Pyxine sorediata

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Pyxine sorediata
Mustard Lichen (4501584355).jpg
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Caliciales
Family: Caliciaceae
Genus: Pyxine
Species:
P. sorediata
Binomial name
Pyxine sorediata
(Ach.) Mont. (1845)
Synonyms [1]
  • Lecidea sorediataAch. (1814)
  • Lichen daedaleus Sm. (1810)
  • Parmelia sorediata(Ach.) Tuck.(1848)
  • Placodium daedaleum(Sm.) Hook. (1833)
  • Pyxine cocois subsp. sorediata(Ach.) Tuck. (1882)
  • Pyxine cocois var. eschweileriTuck. (1877)

Pyxine sorediata, commonly known as mustard lichen, is a widely distributed species of foliose lichen in the family Caliciaceae. It has a subtropical to warm temperate distribution, and grows on bark, rocks, and moss as substrates. Pyxine sorediata has been reported from regions of North America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australasia.

Contents

Taxonomy

Pyxine sorediata was first scientifically described in 1814 by Erik Acharius as Lecidea sorediata. In his brief account, Acharius mentioned the circular (orbicular) grey crust he described as wrinkled, folded, and overlapping, the spongy black underside, and the scattered apothecia. In his understanding, the lichen occurred only in North America. [2] Elias Magnus Fries erected the genus Pyxine in 1825, assigning Lecidea sorediata as the type species, [3] although he did not formally propose a transfer to that genus. [4] Camille Montagne gave it its current name when he transferred it to Pyxine in 1845. [5] A common name used in North America is "mustard lichen". [6]

The Scottish naturalist Archibald Menzies collected a specimen from Scotland, which was later named by James Edward Smith as Lichen daedalus in 1810. [7] Modern expert examination and chemical analysis of the specimen showed that the specimen actually belonged to Pyxine sorediata. This raised doubt as to the provenance of the specimen, as Pyxine sorediata is not found anywhere in the British Isles. The specimen posed a problem for nomenclatural reasons, as its publication preceded that of Montagne's by four years, and in the rules for botanical nomenclature, Smith's earlier name has priority. For this reason, in 2004 Jack Laundon proposed to reject the name Lichen daedaleus to safeguard the name Pyxine sorediata, and to "avoid displacing a well-established lichen name for purely nomenclatural reasons". [8]

Description

Pyxine sorediata has a foliose thallus that ranges in colour from dull bluish-grey to green-gray. The lobes comprising the thallus measure 1–2.5 mm wide, and are pruinose at the tips; [6] they are in close contact, often overlapping. [9] The lobe margins also have white pseudocyphellae, that contrast with the lobe; [10] they are concentrated on the lobe margins and are rarely on the lamina. [9] The medulla is light yellow to yellow, and this colour is sometimes present in the soralia. [9] The underside of the thallus is black to greyish black; it has small rhizines that help attach it to its substrate. Structures called soralia are on the margins of the lobes, but sometimes form round patches on the lamina. The soredia (reproductive structures) are coarse and grainy with a dark grey colour; they tend to impart a grey colour to the central part of the thallus. [10] Apothecia are quite rare in this species. The ascospores measure 12–17 by 6–8  μm. [9]

Pyxine sorediata is the largest species of Pyxine. [6] It does not have any reaction to the standard lichen spot tests. [10] Secondary chemicals reported from the species include atranorin and unidentified triterpenes. [9]

Similar species

Phylogenetic studies have shown that the corticolous Chinese species Pyxine hengduanensis is closely related to P. sorediata. Unlike P. sorediata, which has a yellow medulla and soralia that develop marginally from fissures and then become laminal and disc-shaped, P. hengduanensis has marginal labriform soralia that develop from the centre of the pseudocyphellae, with grey to bluish-grey soredia and a pale yellow medulla. [11] Another lookalike is Pyxine endochrysina , but that species has isidia that range in form from granular to finger-like. [12]

Habitat and distribution

The lichen is widely distributed in northeastern North America. [6] It grows on bark, on acidic rocks, and on moss. In Europe, where it is generally rare, [13] Pyxine sorediata is typically collected from mossy rocks. [10] It has been recorded in the Pyrenees, the Caucasus, in the Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh primeval beech forest in the Ukrainian Carpathians, [13] and from the eastern coast of Lake Baikal in Siberia. [14] Its northernmost European record is from the Bavarian-Bohemian Forest. [13] In Australia, it occurs in areas with uniform tropical environments, subtropics, and warm temperate areas. Specimens from Queensland have been collected from elevations up to 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). Pyxine sorediata is also known from East Africa, Japan, [9] South Korea, [12] and China. [11]

Related Research Articles

<i>Parmelia</i> (fungus) Genus of lichens

Parmelia is a genus of medium to large foliose lichens. It has a global distribution, extending from the Arctic to the Antarctic continent but concentrated in temperate regions. There are about 40 species in Parmelia. In recent decades, the once large genus Parmelia has been divided into a number of smaller genera according to thallus morphology and phylogenetic relatedness.

<i>Flavoparmelia baltimorensis</i> Species of fungus

Flavoparmelia baltimorensis, the rock greenshield lichen, is a medium to large foliose lichen with a yellow green upper thallus surface when dry; its lobes are rounded without pseudocyphellae; and the upper surface is covered with globose, pustule-like growths resembling isidia. The lower surface is black with a narrow brown zone at the margins.

<i>Pyxine</i> Genus of lichens

Pyxine is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Caliciaceae. The genus has a widespread distribution in tropical regions.

<i>Esslingeriana</i> Single-species genus of lichen

Esslingeriana is a fungal genus in the family Parmeliaceae. The genus is monotypic, containing the single foliose lichen species Esslingeriana idahoensis, commonly known as the tinted rag lichen. It is found in northwestern North America.

<i>Pyxine cocoes</i> Species of lichen in the family Caliciaceae

Pyxine cocoes, commonly known as the buttoned rosette lichen, is a widely distributed species of foliose lichen in the family Caliciaceae.

<i>Pyxine subcinerea</i> Species of lichen in the family Caliciaceae

Pyxine subcinerea is a species of foliose lichen in the family Caliciaceae. It has a pantropical distribution, and typically grows on bark, but less commonly on rocks. The lichen is characterised by its yellow medulla, soralia on the margins on the lobes that make up the thallus, and the presence of the chemical lichexanthone in the cortex.

<i>Punctelia guanchica</i> Species of lichen in the family Parmeliaceae

Punctelia guanchica is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae that is only known from the Canary Islands. It is similar in appearance and morphology to the North American Punctelia rudecta, and was historically misidentified as that species until molecular phylogenetic evidence showed it to be a distinct species. It differs in having thicker isidia that develop from the centre of the pseudocyphellae, and it mainly grows on rocks.

Punctelia nashii is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is known only from California.

Punctelia jujensis is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in Argentina and Brazil.

Punctelia subpraesignis is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It occurs in Mexico, South America, and East Africa, where it grows on bark and on rocks. Major characteristics of the lichen that distinguish it from other Punctelia species include the C+ and KC+ rose spot tests of the medulla, ascospores that are smaller than 20 μm, and unciform (hooklike) conidia.

<i>Punctelia hypoleucites</i> Species of foliose lichen

Punctelia hypoleucites, commonly known as the southwestern speckled shield lichen, is a species of foliose (leafy) lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. First formally described by Finnish botanist William Nylander as a species of Parmelia, it was transferred to the genus Punctelia in 1982. The lichen is found in Africa, North America, and South America, where it grows on the bark of both hardwood and coniferous trees. Its greenish-grey thallus is covered with tiny white pseudocyphellae – minute holes in the thallus surface that facilitate gas exchange. Some macroscopic features that help distinguish this species from other related members of the genus include the presence and the structure of the apothecia, the absence of asexual surface propagules, and the light brown color of the thallus undersurface. Chemically, the presence of lecanoric acid in the medulla and atranorin in the cortex help distinguish it from lookalikes.

<i>Punctelia bolliana</i> Species of lichen

Punctelia bolliana, the eastern speckled shield lichen, is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in North America, with a distribution extending from the Canadian province of Ontario south to the central and northeastern United States and Mexico. It grows on the bark of both deciduous trees and coniferous trees. The combination of characteristics that distinguishes this species from others in genus Punctelia are the absence of the vegetative propagules isidia and soralia, a pale brown lower thallus surface, and the presence of the secondary chemical protolichesterinic acid in the medulla.

<i>Punctelia perreticulata</i> Species of lichen

Punctelia perreticulata is a widely distributed species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It occurs in Mediterranean Europe and Russia, North America, South America, Australia, and New Zealand, where it grows on rocks, bark, or wood. Its main distinguishing features are its thallus surface, marked with many shallow depressions, grooves, or pits, and sorediate pseudocyphellae. The lower side of the thallus is ivory to tan towards the centre and the major secondary metabolite in the medulla is lecanoric acid. A lookalike species with which it has been historically confused is Punctelia subrudecta; this lichen can be distinguished from Punctelia perreticulata by the texture of the thallus surface, or, more reliably, by the length of its conidia.

<i>Punctelia graminicola</i> Species of lichen

Punctelia graminicola is a species of foliose (leafy) lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It grows on rocks, and, less frequently, on bark in North America, South America, and East Africa. It has a blue-grey thallus measuring up to about 15 cm (6 in), covered with tiny pores called pseudocyphellae. Sometimes the lichen forms small lobes that project out from the surface. Fruiting bodies are uncommon in this species; if present, they resemble small cups with a brown internal disc measuring 3–10 mm (0.1–0.4 in) in diameter. A lookalike species, Punctelia hypoleucites, is not readily distinguishable from Punctelia graminicola by appearance or habitat alone; these species can only be reliably differentiated by examining the length of their conidia.

<i>Cetrelia chicitae</i> Species of lichen

Cetrelia chicitae is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in eastern Asia, North America, and Europe, where it grows on mossy rocks and tree trunks.

<i>Punctelia borreri</i> Species of lichen

Punctelia borreri is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is a common and widely distributed species, occurring in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, Oceania, and South America. The lichen typically grows on bark of deciduous trees, and less commonly on rock. Some European countries have reported increases in the geographic range or regional frequency of the lichen in recent decades, attributed alternatively to a reduction of atmospheric sulphur dioxide levels or an increase in temperatures resulting from climate change.

Parmelia protosignifera is a species of foliose lichen in the large family Parmeliaceae. Found in Australasia, it was described as a new species in 1988 by lichenologists John Elix and Jen Johnston. The type specimen was collected on sheltered granite ledges in Eucalyptus woodland on the eastern slopes on Tinderry Peak in New South Wales. It has also been collected in Victoria, as well as South Island and Stewart Island of New Zealand.

<i>Parmelia barrenoae</i> Species of lichen

Parmelia barrenoae is a species of foliose lichen in the large family Parmeliaceae. It was formally described as a new species in 2005. Before this, it was lumped together as one of several lichens in the Parmelia sulcata group—a species complex of genetically distinct lookalikes. Parmelia barrenoae is widely distributed, occurring in Europe, western North America, Africa, and Asia.

<i>Parmelia fraudans</i> Species of lichen

Parmelia fraudans is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in Europe and North America, where it grows on rocks.

<i>Pyxine albovirens</i> Species of lichen

Pyxine albovirens is a species of foliose lichen in the family Caliciaceae that is found in North America and South America. It was first formally described as a species of Lecidea in 1818 by German botanist Georg Friedrich Wilhelm Meyer. André Aptroot transferred it to the genus Pyxine in 1987.

References

  1. ↑ "Synonymy: Pyxine sorediata (Ach.) Mont". Species Fungorum . Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  2. ↑ Acharius, Erik (1814). Synopsis Methodica Lichenum (in Latin). Lundin: Litteris et Sumtibus Svanborg. p. 54.
  3. ↑ Fries, E.M. (1825). Systema Orbis Vegetabilis (in Latin). Vol. 1. p. 267.
  4. ↑ Henry, Imshaug (1957). "The lichen genus Pyxine in North and Middle America". Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. 76 (3): 246–269. doi:10.2307/3223889. JSTOR   3223889.
  5. ↑ Montagne in de la Sagra. 1842. Histoire physique, politique et naturelle de l'isle de Cuba. Botanique, Plantes cellulaires.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Brodo, Irwin M.; Sharnoff, Sylvia Duran; Sharnoff, Stephen (2001). Lichens of North America. Yale University Press. pp. 617–619. ISBN   978-0300082494.
  7. ↑ Smith, J.E.; Sowerby, J. (1810). English Botany; or, coloured figures of British plants, with their essential characters, synonyms, and places of growth: to which will be added, occasional remarks. Vol. 30. London: R. Taylor. pp. 2089–2164, 402–403.
  8. ↑ Laundon, Jack Rodney (2004). "(1634) Proposal to reject Lichen daedaleus in order to safeguard the name Pyxine sorediata". Taxon. 53 (3): 832–832. doi:10.2307/4135461. JSTOR   4135461.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rogers, R.W. (1986). "The genus Pyxine (Physciaceae, Lichenized Ascomycetes) in Australia". Australian Journal of Botany. 34 (2): 131–154. doi:10.1071/BT9860131.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Moberg, R. (1983). "Studies on Physciaceae (lichens) II. The genus Pyxine in Europe". The Lichenologist. 15 (2): 161–167. doi:10.1017/S0024282983000250. S2CID   83500296.
  11. 1 2 Yang, Mei-Xia; Wang, Xin-Yu; Liu, Dong; Zhang, Yan-Yun; Li, Li-Juan; Yin, An-Cheng; Scheidegger, Christoph; Wang, Li-Song (2019). "New species and records of Pyxine (Caliciaceae) in China". MycoKeys. 45 (45): 93–109. doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.45.29374 . PMC   6363720 . PMID   30733639.
  12. 1 2 Wei, X.-L.; Hur, J.-S. (2007). "Foliose genera of Physciaceae (lichenized Ascomycotina) of South Korea". Mycotaxon. 102: 127–137.
  13. 1 2 3 Malíček, Jiří; Palice, Zdeněk; Acton, Andy; Berger, Franz; Bouda, František; Sanderson, Neil; Vondrák, Jan (2018). "Uholka Primeval Forest in the Ukrainian Carpathians – a keynote area for diversity of forest lichens in Europe". Herzogia. 31 (1): 140–171. doi:10.13158/099.031.0110. S2CID   92653516.
  14. ↑ Budaeva, S.E. (2007). "Features of the distribution of widespread lichens of the eastern coast of Lake Baikal". Siberian Journal of Ecology. 14 (6): 1025–1031.
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