Structure
The text consists of a short introduction, 35 body paragraphs and a posthumous addendum. The paragraphs are conventionally grouped into four sections: [3] political career, public benefactions, military accomplishments and a political statement.
The first section (paragraphs 2–14) is concerned with Augustus' political career; it records the offices and political honours that he held. Augustus also lists numerous offices he refused to take and privileges he refused to be awarded. The second section (paragraphs 15–24) lists Augustus' donations of money, land and grain to the citizens of Italy and his soldiers, as well as the public works and gladiatorial spectacles that he commissioned. The text is careful to point out that all this was paid for out of Augustus' own funds. The third section (paragraphs 25–33) describes his military deeds and how he established alliances with other nations during his reign. Finally the fourth section (paragraphs 34–35) consists of a statement of the Romans' approval for the reign and deeds of Augustus. The appendix is written in the third person rather than first person used in the previous sections, and is likely not by Augustus himself, but written for the benefit of provicial readers of the text. [4] It summarizes the entire text, lists various buildings that he renovated or constructed and states that Augustus spent 600 million silver denarii (24 million gold aurei) from his own funds during his reign on public projects. Ancient currencies cannot be reliably converted into modern equivalents, but it is clearly more than anyone else in the empire could afford. Augustus consolidated his hold on power by reversing the prior tax policy beginning with funding the aerarium militare with 170 million sesterces of his own money. In order to depcit himself as the most generous of all the Romans. [5] [6]
History
The text was completed just one month before Augustus' death (19 August AD 14), although most of its content was written years earlier and likely went through many revisions. [7] Augustus left the text with his will, which instructed the Senate to set up the inscriptions. The original, which has not survived, was engraved upon a pair of bronze pillars and placed in front of Augustus' mausoleum, alongside further inscriptions that described the achievements of other members of his family. [8] Many copies of the text were made and carved in stone on monuments or temples throughout the Roman Empire, some of which have survived; most notably, almost a full copy, written in the original Latin and a Greek translation was preserved on a temple to Augustus in Ancyra (the Monumentum Ancyranum of Ankara, Turkey); while others have been found at Apollonia (in Greek) and Antioch (in Latin), both in Pisidia. [9] The Greek versions of the text found at these sites are not word for word translations of the corresponding Latin text, as they contain several errors and contain phrases more comprehensible to their provincial audience than the original Latin. [10]
Content
The text is not a full account of the years between 44 BC, the assassination of Augustus' adoptive father Julius Caesar, and AD 14, the year in which he died. Instead, it is a personal account of the first Emperor's life and those achievements that he decided to be worth remembering by the Roman people. [11] It is an independent self-depiction that is written in a literary form which is unique to the ancient world, and it must be read as such. [12] This period of history is seen from Augustus' perspective and the author presents facts that relate only to himself. Augustus' enemies are never mentioned by name. [13] Caesar's murderers Brutus and Cassius are called simply "those who killed my father". Mark Antony and Sextus Pompey, Augustus' opponents in the East, remain equally anonymous; the former is "he with whom I fought the war," while the latter is merely a "pirate". One writer, Werner Eck, says that it cannot be stated that Augustus made any false statements. [14] Any comprehensive understanding of this period of Roman history should be supplemented by statements from other ancient sources, archaeology, and inscriptions.
The introduction and first two pararagraphs of the inscription found at the Monumentum Ancyranum of Ankara read as such:
...Below is a copy of the acts of the Deified Augustus by which he placed the whole world under the sovereignty of the Roman people, and of the amounts which he expended upon the state and the Roman people, as engraved upon two bronze columns which have been set up in Rome.
At the age of nineteen, on my own initiative and at my own expense, I raised an army by means of which I restored liberty to the republic, which had been oppressed by the tyranny of a faction. For which service the senate, with complimentary resolutions, enrolled me in its order, in the consulship of Gaius Pansa and Aulus Hirtius, giving me at the same time consular precedence in voting; it also gave me the imperium. As propraetor it ordered me, along with the consuls, "to see that the republic suffered no harm." In the same year, moreover, as both consuls had fallen in war, the people elected me consul and a triumvir for settling the constitution.
Those who slew my father I drove into exile, punishing their deed by due process of law and afterwards when they waged war upon the republic I twice defeated them in battle. [15]
The style of the work is varies across the diffrent texts,in diffrent languages. In Latin incriptions the text focuses on the imperial strenght of Rome and its role as a global empire, to which Augustus is credited as being the key reason for. However in contrast the Greek version instead chooses to gloss over such remarks and re-phrases the tributes and conquest of the provinces as less harsh or even removing such as parts, even the begining of the Greek text omits lines about Romans conquest. Various other instances emerge such as how Greeks often simplify Roman ideas or customs for Greek readers. [16]
Reception
The first European translations of the Res Gestae came possibly from an Ambassador from the Holy Roman Empire to the Ottoman Sultan, though at first only parts could be read as the rest remained behind homes built by locals agaisnt the temple walls. However by the 20th century most of these had been removed and the new goverment under Attaturk which was used to highlight the culture and hisotry of his new state. [17]
However by the 1920s the Facist movement in Italy had co-opted the Res Gestae and other symbols of Roman imperilism to help justify their conquest and to inspire other Italins to fight for the fatherland. The Res Gestae then in 1937 for the two thousend year anniversery of the birth of Augustus, Mussolini used the anicnet text in order to add legitamcy to his political and when Hitler visted it he adored the work too. [18]
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2nd part of the Res Gestae in the Monumentum Ancyranum on the south wall
Interior view of the south wall of the pronaos
Photograph of the north wall interior
Photograph of the south wall interior
Front view of the cella (looking NE). The latin Res Gestae is on the interior of the pronaos walls and the greek translation is on the outside of the south wall.
