(also there it is a 5th century Byzantine basilica)
Qalaat Faqra is an archaeological site in Kfardebian, Lebanon, with Roman and Byzantine ruins. Located near the Faqra ski resort on the slopes of Mount Sannine at an altitude of 1500 m (and exactly half-way between Berytus and Heliopolis, the two main Roman cities in Roman Phoenicia), it is one of the most important sites of the UNESCO-listed valley of Nahr al-Kalb (the classical "Lycus river").
The ruins are the most extensive Roman archeological site in Mount Lebanon and consists of columns, altars tombs and temples.[1] They are divided into three sectors: that of the Claudius Tower and the monumental altars, on the hill to the north; that of the Small Temple, to the south and below, towards the stream of Nabaa el-Laban; and that of the Great Sanctuary, between the first two.
The remains of an ancient settlement (Roman and perhaps proto-Byzantine) are visible near the tower and between the small temple and the large sanctuary. The little Roman settlement was probably made mainly by Roman veterans of the two legions settled by Augustus in Berytus (the fifth Macedonian and the third Gallic). The area of Faqra was located within the Roman district of Berytus: it was linked to the tentative of Romanization of the area around Berytus, that was done by the Romans in the first and second centuries in order to strengthen their Roman empire in the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea.
Faqra - or, to use its full name: Qalaat Faqra, "Castle Faqra" - is situated along one of the roads from the coast to Baalbek, high up the western slopes of the Lebanon range. On a hill in a landscape full of bizarre rocks, there are four altars, one of them rebuilt during the reign of the emperor Claudius and therefore named "tower of Claudius". You can also find a "large altar", a nicely restored "small altar", and the remains of a "destroyed altar". Livius[2]
A bit lower on a slope, to the south of actual Faqra, are the remains of two ancient temples: the largest of these is dedicated to Adonis and the other one to Atargatis, the "Syrian goddess". This Sanctuary can be dated to the second half of the first century, under emperor Claudius.[3]
In Late Antiquity, the last-mentioned shrine was partly dismantled, and a Byzantine Basilica was built next to it.[4]
Roman Faqra includes the famous Claudius Tower[5] with its Greek & Latin inscriptions that state that the building, which at one time was topped with a pyramid-shaped roof like Kamouh el Hermel, was renovated by the Roman emperor Claudius in honor of Adonis in CE 43-44.[6] The tower has a 16m square base.[7]
According to some archaeologists, like Yassmine and Alioquot, the two most important archaeological areas of Qalaat Faqra are the "Claudius Tower" and the "Great Sanctuary":
The Claudius Tower
This archaeological sdtructure has an inscription with dedication to Roman emperor Claudius, who rebuilt it: that's the reason of its name.
It rests on a cubic plinth of 15.67 m on each side where two openings have been made: halfway up, perpendicular to the eastern side of the Claudius tower, an external staircase of eighteen steps leads to the main door, while another, smaller door is at ground level in the southeast corner. Above the plinth, a few blocks belonging to the upper parts of the building allow its elevation to be restored. On the upper course of the plinth rest two steps, where stands the floor decorated with pilasters topped with capitals with brackets. The pilasters support a Doric entablature, crowned by a cornice adorned with a torus and an Egyptian throat. A loggia opens onto the eastern facade, directly above the main entrance. A system of narrow corridors and sideways spiral staircases allows circulation inside the building and ends in a small rectangular room in the central core of the matched masonry block.
The monument is essential a large platform (a "high place of worship"), where large animals could be sacrificed. This means that the platform had to be accessible, and there are indeed stairs inside the large stone cube. More famous examples of this type of structure are the altar-towers in the Great Court in front of the Temple of Jupiter in Baalbek.The platform itself shows traces of pillars and the pedestals of two statues, so we may assume that there was a second storey: a kind of loggia, with a ceiling that we can no longer reconstruct. The statues must have represented the emperor Claudius and Beelgalasus (a supreme god). Livius[9]
The unusual appearance of the building has sometimes led to the tower being considered sometimes as a tomb, sometimes as a monumental "altar" (that is the most common opinion of archaeologists like Yasmine), sometimes as a lookout post coupled with an honorary monument.[10]
The Great Sanctuary
The sanctuary is nestled in the dolomitic limestone formations, between the tower sector to the north and that of the small temple to the south. Its peribolus wall delimits an enclosure approximately 75 m long and 35 m wide, with the long sides to the north and south.
Ruins of the "Great Sanctuary"
Towards the west, it only continues for about 30m to the north and 15m to the south, before hitting the rocks. In the north, these have been roughly cut to give an approximately regular shape to the temenos. To the west and south, however, they are in the rough, so the temple clings to the rock face. To the east, the facade of the sanctuary is adorned with engaged pilasters and bordered by a decastyle portico about 6 m deep. This portico was recently restored. Clearing the area east of the enclosure revealed a limestone altar-tower measuring approximately 4.30 m by 4.10 m, devoid of moldings at the base and crowned with an Egyptian gorge.
A large door fitted in the middle of the facade of the peribola gives access to the Sanctuary. The interior space of the temenos is divided into two parts: a paved courtyard, roughly square and bordered by Tuscan porticos on three sides, precedes the upper terrace where the temple rises, beyond a flight of 'staircase covering the entire width of the sanctuary. The remains of a monumental sandstone and limestone altar are preserved in the courtyard, slightly offset to the south from the median axis of the temple.
The temple is aligned with the median axis of the peribolus. It rests on a solid foundation and not on a real podium. It was a hexastyle prostyle temple of the Corinthian order, about 40 m. long and 18 m. wide, with a pronaos and a long cella at the bottom of which rose the platform of an adyton. The walls of the building are built in double apparatus, mainly with blocks cut in the yellow ocher sandstone, while the prostyle consists of blocks of gray limestone.
Julie Yasmine date the construction of the Sanctuary in the middle of the 1st century, under Claudius. The attribution of the Sanctuary to the Heliopolitan Jupiter is admitted also by other archaeologists, like D. Krencker and W. Zschietzschmann.
Peltuinum was a Roman town of the Vestini, on the ancient Via Claudia Nova, 20 km east of L'Aquila, Italy, between the modern-day settlements of Prata d'Ansidonia and Castelnuovo.
Berytus, briefly known as Laodicea in Phoenicia or Laodicea in Canaan from the 2nd century to 64 BCE, was the ancient city of Beirut from the Roman Republic through the Roman Empire and Early Byzantine period/late antiquity. Berytus became a Roman colonia that would be the center of Roman presence in the Eastern Mediterranean shores south of Anatolia.
Triparadeisos or Triparadisus was a settlement in Lebanon near the sources of the Orontes. A paradeisos was a hunting reserve or pleasure-ground for the nobility of the Achaemenid (Persian) Empire, normally a walled-in area with groves of trees, wild animals, and running water.
Phoenicia under Roman rule describes the Phoenician city states ruled by Rome from 64 BCE to the Muslim conquests of the 7th century. The area around Berytus was the only Latin speaking and Romanized part of Aramaic-speaking Phoenicia.
Niha is a village in the Bekaa Valley about 18 km (5.0 mi) north of Zahlé. It is famous for its Roman archeological ruins in the outskirts, and in particular two lower Roman temples that date back to the 1st century AD.
The Temples of Mount Hermon are around thirty Roman shrines and Roman temples that are dispersed around the slopes of Mount Hermon in Lebanon, Israel and Syria. A few temples are built on former buildings of the Phoenician & Hellenistic era, but nearly all are considered to be of Roman construction and were largely abandoned during the persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire.
Nebi Safa, Nabi Safa, Neby Sufa, An Nabi Safa, An Nabi Safa' or En Nabi Safa also known as Mazraet Selsata or Thelthatha is a village in the Kfar Mishki municipality situated 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) west of Rashaya in the Rashaya District of the Beqaa Governorate in Lebanon.
Bakka, Bekka or Beka is a village and municipality situated 85 kilometres (53 mi) east of Beirut in the Rashaya District of the Beqaa Governorate in Lebanon. The population of the village is Sunni.
Rakhlah, previously known as Zenopolis, is a village situated 31 kilometres (19 mi) west of Damascus, Syria. also known as "The town of Wine and Poetry".
The Temples of the Beqaa Valley are a number of shrines and Roman temples that are dispersed around the Beqaa Valley in Lebanon. The most important and famous are those in Roman Heliopolis. A few temples are built on former buildings of the Phoenician & Hellenistic era, but all are considered to be of Roman construction and were started to be abandoned after the fourth century with the fall of the Roman Paganism.
Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral is the seat of the Greek Orthodox Metropolitan bishop of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Beirut and its dependencies. It is the city's oldest extant church: it has been built over the disappeared Anastasi Romano-Byzantine Cathedral.
Kfardebian is a municipality in the Keserwan District of the Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate in Lebanon. It is located 45 kilometers north of Beirut. Its average elevation is 1,220 meters above sea level and its total land area is 2,960 hectares. Kfardebian inhabitants are predominantly Melkite and Maronite Christians.
The Temple of Adonis in Dura-Europos was discovered by a French-American expedition of Yale University led by Michael Rostovtzeff and was excavated between 1931 and 1934.
The Roman temple of Bziza is a well-preserved first century AD building dedicated to Azizos, a personification of the morning star in ancient Arab polytheism. This Roman temple lends the modern Lebanese town of Bziza its current name, as Bziza is a corruption of Beth Azizo meaning the house or temple of Azizos. Azizos was identified as Ares by Emperor Julian.
Hosn Niha is an archaeological site in Lebanon composed of some temples and buildings in the outskirts of the village of Niha, that hold significant archaeological value.
Baqirha, Bāķirḥā; was an ancient settlement in the Dead Cities area in northwest Syria. The ruins of a temple from Roman times and the remains of two churches and some residences from early Byzantine times have been preserved.
This article lists historical events that occurred between 101–200 in modern-day Lebanon or regarding its people.
This article lists historical events that occurred between 1–100 in modern-day Lebanon or regarding its people.
Augusti Pagus was a Roman settlement in Roman Phoenicia. It was created in the 110s AD and lasted nearly seven centuries until the Arab invasion of the Levant. The settlement was named in honor of Roman Emperor Augustus, who ordered the development of this pagus in the central-northern hills of the Beqaa Valley.
References
↑ Aliquot Julien. "LA VIE RELIGIEUSE AU LIBAN SOUS L'EMPIRE ROMAIN": Qalaat Faqra. p. 128 ()
Aliquot, Julien. LA VIE RELIGIEUSE AU LIBAN SOUS L'EMPIRE ROMAIN Chapter 3: Villages et Sanctuaries (p.71-126). Institut français du Proche-Orient. Beirut, 2009 ()
Mommsen, Theodore. The Provinces of the Roman Empire from Caesar to Diocletian. Press Holdings International. New York, 2004. ISBN 9781410211675
Nordiguian, L. Temples de l’époque romaine au Liban. Beyrouth, 2005
Krencker D. and W. Zschietzschmann. Römische Tempel in Syrien. De Gruiter ed. Berlin, 1938
Taylor, George. "The Roman Temples of Lebanon". Dar el Mashreq Publishers. Beyrut, 1971
Yasmine, J. Remaniement de temples d’époque romaine; les cas de Niha et de Faqra. Apport de la métrologie. In BAAL 9, 2007, Beyrouth.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
