Queen parrotfish

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Queen parrotfish
Scarus vetula.jpg
Adult male
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Labriformes
Family: Labridae
Subfamily: Scarinae
Tribe: Scarini
Genus: Scarus
Species:
S. vetula
Binomial name
Scarus vetula
Bloch & Schneider, 1801 [2]

The queen parrotfish (Scarus vetula) is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a parrotfish, in the family Scaridae. It is found on reefs in the tropical West Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. Other common names include blownose, blue chub, blue parrotfish, blueman, joblin crow parrot, moontail, okra peji and slimy head. [1] The initial phase is female, displaying a reddish-brown color, and quite different in appearance from the bluish-green color of the final phase male. This is a common species throughout its range and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as "least concern". [1]

Contents

Description

Adult queen parrotfishes are heavy-bodied fish with fusiform (spindle-shaped) bodies and beak-like mouths, growing to a length of about 60 cm (24 in). This species is a protogynous hemaphrodite, with the capacity to change sex, while simultaneously displaying sexual dichromatism. [3] [4] A total of 3 life phases have been identified, each with distintict coloration that indicates the maturity stage, including: juvenile (JU: <15 cm FL), initial (IP 15 to 35 cm FL) and terminal phases (TP: 28 to 50 cm FL). [5] All initial phase individuals are female, being reddish-brown or grayish-brown with a paler head and a white lateral stripe low on each flank, and that remains the color scheme for them even when they grow larger. [6] At an average length of 25 cm (10 in), females change sex to become males. The larger males move on to a new color phase, becoming pale bluish-green, with blue spots near the mouth, yellowish streaks between the mouth and eye, and pale blue bars on the pectoral fins. [6] [7]

Distribution and habitat

The queen parrotfish is native to the tropical West Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea and the southern Gulf of Mexico. It is found on both rocky and coral reefs at depths down to about 25 m (80 ft). [1]

Ecology

Queen parrotfish are protogynous hermaphrodites [8] that are often found in small groups of four or five, consisting of one final-phase male and several initial-phase individuals (females). During courtship, the male constantly circles a female. When she accepts his advances she joins him and they circle together, both simultaneously releasing spawn into the sea. After fertilization, the eggs hatch and the developing larvae form part of the plankton. [7]

The queen parrotfish feeds primarily on the algal turf it can scrape off surfaces, and coral from coral reefs, [9] [10] but may also eat sponges and other encrusting organisms as it feeds. In the process, it swallows a lot of mineral particles which are deposited on the seabed as fine sand. It is a diurnal fish, and rests on the seabed or hides in a crevice at night, immersed in a layer of mucus that it exudes and which may help to disguise it from predators. This mucus acts a cocoon, composed of a complex disulphate bonded network or glycoproteins. [11] It is preyed on by sharks, groupers and eels. [6] [7]

Parrotfishes are known for the bioerosion that they cause. The stoplight parrotfish (Sparisoma viride) is an "excavator" and degrades the surface of coral colonies, but Scarus vetula is a "scraper", causing erosion of carbonate materials from corals but to a lesser extent than S. viride. [12] It has been shown that S. vetula has a higher bite rate than S. viride, which implies that forging behavior is different not only from a morphology perspective, but from a functional perspective. [5] Both species have robust jaws with crenelated margins and strong jaw muscles, and large individuals of S. vetula can do considerable damage to corals as they scrape off their food. [12]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Rocha, L.A.; Choat, J.H.; Clements, K.D.; Russell, B.; Myers, R.; Lazuardi, M.E.; Muljadi, A.; Pardede, S.; Rahardjo, P. (2012). "Scarus vetula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2012 e.T190698A17791465. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T190698A17791465.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. Bailly, Nicolas (2019). "Scarus vetula Bloch & Schneider, 1801". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 3 June 2019.
  3. Robertson, Ross; Warner, Robert R. (1978). "Sexual patterns in the labroid fishes of the Western Caribbean, II, the parrotfishes (Scaridae)". Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology (255): 1–26. doi:10.5479/si.00810282.255.
  4. Springer, Victor G.; Randall, John E. (1969-03-06). "Caribbean Reef Fishes". Copeia. 1969 (1): 210. doi:10.2307/1441728.
  5. 1 2 Bruggemann, JH; Kuyper, MWM; Breeman, AM (1994). "Comparative analysis of foraging and habitat use by the sympatric Caribbean parrotfish Scarus vetuta and Sparisoma viride (Scaridae)". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 112: 51–66. doi:10.3354/meps112051. ISSN   0171-8630.
  6. 1 2 3 "Queen Parrotfish (Scarus vetula)". Beautiful Oceans. Archived from the original on 25 December 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
  7. 1 2 3 Wilson, Cynthia (2002). "Scarus vetula: Queen Parrotfish". ADW. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
  8. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Scarus vetula". FishBase . December 2019 version.
  9. "Scarus_vetula - Queen Parrotfish" (PDF). sta.uwi.edu. Retrieved 2023-07-02.
  10. Wilson, Cynthia. "ADW: Scarus vetula: INFORMATION". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2023-07-02.
  11. Videler, H.; Geertjes, G. J.; Videler, J. J. (May 1999). "Biochemical characteristics and antibiotic properties of the mucous envelope of the queen parrotfish". Journal of Fish Biology. 54 (5): 1124–1127. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb00864.x. ISSN   0022-1112.
  12. 1 2 Hughes, R.N.; Hughes, D.J.; Smith, I.P. (2014). Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review. CRC Press. p. 99. ISBN   978-1-4822-2059-9.