Russula densifolia

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Russula densifolia
Russula densifolia golabek gestoblaszkowy BS11.JPG
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Russulales
Family: Russulaceae
Genus: Russula
Species:
R. densifolia
Binomial name
Russula densifolia
Secr. ex Gillet (1876)
Synonyms [1]
  • Agaricus adustus var. densifoliusSecr. (1833)
  • Russula densifolia var. caucasia Singer (1930)
  • Russula densifolia f. densissimaJ.Schaeff. (1952)
  • Russula densifolia var. densissima(J.Schaeff.) Kühner & Romagn. (1952)

Russula densifolia, commonly known as the crowded russula or the reddening russula, is a species of agaric fungus in the family Russulaceae. It was first described in 1833 and given its current name in 1876. A widespread species, it is found in Asia, Europe, and North America, where it fruits on the ground in mixed and deciduous forests. Fruit bodies (mushrooms) are robust and squat, with caps up to 14.5 cm (5.7 in) in diameter, and stems that are 2–7.5 cm (0.8–3.0 in) long by 1.2–2.5 cm (0.5–1.0 in) thick. The mushrooms are characterized by the red and then black color changes that occur in the flesh when it is bruised, and a relatively thick cap cuticle. Although the mushroom is sold as an edible species in some areas of Asia, it is mild to moderately toxic, and may cause gastrointestinal upset if consumed. Several bioactive compounds have been isolated and identified from the mushroom.

Contents

Taxonomy

The species was first described by Louis Secretan in 1833 as Agaricus adustus var. densifolius. In 1876, Claude-Casimir Gillet transferred it to the genus Russula. [2] Russula densifolia is classified in the section Nigricantes of Russula subgenus Compactae, which consists of species with robust, squat fruit bodies that discolor to brown or black. [3] [4]

Robert Shaffer defined four forms of R. densifolia in a 1962 monograph on section Compactae, differentiating them by spore print color, fruiting pattern, odor, gill spacing, and the intensity of the color change with bruising. Three forms are from the Pacific Northwest region of North America: form dilatoria has fruit bodies that darken to lavender gray to brownish gray; form fragrans has a fragrant odor and widely spaced gills; form cremeispora produces a light yellow spore print and has an obscurely two-layered cap cuticle. Form gregata, found in the eastern United States, grows gregariously in jack pine and Scotch pine forests. [1] The nomenclatural database Index Fungorum lumps these forms, as well as f. subrubescen, published by Patrick Reumaux in 1996, together into synonymy. Other synonyms include Rolf Singer's 1931 variety caucasica, Roger Heim's 1938 variety latericola, and C. Dagron's 1999 variety colettarum. [5]

The specific epithet refers to the closely spaced gills. The mushroom is commonly known as the "dense-gilled brittlegill" [6] or the "reddening russula". [7]

Description

Young mushrooms are whitish and may slowly stain reddish where handled. 2011-11-15 Russula densifolia Gillet 183000.jpg
Young mushrooms are whitish and may slowly stain reddish where handled.

The cap, initially convex when young, becomes almost flattened, depressed, or funnel-shaped in maturity, and reaches a diameter of 4.5–14.5 cm (1.8–5.7 in). The smooth cap surface is sticky in moist, young specimens, but develops a polished look when dry. It is initially white before turning brownish gray and eventually blackish in age. The cap margin is curved inward throughout most of the life of the fruit body. The cap cuticle can be peeled up to one-half the radius of the cap. The flesh is white, but slowly stains reddish then grayish-black after being exposed to air. [6] This characteristic staining reaction can be slow to develop, or may not develop at all, especially in old fruit bodies where the underlying tissue has already darkened. [8] The flesh has no distinctive odor, and a hot, bitter taste. [9]

Gills are adnate (squarely fused) to slightly decurrent (extending a short way down the length of the stem), and interspersed with many tiers

Russula densifolia
Information icon.svg
Gills icon.png Gills on hymenium
Convex cap icon.svgDepressed cap icon.svg Cap is convex or depressed
Adnate gills icon2.svgDecurrent gills icon2.svg Hymenium is adnate or decurrent
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is white
Mycorrhizal fungus.svgEcology is mycorrhizal
Mycomorphbox Inedible.pngEdibility is inedible

of lamellulae (short gills that do not extend fully from the cap edge to the stem). [6] They are very crowded, with about 7–12 gills per centimeter. [10] Initially creamy white in color, they will stain reddish then blackish where they have been injured, or sometimes develop dirty reddish stains with age. The stem measures 2–7.5 cm (0.8–3.0 in) long by 1.2–2.5 cm (0.5–1.0 in) thick, and is nearly equal in width throughout its length. It is solid (i.e., not hollow) and hard, initially white before aging to brownish-black, and has a smooth to slightly scaly, dry surface. [6]

Spores range in shape from oval to elliptical to roughly spherical, and have a diameter of less than 10 micrometers. 2011-11-15 Russula densifolia Gillet 183002.jpg
Spores range in shape from oval to elliptical to roughly spherical, and have a diameter of less than 10 micrometers.

Russula densifolia produces a white to pale yellow spore print. Spores are oval to elliptical to roughly spherical, hyaline (translucent), amyloid, and measure 7.6–9.5 by 6.7–7.5  µm. They have a rough, reticulate surface marked by ridges and low, isolated warts that are 0.2–0.5 μm high. The cystidia in the hymenium are thin-walled and hyaline, with shapes ranging from club-shaped with broad tips to somewhat fuse-shaped with short and narrow appendages at the tip; cystidia have dimensions of 30–80 by 5–10 µm. Under the hymenium, the subhymenium is starkly differentiated. There are abundant sphaerocysts (fragile, spherical cells common in the Russulaceae) present in the gill tissue, and the cap tissue has clusters of these cells. The cap cuticle, typically 125–200 µm thick, is embedded in a gelatinous layer, and is differentiated into two layers: the epicutis, which consists of interwoven hyphae, and the underlying subcutis. [4] Shaffer attempted to differentiated several forms of the mushroom by differences in cap cuticle thickness and morphology, [1] although these forms are now not considered to have taxonomic significance. [11]

Edibility

The mushroom is mild to moderately toxic, and may cause gastrointestinal upset if consumed. [12] David Arora has noted that much of the bitter taste can be removed with cooking, but "the end product is insipid at best and indigestible or even poisonous at worst." [7] Despite this, however, the mushroom is sold as an edible species in Phayao Province and Chiang Mai Province in northern Thailand. [13] It is also used in traditional Chinese medicine for its purported antirheumatic activity. [14]

Similar species

The lookalike Russula nigricans has a darker cap and more widely spaced gills than R. densifolia. Dickblattrige Schwarz-Taubling Russula nigricans.jpg
The lookalike Russula nigricans has a darker cap and more widely spaced gills than R. densifolia.

Another similarly colored Russula is R. nigricans , which can be distinguished from R. densifolia by its darker cap and widely spaced gills. [15] Another lookalike, R. dissimulans , has a dry cap surface, and a mild taste. [7] R. albonigra stains directly to black when injured, and has a taste reminiscent of menthol. [9] R. densifolia is often confused with R. acrifolia , but the latter's gills do not change color when bruised. [16] R. adusta , found with conifers, has a less acrid taste, and its cut flesh changes to light pink rather than red. [17]

Ecology, habitat and distribution

Russula densifolia is a mycorrhizal species. Descriptions have been published of the morphology of the ectomycorrhizae that it forms with European beech (Fagus sylvatica), [18] [19] and Norway spruce (Picea abies). [20] Its mushrooms grow on the ground singly, scattered, or in groups in both mixed and deciduous forests, [6] and tend to appear in the summer and autumn. In Spain, it is common in dune pine forests. [21] Fruit bodies can be parasitized by the fungus Asterophora lycoperdoides . [22] Widely distributed, Russula densifolia is known from Asia (including China, India, [23] Japan, [24] and Thailand [13] ), Europe [15] and North America. [7]

In a study of the chronological sequence of ectomycorrhizal fungi communities of Pinus densiflora forests of eastern China, R. densifolia was shown to reach its peak abundance in 30-year-old stands. In another Chinese study, the species was found to be one of the six most common Russula species associated with 1- to 2-year-old seedlings of Pinus yunnanensis . [25] In Mexico, they have been found with oak. [26] The fungus is well-adapted to live in cold climates, as its mycelium has a relatively high tolerance to low temperatures, although repeated freezing/thawing cycles tend to slow the growth of mycelium. The lethal temperature required for 50% of the mycelium to die is −8.6 °C (16.5 °F). [27]

Research

Aqueous extracts of the fruit bodies contain polysaccharides that have been shown in laboratory tests to be highly efficient at inhibiting infection by tobacco mosaic virus. [28] Several bioactive compounds have been isolated and identified from the mushroom, including allitol, stearic acid, furan-3-carboxylic acid, (22E,24R)-3β-hydroxyergosta-5,22-diene, 3β-hydroxy-5α,8α-epidioxy-24ξ-methylcholesta-6-ene, dihydrofuran-2,5-dione,3β-hydroxy-5α,8α-epidioxyergosta-6,22-diene, palmitic acid, uracil, cis-butenedioic acid, thioacetic anhydride, succinic acid, 1-ethylic-βD-glycoside, 2-acetamino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucose, and cerebroside B. [29]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<i>Russula virescens</i> Species of edible fungus

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<i>Lactarius torminosus</i> Fungus in the family Russulaceae from North Africa, northern Asia, Europe, and North America

Lactarius torminosus, commonly known as the woolly milkcap or the bearded milkcap, is a large agaric fungus. A common and widely distributed species, it is found in North Africa, northern Asia, Europe, and North America. It was first described scientifically by Jacob Christian Schäffer in 1774 as an Agaricus, and later transferred to the genus Lactarius in 1821 by Samuel Frederick Gray. A variety, L. torminosus var. nordmanensis, is known from the United States, Canada, and Switzerland. L. torminosus officially became the type species of Lactarius in 2011 after molecular studies prompted the taxonomic reshuffling of species between several Russulaceae genera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydnellum peckii</span> Species of fungus

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<i>Russula brevipes</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Xerocomellus zelleri</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Dendrocollybia</i> Genus of fungi in the family Tricholomataceae

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<i>Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Lactarius affinis</i> Species of mushroom

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lactifluus deceptivus</span> Species of fungus

Lactifluus deceptivus, commonly known as the deceiving milkcap, is a common species of fungus in the family Russulaceae. It is found throughout eastern North America on the ground in coniferous forests near hemlock or deciduous forests near oak, and in oak-dominated forests of Costa Rica. It produces large mushrooms with funnel-shaped caps reaching up to 25 cm (9.8 in) in diameter, on top of hard white stems that may reach 4–10 cm (1.6–3.9 in) long and up to 3 cm (1.2 in) thick. The gills are closely spaced together and yellowish-cream in color. When young, the cap is white in all parts, but the depressed center becomes dull brownish in age and breaks up into scales. The edge of the cap has a roll of cottony tissue that collapses as the cap expands. The surface of the stem—especially near the base—has a velvety texture. The mushroom "bleeds" a milky white acrid latex when it is cut or injured. Similar milk-cap species with which L. deceptivus might be confused include Lactifluus piperatus, L. pseudodeceptivus, L. caeruleitinctus, L. subvellereus, Lactarius arcuatus and Lactarius parvulus.

<i>Lactarius argillaceifolius</i> Species of fungus

Lactarius argillaceifolius is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae. The mushrooms produced by the fungus have convex to flattened drab lilac-colored caps that are up to 18 cm (7.1 in) wide. The cream-colored gills are closely spaced together and extend slightly down the length of the stem, which is up to 9 cm (3.5 in) long by 3.5 cm (1.4 in) thick. The mushroom produces an off-white latex when injured that stains the mushroom tissue brownish.

<i>Lactarius vinaceorufescens</i> Species of fungus

Lactarius vinaceorufescens, commonly known as the yellow-staining milkcap or the yellow-latex milky, is a poisonous species of fungus in the family Russulaceae. It produces mushrooms with pinkish-cinnamon caps up to 12 cm (4.7 in) wide held by pinkish-white stems up to 7 cm (2.8 in) long. The closely spaced whitish to pinkish buff gills develop wine-red spots in age. When it is cut or injured, the mushroom oozes a white latex that rapidly turns bright sulfur-yellow. The species, common and widely distributed in North America, grows in the ground in association with conifer trees. There are several other Lactarius species that bear resemblance to L. vinaceorufescens, but most can be distinguished by differences in staining reactions, macroscopic characteristics, or habitat.

<i>Hygrophorus bakerensis</i> Species of fungus

Hygrophorus bakerensis, commonly known as the Mt. Baker waxy cap, the brown almond waxy cap or the tawny almond waxy cap, is a species of fungus in the family Hygrophoraceae. It is characterized by its medium to large, relatively slender-statured fruit bodies with an almond odor, and growth often on or near rotting conifer wood. The slimy cap is brown in the center and cream to white near its curved edges. The gills and the stem are white, and in moist environments are often covered with droplets of a translucent liquid. The mushroom is known only from the United States, where it is common in coniferous forests throughout the Pacific Northwest. It was initially collected in Washington State on Mount Baker, a volcano. Although edible, the mushroom is not considered to be of high quality.

<i>Collybia tuberosa</i> Species of fungus

Collybia tuberosa, commonly known as the lentil shanklet or the appleseed coincap, is an inedible species of fungus in the family Tricholomataceae, and the type species of the genus Collybia. Like the two other members of its genus, it lives on the decomposing remains of other fleshy mushrooms. The fungus produces small whitish fruit bodies with caps up to 1 cm (0.4 in) wide held by thin stems up to 5 cm (2.0 in) long. On the underside of the cap are closely spaced white gills that are broadly attached to the stem. At the base of the stem, embedded in the substrate is a small reddish-brown sclerotium that somewhat resembles an apple seed. The appearance of the sclerotium distinguishes it from the other two species of Collybia, which are otherwise very similar in overall appearance. C. tuberosa is found in Europe, North America, and Japan, growing in dense clusters on species of Lactarius and Russula, boletes, hydnums, and polypores.

<i>Imleria badia</i> Edible species of fungus in the family Boletaceae found in Europe and North America

Imleria badia, commonly known as the bay bolete, is an edible, pored mushroom found in Eurasia and North America, where it grows in coniferous or mixed woods on the ground or on decaying tree stumps, sometimes in prolific numbers. Both the common and scientific names refer to the bay- or chestnut-coloured cap, which is almost spherical in young specimens before broadening and flattening out to a diameter up to 15 cm (6 in). On the cap underside are small yellowish pores that turn dull blue-grey when bruised. The smooth, cylindrical stipe, measuring 4–9 cm long by 1–2 cm thick, is coloured like the cap, but paler. Some varieties have been described from eastern North America, differing from the main type in both macroscopic and microscopic morphology.

<i>Hygrophorus russula</i> Species of fungus

Hygrophorus russula, commonly known as the pinkmottle woodwax, false russula, or russula-like waxy cap, is a fungus native to North America and Europe.

References

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  17. ↑ Ammirati J, Trudell S (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest . Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p.  49. ISBN   978-0-88192-935-5.
  18. ↑ Ceruti A, Benvenuti R, Mosca AM (1987). "Micorrize di Fagus sylvatica con specie di Lactarius, Russula, Laccaria e Cortinarius" [Mycorrhizae of Fagus sylvatica formed by species of Lactarius, Russula, Laccaria and Cortinarius]. Allionia (in Italian). 28: 125–34. ISSN   0065-6429.
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  24. ↑ Endo M. (1972). "Plant sociological observations on the terrestrial larger fungi in an evergreen broadleaved forest". Japanese Journal of Ecology. 22 (2): 51–61. ISSN   0021-5007.
  25. ↑ Xie XD, Pei GL (2010). "Species diversity of russuloid mycorrhizae-forming fungi on Pinus yunnanensis seedlings and the mycorrhizal morphology". Acta Botanica Yunnanica. 32 (3): 211–20. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1143.2010.10001.
  26. ↑ Mendoza-Diaz MM, Zavala-Chavez F, Estrada-Martinez E (2006). "Hongos asociados con encinos en la porcion noroeste de la Sierra de Pachuca, Hidalgo" [Mushrooms associated with oaks in the northwest part of Sierra de Pachuca, Hidalgo]. Revista Chapingo. Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente (in Spanish). 12 (1): 13–8.
  27. ↑ Ma D, Yang G, Mu L, Li G (2011). "Tolerance of ectomycorrhizal fungus mycelium to low temperature and freezing–thawing". Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 57 (4): 328–32. doi:10.1139/W11-001. PMID   21491984.
  28. ↑ Li D, Zhao WH, Kong BH, Ye M, Chen HR (2009). "Inhibition effects of the extract and polysaccharide in macrofungus on TMV". Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University (in Chinese). 24 (2): 195–80. ISSN   1004-390X.
  29. ↑ Ma BJ, Liu JK (2005). 密褶红菇化学成分研究[Chemical study on Russula densifolia]. Natural Product Research and Development (in Chinese). 17 (1): 29–32. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-6880.2005.01.008.

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