 beneficiary families. [78]

In September 2023, the United States, Peru and four non-governmental organizations—Conservation International (CI), The Nature Conservancy (TNC), Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), and World Wildlife Fund (WWF)—finalized a debt-for-nature swap and forest-conservation agreements under the Tropical Forest and Coral Reef Conservation Act (TFCCA), redirecting more than US$20 million in debt-service payments over 13 years to a conservation fund intended to provide grants for forest conservation, improved natural-resource management and sustainable livelihoods in the Peruvian Amazon. Profonanpe was named as the initial grants administrator. [79] In 2023, the Green Climate Fund approved Project Preparation Facility funding to develop a proposal to scale communal-reserve co-management with Indigenous organizations in the Peruvian Amazon, with CI Peru as the proposed lead executing entity for proposal development. [80] During fieldwork in 2022, a biodiversity expedition in Peru's Amazon documented 27 species new to science, including findings from the Alto Mayo landscape conducted with local Indigenous partners. [81]

Suriname

In Suriname, Conservation International-Suriname was established as a foundation under Surinamese law on 29 December 1992 and officially registered on 18 January 1993, with its national office based in Paramaribo. [82] [83] Work in the country has included protected-area design and management planning in and around the 1.6-million-hectare Central Suriname Nature Reserve, which was established in 1998 and inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000. [84] [85] A research station was constructed at the base of Voltzberg to support field research and biodiversity monitoring, and the Voltzberg field station was rebuilt in 2017. [85] Biodiversity monitoring in the reserve was linked to the Tropical Ecology Assessment and Monitoring (TEAM) network, which became active in Suriname in 2004 and established a research station in the Raleighvallen area in 2006; TEAM monitoring in the reserve ended in 2017. [85] Conservation finance initiatives linked to protected-area management have included support for the creation of the Suriname Conservation Fund (SCF), a trust fund established in 1999; later support from the Global Environment Facility increased its capital to more than US$18 million. [85] Under a grant agreement signed on 28 November 2000, Conservation International Foundation committed up to US$2 million to the Suriname Conservation Foundation’s trust fund. [86] Along Suriname’s coast, conservation activities have included nature-based coastal protection and mangrove rehabilitation at Weg naar Zee (near Paramaribo) using sediment-trapping structures intended to promote mangrove regrowth and reduce erosion. [87] [88]

Africa

Botswana

In Botswana, Conservation International’s country programme dates to 1993, when it opened an office in Maun as part of its CI-Okavango programme; it maintains offices in Gaborone and Bobonong (in the Bobirwa area). [89] [90] Activities have included support for wildlife research and monitoring programmes on African wild dogs, cheetahs and zebra populations in the Makgadikgadi Pans; engagement with government on veterinary-cordon-fence issues, including work linked to a 40-kilometre wildlife corridor at the Kwando River; and community initiatives in the Okavango Delta region such as Shorobe women’s basketry and environmental education linked to Maun Game Park. [89] It worked with the Department of Wildlife and National Parks on the Western Kgalagadi Conservation Corridor project, intended to maintain and restore wildlife access to resources and support community development and tourism in a corridor linking Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park and the Central Kalahari Game Reserve, and it participated in coordination and information-sharing forums associated with the Northern Botswana Human–Wildlife Coexistence Project. [91] In the 2020s, it has also been involved in a Green Climate Fund project on ecosystem-based adaptation and mitigation in Botswana’s communal rangelands. [92]

Kenya

In Kenya, Conservation International's Kenya programme is based in Nairobi. [93] Its work spans nearly 4.9 million hectares (about 48,600 km²) in northern and southern Kenya and includes a REDD+ initiative with the Kenyan government, local nonprofits and Maasai community members, as well as ecotourism and savanna-restoration work. [94] In 2017, Conservation International launched a carbon credit project to raise funds for forest protection, livelihood support and grassland restoration, and an Apple-supported effort has restored 11,000 hectares (110 km²) of degraded rangeland, with a stated target of 20,000 hectares (200 km²) by 2027. [95] Conservation International has served as the Global Environment Facility agency for the project Strengthening National Institutions in Kenya to Meet the Transparency Requirements of the Paris Agreement and Sharing Best Practices in the East Africa Region, which aimed to enhance Kenya's land-based emissions estimation system and support the use of updated forest and land-use data in policy and decision-making, as well as experience-sharing with Rwanda and Uganda. [96] Conservation International is the lead agency for the Global Environment Facility project Advancing human-wildlife conflict management effectiveness in Kenya through an integrated approach. [97]

Liberia

Conservation International began working in Liberia in 2001, and its Liberia programme is based in Monrovia. [98] [99] Work in the country has included support for protected-area management in the country's southeast, including activities associated with Sapo National Park and the Grebo forest landscape, within a wider protected-area complex linked to Taï National Park in neighbouring Ivory Coast. Conservation agreements linked to biodiversity protection and community livelihoods have also been developed in Liberia’s Nimba Range area in partnership with ArcelorMittal. [100]

Conservation International is the implementing agency for a Global Environment Facility Food Systems, Land Use and Restoration (FOLUR) project in the northwest Liberia landscape. The project targets a 2.5-million-hectare “Northwest Landscape” and aims to reduce deforestation and restore degraded lands while strengthening governance and market incentives for deforestation-free cocoa and palm-oil value chains, including work with local communities and private-sector actors such as Mano Palm Oil Industries Inc. [101] [102]

In 2018, Conservation International and the Government of Liberia established the Liberia Conservation Fund, described as Liberia’s first independent conservation fund intended to provide long-term financing for the country’s protected areas; reports stated that Conservation International committed US$1 million via its Global Conservation Fund and that the government pledged matching support. [103]

Madagascar

In Madagascar, Conservation International has worked since 1990, with a central office in Antananarivo and regional branches in Fianarantsoa and Toamasina. [104] [105] The Fianarantsoa and Toamasina branches have managed the Ambositra–Vondrozo Forest Corridor (COFAV) and the Ankeniheny-Zahamena Corridor (CAZ), respectively. [105] In CAZ, work has included technical support and secretariat functions for a technical committee established for the protected area. [106] The corridor links Zahamena National Park and Andasibe-Mantadia National Park and covers about 425,000 hectares (4,250 km2). [106] A carbon-finance component aimed to purchase 430,000 tonnes of verified emission reductions from reduced deforestation, with carbon revenues intended to help cover protected-area management costs and expand local economic opportunities. [106] The programme has also supported locally managed fisheries in the 7 Bays Marine Corridor in northeastern Madagascar and grasslands-restoration work in the southwest as part of Herding for Health. [104] In 2016, the Green Climate Fund approved Sustainable Landscapes in Eastern Madagascar, with Conservation International Foundation as the accredited entity, to support smallholder resilience and reduce greenhouse-gas emissions through landscape measures and climate-smart investments in agriculture and renewable energy. [107]

South Africa

In South Africa, Conservation South Africa (an independent affiliate of Conservation International) is registered as a Section 18A public benefit organisation and supports rural economic development linked to biodiversity conservation, including sustainable veld management and grazing practices. [108] Established as a Conservation International affiliate in 2010, it has offices in Cape Town and Johannesburg and works in areas including the Namakwa District, the Alfred Nzo District, and the Kruger to Canyons Biosphere Region. [109]

Conservation South Africa participates in the Eastern Grasslands landscape collaborative platform and is involved in durable financing work under the Mega Living Landscapes programme. [108] It is an implementing partner in the Namakwa and Eastern Grasslands landscapes, including management planning and community-focused components. [110] In the Eastern Cape, it participates in the Umzimvubu Catchment Partnership and has implemented a sustainable grazing initiative; a grasslands project aims to strengthen sustainable wool products. [110]

Asia–Pacific

Australia

In Australia, The Trustee for Conservation International Australia Environmental Trust is registered as a charity and endorsed as a Deductible gift recipient from 1 January 2024. [111]

Forest-restoration work associated with Mastercard's Priceless Planet Coalition has included Greening Australia planting 430,000 biodiverse native trees in New South Wales and Victoria across the 2021 and 2022 planting seasons, supported by Conservation International as a global delivery partner. The plantings were implemented through Greening Australia's Great Southern Landscapes and Nature in Cities programs. [112]

Cambodia

In Cambodia, Conservation International has worked since 2001 and is based in Phnom Penh, with field offices in Koh Kong and Pursat provinces, including a sub-office in Thma Bang District in Koh Kong Province. [113] [114] [115] [116] Its work focuses on forest and fisheries conservation, including efforts to reduce deforestation and protect wildlife, improve wetland management and support sustainable agriculture and conservation finance. [113] Its projects include work in the Central Cardamom Mountains landscape, Tonle Sap Lake, Prey Lang Wildlife Sanctuary and Veun Sai-Siem Pang National Park. [117] [118] [119] [120] It implemented the Central Cardamom Protected Forest project with the Forestry Administration from July 2001 to September 2004. [121] A REDD+ project in the Northern Prey Lang landscape became operational in 2018, is registered under Japan's Joint Crediting Mechanism, and is jointly implemented by Conservation International, the Ministry of Environment and Mitsui. [122]

China

In the mid-2000s, Conservation International's biodiversity program in China focused on the mountains of southwest China, including parts of Yunnan, Sichuan, Tibet, Qinghai and Gansu. Activities included implementing the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF), biodiversity surveys, development of a conservation monitoring system, training for local and government staff, and support for community-based conservation and development, including forest restoration with native species and standards for eco-friendly tourism, alongside efforts to reduce wildlife trade and engage businesses. [123]

Fiji

In Fiji, Conservation International supported work leading to the establishment of the Sovi Basin Conservation Area on Viti Levu, including the creation of a multi-stakeholder steering committee in 2005 and development of a management plan and conservation lease arrangements. [124] In 2005, landowners agreed to cancel a proposed logging concession in the Sovi Basin, and a conservation trust fund was developed to support long-term management and provide alternative income for landowners; Conservation International secured a donation from Fiji Water in 2007 as part of the trust-fund financing. [125]

Proposed arrangements for the area included a conservation lease alongside funding and management agreements. [125]

Indonesia

In Indonesia, Conservation International led a coalition of partners that launched the Bird’s Head Seascape Initiative in 2004 in the Bird's Head Peninsula region of West Papua. [126]

In the Raja Ampat marine protected area network, conservation work has included a tourism entrance fee system and a community-based patrol system. Long-term financing planning for the wider Bird’s Head Seascape has included the Blue Abadi Fund, administered by the Indonesian Biodiversity Foundation (Yayasan Keanekaragaman Hayati Indonesia; KEHATI), intended to support co-management and enforcement across the Bird’s Head Seascape protected-area network and to fund local organisations working on conservation and livelihoods. [127]

In 2024, a U.S.–Indonesia debt-for-nature swap targeted funding for conservation work in the Bird’s Head Seascape and the Lesser Sunda–Banda seascape, including a contribution from Conservation International. [128]

In Bali, Conservation International Indonesia supported the development of a network of marine protected areas; planning began with a multi-stakeholder workshop in 2010 that identified potential sites, and the network was formally initiated in 2013 through a memorandum of understanding signed by Bali’s marine affairs and fisheries agencies. [129]

Kiribati

In Kiribati, the Phoenix Islands Protected Area was created in 2008 through a partnership between the Government of Kiribati, Conservation International and the New England Aquarium. [130]

New Caledonia

In New Caledonia, a co-management conservation project in the Mont Panié reserve area in the North Province was initiated in 2003 and included the establishment of the Dayu Biik association. [131] A proof-of-concept programme on invasive mammal control began in 2004 and included intensive trapping of rats and feral cats in a trial area. [131]

New Zealand

In New Zealand, Conservation International launched the Hinemoana Halo Ocean Initiative, an Indigenous-led ocean programme based in Aotearoa focused on ocean protection and climate action across the Pacific region. [132]

Work on coastal wetland blue carbon in Aotearoa New Zealand has included policy research related to blue-carbon crediting and market development, with subcontractors for a desktop policy study including Conservation International. [133]

Philippines

In the Philippines, Conservation International's program was founded in 1995 and is based in Quezon City in Metro Manila, with field offices in Puerto Princesa and Brooke's Point in Palawan. [134] [135] Activities have combined applied science, policy work and field projects to address deforestation, marine habitat loss and declining fish stocks, including work from Mount Mantalingahan to the Sulu-Sulawesi Seascape. [134] Conservation efforts have included supporting local governments in establishing a marine protected area network in the Verde Island Passage. Between 2008 and 2011, local-government alliances coordinated protection of about 17,000 hectares (170 km2) of the passage's marine area through 69 marine protected areas. [136] Conservation International Philippines was one of the local responsible partners for the United Nations Development Programme project Strengthening the Marine Protected Area System to Conserve Marine Key Biodiversity Areas (Smart Seas Philippines) (2014–2020), which worked in five seascape sites including the Verde Island Passage, southern Palawan, Tañon Strait, Lanuza Bay and Davao Gulf, covering about 2,546,188 hectares (about 25,462 km2) of municipal waters and including 21 marine key biodiversity areas, and supported capacity development for management effectiveness in 128 marine protected areas and 69 local government units. [137] In southern Palawan, work with at least 15 indigenous Palaw'an communities has integrated forest protection, sustainable land management and nature finance to protect 120,000 hectares (1,200 km2) of remaining forest in and around the Mount Mantalingahan Protected Landscape. The forests are home to more than 200 endemic species of terrestrial vertebrates and vascular plants, with more than half listed as threatened by the IUCN. [134]

Timor-Leste

In 2018, Conservation International was the implementing agency for a Global Environment Facility-funded conservation project in Timor-Leste focused on establishing a national protected area network and improving natural resource management in priority catchment corridors. [138]

Samoa

In Samoa, Conservation International has supported ocean planning through the Samoa Marine Spatial Plan, which covers Samoa’s exclusive economic zone and establishes nine fully protected marine protected areas covering 36,000 km2 (14,000 sq mi), alongside existing nearshore community-managed areas such as fish reserves and district MPAs. The plan was legally adopted in 2025 and sets out targets to fully protect 30% of Samoa’s ocean area while sustainably managing the remainder. [139] [140]

Criticism

A 2008 article in The Nation claimed that the organization had attracted $6 million for marine conservation in Papua New Guinea, but that the funds were used for "little more than plush offices and first class travel." [141] CI has touted its operations in Papua New Guinea, claiming that they have contributed to new scientific discoveries and the establishment of new protected areas. [142] As of 2016, CI no longer works directly in Papua New Guinea. [143]

In 2011, Conservation International was targeted by a group of journalists from London-based magazine Don't Panic who posed as an American company and asked if the charity could "raise [their] green profile." Options outlined by the representative of Conservation International (CI) included assisting with the company's green PR efforts, membership of a business forum in return for a fee, and sponsorship packages where the company could potentially invest money in return for being associated with conservation activities. Conservation International agreed to help the company find an "endangered species mascot". Film footage shows the Conservation International employee suggesting a vulture and North African birds of prey as a possible endangered species mascot for the company. [144] [145] CI contends that these recordings were heavily edited to remove elements that would have cast CI in a more favorable light, while using other parts of the video out of context to paint an inaccurate and incomplete picture of CI's work with the private sector. [146]

The Don't Panic investigation led to criticism from CI from UK-based website The Ecologist for working with companies including BP, Cargill, Chevron, Monsanto and Shell. [147] CI's then-CEO Peter Seligmann defended its work with the private sector, arguing that change requires working with corporations that have large environmental impacts. [148]

In May and June 2013, Survival International reported that an indigenous Bushman tribe in Botswana was threatened with eviction from their ancestral land in order to create a wildlife corridor [149] known as the Western Kgalagadi Conservation Corridor. [150] A Botswana government representative denied this. [151] A May press release from CI said, "Contrary to recent reports, Conservation International (CI) has not been involved in the implementation of conservation corridors in Botswana since 2011," and asserted that CI had always supported the San Bushmen and their rights. [152]

In December 2021, Sapiens magazine reported similar issues in Peru. At the Alto Mayo Conservation Initiative in Peru, CI had brokered the sale of carbon credits created from preserving forest land to the Disney Company to offset their cruise ships' activities. While approximately half of the local farming families signed on to preserve the forest in exchange for economic development programs funded by CI, some wanted to retain the right to expand their farms and engage in logging in the forest, leading to violence against Park rangers from the Peruvian National Service of Natural Protected Areas (SERNANP) and the threat of evictions. Local members of the Rondero autonomous peasants group told reporters that 50 homes in the forest were demolished in 2021, while SERNANP reported that none of the homes were currently inhabited. Conservation International stated that the demolitions were not funded by carbon credit revenues. [153] [154] [155]

Notable people

Executives

Notable scientists

Board of directors

The board of directors includes the following people: [167]

Board of directors and emeriti
RoleNameAffiliation / association
ChairByron D. TrottChairman and co-chief executive officer, BDT & MSD Partners
Vice chair Harrison Ford Actor
Board memberJohn ArnholdManaging member, Arnhold LLC
Board memberSamantha BassPhotographer
Board memberMark S. BezosFounding partner, HighPost Capital, LLC
Board memberKristina BrittenhamCo-chief executive officer, Nest Global
Board member Iván Duque Former President of Colombia
Board memberSabrina ElbaCEO; actress and activist, S’ABLE Labs and IE7
Board member André Esteves Senior partner, BTG Pactual
Board memberMark FergusonFounding partner, Generation Investment Management
Board member Hindou Oumarou Ibrahim Founder and coordinator, Association for Indigenous Women and Peoples of Chad (AFPAT); Lui-Walton Senior Indigenous Fellow
Board member Lisa Jackson Vice president, Environment, Policy and Social Initiatives, Apple
Board memberReed Jobs
Board memberAlexander KarsnerSenior strategist, X (The Moonshot Factory); executive chairman, Elemental Labs
Board memberDavid LeuschenCo-founder and senior managing director, Riverstone Holdings
Board memberYvonne LuiFounder, Yvonne Lui Trust
Board member Valerie Mars Mars, Incorporated
Board member Stella McCartney Creative director, Stella McCartney Ltd
Board member Anders Holch Povlsen CEO and owner, BESTSELLER
Board memberIsaac PritzkerPrincipal, Tao Capital Partners
Board memberAndres Santo DomingoKemado Label Group
Board memberJohn F. Swift
Board memberEnki TanExecutive chairman, Giti Tire Global Trading Pte Ltd.
Board memberKevin VilkinFounder, Emergent Strategic Partners
Board memberDavid S. WinterCo-chief executive officer, Standard Industries
Board member Shailene Woodley Actor
Board members emeriti
Board member emeritusAdam Albright
Board member emeritus Edward Norton
Board member emeritusPeter Seligmann
Board member emeritusRay R. Thurston

Bibliography

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