Hadropithecus

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Hadropithecus
Temporal range: Pleistocene-Holocene
Hadropithecus stenognathus skulls and mandibles.JPG
Hadropoithecus stenognathus skull and mandible elements
Extinct  (444–772)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Strepsirrhini
Family:† Archaeolemuridae
Genus:† Hadropithecus
Lorenz von Liburnau, 1899 [1]
Species:
†H. stenognathus
Binomial name
†Hadropithecus stenognathus
Lorenz von Liburnau, 1899 [2]
Synonyms [3] [4]

Pithecodon sikoraeLorenz von Liburnau, 1900

Hadropithecus is a medium-sized, extinct genus of lemur, or strepsirrhine primate, from Madagascar that includes a single species, Hadropithecus stenognathus. Due to its rarity and lack of sufficient skeletal remains, it is one of the least understood of the extinct lemurs. Both it and Archaeolemur are collectively known as "monkey lemurs" or "baboon lemurs" due to body plans and dentition that suggest a terrestrial lifestyle and a diet similar to that of modern baboons. Hadropithecus had extended molars and a short, powerful jaw, suggesting that it was both a grazer and a seed predator.

Contents

The monkey lemurs are considered to be most closely related to the living indriids and the recently extinct sloth lemurs, although recent finds had caused some dispute over a possible closer relation to living lemurids. Genetic tests, however, have reaffirmed the previously presumed relationship. Hadropithecus lived in open habitat in the Central Plateau, South, and Southwest regions of Madagascar. It is known only from subfossil or recent remains and is considered to be a modern form of Malagasy lemur. It died out around 444–772 CE, shortly after the arrival of humans on the island.

Etymology

The common names that Hadropithecus shares with Archaeolemur, "monkey lemurs" and "baboon lemurs", come from their dental and locomotor adaptations, which resemble that of modern African baboons. [5] [6] The genus Hadropithecus is derived from the Greek words αδρος, hadros, meaning "stout" or "large", and πίθηκος, pithekos, meaning "ape". The species name derives from the Greek root στενο-, steno-, meaning "narrow", and γναθος, gnathos, meaning "jaw" or "mouth". [1]

Classification and phylogeny

Hadropithecus stenognathus is classified as the sole member of the genus Hadropithecus and belongs to the family Archaeolemuridae. This family in turn belongs to the infraorder Lemuriformes, which includes all the Malagasy lemurs. [2] The species was formally described in 1899 from a mandible (lower jaw) found at Andrahomana cave in southeastern Madagascar by paleontologist Ludwig Lorenz von Liburnau, who thought it represented an ape. [7] A year later, Lorenz von Liburnau also described Pithecodon sikorae based on photographs of a skull, which upon further review turned out to be a juvenile version of Hadropithecus stenognathus. In a publication from 1902, he declared that Hadrophithecus stenognathus was not an ape, but a lemur. [3] Over 100 years later, the rarity of its skeletal remains has made this species one of the least understood species of subfossil lemur. [4]

Hadropithecus placement within the lemur phylogeny [8] [9] [10]
  Lemuriformes  

  Daubentoniidae  

 †Megaladapidae  

  Lemuridae  

Cheirogaleidae

Lepilemuridae

 †Archaeolemuridae  
 † Archaeolemur  

†Archaeolemur majori

†Archaeolemur edwardsi

†Hadropithecus stenognathus

 †Palaeopropithecidae  

Indriidae

Based on similarities in their skull and teeth, it was later thought that monkey lemurs (Hadropithecus and Archaeolemur) were a sister group to the living indriids and the recently extinct sloth lemurs (family Palaeopropithecidae). [11] [12] However, there was some debate over whether the monkey lemurs or the sloth lemurs were more closely related to today's indriids. The monkey lemurs had skulls that more closely resembled the indriids, but their teeth were very specialized and unlike those of the indriids. The sloth lemurs, on the other hand, had teeth like the indriids, but very specialized skulls. The matter was settled with the discovery of new skeletons of Babakotia and Mesopropithecus , two genera of sloth lemur, both of which had indriid-like skulls and teeth. [11] More recently, postcranial remains of Hadropithecus found in the early 2000s prompted the suggestion that the monkey lemurs were more closely related to the lemurids. [13] However, DNA sequencing has reaffirmed the sister group status of the monkey lemurs to indriids and sloth lemurs. [9]

Anatomy and physiology

Illustrations of Hadropithecus stenognathus skeletal remains from 1902 [3]
Hadropithecus Lorenz pl 1.png
Hadropithecus skull, teeth, and auditory bulla
Hadropithecus, Megaladapis Lorenz pl II.png
Comparison of Hadropithecus stenognathus forelimb bones (top and three on the left) to that of Megaladapis insignis (right and bottom)

Hadropithecus stenognathus has been estimated to have weighed between 27 and 35 kg (60 and 77 lb) and to have been roughly as large as Archaeolemur, although more gracile. [2] [5] Newer subfossil finds, however, suggest that Hadropithecus may have been more robust, and more like a gorilla than a baboon. [14] It may also have been less agile than Old World monkeys. [4] Both lemurs were quadrupedal (walked on four legs). [5] There is no evidence of cursoriality (adaptations specifically for running) in either species, [14] and although Hadropithecus could have climbed trees, it lacked adaptations for leaping or suspension. [4]

Although fewer postcranial remains have been discovered for Hadropithecus than for Archaeolemur, what has been found indicates that both were adapted for a terrestrial or semi-terrestrial lifestyle, [2] [5] [6] [12] an unusual trait for lemurs. Both genera had short limbs and a powerful build. [11] Due to its specialized dentition and likely diet, Hadropithecus is thought to have been the more terrestrial of the two, [12] since Archaeolemur may have sent more time foraging and sleeping in the trees. [5] Both genera also have shortened hands and feet, an adaptation for walking on the ground. [11]

The face of Hadropithecus was shortened and adapted to heavy stress from chewing. The monkey lemurs had highly specialized teeth, but Hadropithecus went further by specializing in strong grinding. [15] It had expanded molars that wore down quickly, [11] much like those of ungulates, [2] and its posterior premolars acted like molars to extend the grinding surface. [11] It also had a robust mandible to facilitate crushing hard objects. [15] Even the strepsirrhine toothcomb was reduced in this species. [2] [6] [11] Its dental formula was 2.1.3.31.1.3.3 × 2 = 34 [11]

The skulls of both Hadropithecus and Archaeolemur indicate that monkey lemurs had relatively large brains compared to the other subfossil lemurs, with Hadropithecus having an estimated endocranial volume of 115 ml. [4]

Ecology

Life restoration Hadropithecus.jpg
Life restoration

Like all other lemurs, Hadropithecus was endemic to Madagascar. Because it died out only recently and is only known from subfossil remains, it is considered to be a modern form of Malagasy lemur. [6] It once ranged across the Central Plateau, South, and Southwest regions of Madagascar. [2] [6] Within its original range, there were few other lemurs to overlap its ecological niche, and it has been shown to be the only subfossil lemur to consume both C3 and C4 (or CAM) plants, an indication that it lived in more open habitats and had a varied diet. [5] [14] Its physiology and dentition suggest that it may have been much like the Gelada Baboon in locomotion and diet, [2] [6] [11] acting as a manual grazer (picking grass with the hands) since its teeth were well-adapted for grinding either grass or seeds. [6] [12] Microwear patterns on its teeth, as well as its overly large molars, indicate it processed hard objects like nuts or seeds, making it a seed predator. [14] [15] More recent microwear analysis suggests differences between Gelada Baboons and Hadropithecus, indicating that this extinct lemur may not have been a grazer, but strictly a hard object processor. [4]

Extinction

Because of the low number of subfossil finds, Hadropithecus is thought to have been rare, [12] and it died out sooner than its sister taxon, Archaeolemur. [5] Both disappeared shortly after the arrival of humans to the island, but being a large, specialized, terrestrial grazer, Hadropithecus would have faced more pressure from domestic livestock, introduced pigs, and spreading human populations than its more generalized cousin. [2] The last known record was radiocarbon dated to around 444–772 CE. [5]

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lemur</span> Clade of primates endemic to the island of Madagascar

Lemurs are wet-nosed primates of the superfamily Lemuroidea, divided into 8 families and consisting of 15 genera and around 100 existing species. They are endemic to the island of Madagascar. Most existing lemurs are small, have a pointed snout, large eyes, and a long tail. They chiefly live in trees and are active at night.

<i>Megaladapis</i> Extinct genus of lemurs

Megaladapis, informally known as the koala lemur, was a genus belonging to the family Megaladapidae, consisting of three extinct species of lemurs that once inhabited the island of Madagascar. The largest measured between 1.3 to 1.5 m in length.

<i>Archaeoindris</i> Extinct giant lemur

Archaeoindris fontoynontii is an extinct giant lemur and the largest primate known to have evolved on Madagascar, comparable in size to a male gorilla. It belonged to a family of extinct lemurs known as "sloth lemurs" (Palaeopropithecidae) and, because of its extremely large size, it has been compared to the ground sloths that once roamed North and South America. It was most closely related to Palaeopropithecus, the second largest type of sloth lemur. Along with the other sloth lemurs, Archaeoindris was related to the living indri, sifakas, and woolly lemurs, as well as the recently extinct monkey lemurs (Archaeolemuridae). The genus, Archaeoindris, translates to "ancient indri-like lemur", even though it probably became extinct recently, around 350 BCE.

<i>Palaeopropithecus</i> Extinct genus of lemurs

Palaeopropithecus is a recently extinct genus of large sloth lemurs from Madagascar related to living lemur species found there today. Three species are known, Palaeopropithecus ingens, P. maximus, and P. kelyus. Radiocarbon dates indicate that they may have survived until around 1300–1620 CE. Malagasy legends of the tretretretre or tratratratra are thought to refer to P. ingens.

<i>Cryptoprocta spelea</i> Extinct species of carnivoran from Madagascar

Cryptoprocta spelea, also known as the giant fossa, is an extinct species of carnivore from Madagascar in the family Eupleridae which is most closely related to the mongooses and includes all Malagasy carnivorans. It was first described in 1902, and in 1935 was recognized as a separate species from its closest relative, the living fossa. C. spelea was larger than the fossa, but otherwise similar. The two have not always been accepted as distinct species. When and how C. spelea became extinct is unknown; there is some anecdotal evidence, including reports of very large fossas, that there is more than one surviving species.

William L. Jungers was an American anthropologist, Distinguished Teaching Professor and the Chair of the Department of Anatomical Sciences at State University of New York at Stony Brook on Long Island, New York. He is best known for his work on the biomechanics of bipedal locomotion in hominids such as the 3.4-million-year-old Lucy, and the 6.1- to 5.8-million-year-old Millennium Man Orrorin tugenensis. He devoted much of his career to the study of the lemurs of Madagascar, especially giant extinct subfossil forms such as Megaladapis. More recently, Jungers has been a subject of media attention due to his analysis of the remains of Homo floresiensis, which he believed to be legitimate members of a newly discovered species based on remains of the shoulder, the wrist, and the feet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monkey lemur</span> Extinct family of lemurs

The monkey lemurs or baboon lemurs (Archaeolemuridae) are a recently extinct family of lemurs known from skeletal remains from sites on Madagascar dated to 1000 to 3000 years ago.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sloth lemur</span> Extinct family of lemurs

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<i>Archaeolemur</i> Extinct genus of lemurs

Archaeolemur is an extinct genus of subfossil lemurs known from the Holocene epoch of Madagascar. Archaeolemur is one of the most common and well-known of the extinct giant lemurs as hundreds of its bones have been discovered in fossil deposits across the island. It was larger than any extant lemur, with a body mass of approximately 18.2–26.5 kg (40–58 lb), and is commonly reconstructed as the most frugivorous and terrestrial of the fossil Malagasy primates. Colloquially known as a "monkey lemur," Archaeolemur has often been compared with anthropoids, specifically the cercopithecines, due to various morphological convergences. In fact, it was even misidentified as a monkey when remains were first discovered. Following human arrival to Madagascar just over 2000 years ago, many of the island’s megafauna went extinct, including the giant lemurs. Radiocarbon dating indicates that Archaeolemur survived on Madagascar until at least 1040-1290 AD, outliving most other subfossil lemurs.

<i>Pachylemur</i> Extinct genus of lemurs

Pachylemur is an extinct, giant lemur most closely related to the ruffed lemurs of genus Varecia. Two species are known, Pachylemur insignis and Pachylemur jullyi, although there is some doubt as to whether or not they may actually be the same species. Pachylemur is sometimes referred to as the giant ruffed lemur, because although it and the living ruffed lemurs had similar teeth and skeletons, Pachylemur was more robust and as much as three to four times larger. DNA studies have confirmed a sister group relationship between these two types of lemur. Like living ruffed lemurs, Pachylemur specialized in eating fruit, and was therefore an important seed disperser, possibly for tree species with seeds too large for even ruffed lemurs to swallow. In the spiny thickets of southwestern Madagascar, they were also likely to have dispersed seeds evolved to attach to fur and be carried away. Unlike ruffed lemurs, the fore- and hindlimbs of Pachylemur were nearly the same length, and therefore it was likely to be a slow, deliberate climber. However, both used hindlimb suspension to reach fruit on small branches below them.

<i>Babakotia</i> Extinct genus of lemurs

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<i>Mesopropithecus</i> Extinct genus of small to medium-sized lemur from Madagascar

Mesopropithecus is an extinct genus of small to medium-sized lemur, or strepsirrhine primate, from Madagascar that includes three species, M. dolichobrachion, M. globiceps, and M. pithecoides. Together with Palaeopropithecus, Archaeoindris, and Babakotia, it is part of the sloth lemur family (Palaeopropithecidae). Once thought to be an indriid because its skull is similar to that of living sifakas, a recently discovered postcranial skeleton shows Mesopropithecus had longer forelimbs than hindlimbs—a distinctive trait shared by sloth lemurs but not by indriids. However, as it had the shortest forelimbs of all sloth lemurs, it is thought that Mesopropithecus was more quadrupedal and did not use suspension as much as the other sloth lemurs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Evolution of lemurs</span> History of primate evolution on Madagascar

Lemurs, primates belonging to the suborder Strepsirrhini which branched off from other primates less than 63 million years ago, evolved on the island of Madagascar, for at least 40 million years. They share some traits with the most basal primates, and thus are often confused as being ancestral to modern monkeys, apes, and humans. Instead, they merely resemble ancestral primates.

<i>Hypogeomys australis</i> An extinct rodent from central and southeastern Madagascar

Hypogeomys australis is an extinct rodent from central and southeastern Madagascar. First described in 1903, it is larger than its close relative, the living Hypogeomys antimena, which occurs further west, but otherwise similar. Average length of the femur is 72.1 mm, compared to 63.8 mm in H. antimena. One of the few extinct rodents of Madagascar, it survived to at least around 1536 BP based on radiocarbon dating. Little is known of its ecology, but it may have lived in burrows like its living relative and eaten some arid-adapted plants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Subfossil lemur</span> Lemurs from Madagascar that are represented by recent (subfossil) remains

Subfossil lemurs are lemurs from Madagascar that are represented by recent (subfossil) remains dating from nearly 26,000 years ago to approximately 560 years ago. They include both extant and extinct species, although the term more frequently refers to the extinct giant lemurs. The diversity of subfossil lemur communities was greater than that of present-day lemur communities, ranging from as high as 20 or more species per location, compared with 10 to 12 species today. Extinct species are estimated to have ranged in size from slightly over 10 kg (22 lb) to roughly 160 kg (350 lb). Even the subfossil remains of living species are larger and more robust than the skeletal remains of modern specimens. The subfossil sites found around most of the island demonstrate that most giant lemurs had wide distributions and that ranges of living species have contracted significantly since the arrival of humans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taxonomy of lemurs</span> Science of describing species and defining the evolutionary relationships between taxa of lemurs

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Charles Lamberton was a French paleontologist who lived and studied on the island of Madagascar between 1911 and 1948 and specialized in the recently extinct subfossil lemurs. He made significant contributions towards fixing misattributions of skeletal remains and poor interpretations of subfossil lemur behavior. His paleontological expeditions during the 1930s led to the discovery of a new species of Mesopropithecus, a type of sloth lemur. Three species—one mammal and two reptiles—were named after him, although one is now considered a taxonomic synonym.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andrahomana Cave</span> Complex of sinkholes in south eastern Madagascar

The Andrahomana Cave is a complex of sinkholes in Andranobory in south eastern Madagascar.

Ampasambazimba is a mountain peak and subfossil site in Madagascar, near Analavory, (Itasy) most known for being the site of the remains of the extinct giant sloth lemur Archaeoindris.

References

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  7. ↑ Lorenz von Liburnau, L. (1899). "Herr Custor Dr. Ludwig v. Lorenz berichtet über einen fossilen Anthropoiden von Madagascar". Anzeigen der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Classe, Wien. 27: 255–257.
  8. ↑ Horvath, J.; et al. (2008). "Development and application of a phylogenomic toolkit: Resolving the evolutionary history of Madagascar's lemurs" (PDF). Genome Research. 18 (3): 489–99. doi:10.1101/gr.7265208. PMC   2259113 . PMID   18245770 . Retrieved 2009-09-02.
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  10. ↑ Godfrey, L.R.; Jungers, W.L. (2003). "Subfossil Lemurs". In Goodman, S.M.; Benstead, J.P (eds.). The Natural History of Madagascar. University of Chicago Press. pp. 1247–1252. ISBN   978-0-226-30306-2.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mittermeier, R.A.; Tattersall, I.; Konstant, W.R.; Meyers, D.M.; Mast, R.B. (1994). Lemurs of Madagascar . Illustrated by S.D. Nash (1st ed.). Conservation International. pp. 33–48. ISBN   1-881173-08-9. OCLC   32480729.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Simons, E.L. (1997). "Chapter 6: Lemurs: Old and New". In Goodman, S.M.; Patterson, B.D (eds.). Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar. Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 142–166. ISBN   978-1-56098-682-9.
  13. ↑ Godfrey, L.R.; Jungers, W.L.; Burney, D.A.; Vasey, N.; Ramilisonina, S.J.; Wheeler, W.; Lemelin, P.; Shapiro, L.J.; et al. (2006). "New discoveries of skeletal elements of Hadropithecus stenognathus from Andrahomana Cave, southeastern Madagascar". Journal of Human Evolution. 51 (4): 395–410. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.04.012. PMID   16911817.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Godfrey, L.R.; Jungers, W.L.; Schwartz, G.T. (2006). "Chapter 3: Ecology and Extinction of Madagascar's Subfossil Lemurs". In Gould, L.; Sauther, M.L (eds.). Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation . Springer. pp.  41–64. ISBN   978-0-387-34585-7.
  15. 1 2 3 Godfrey, L.R.; Jungers, W.L.; Reed, K.E.; Simons, E.L.; Chatrath, P.S. (1997). "Chapter 8: Subfossil Lemurs". In Goodman, S.M.; Patterson, B.D. (eds.). Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar. Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 218–256. ISBN   978-1-56098-682-9.

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