Rusty-backed spinetail | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Furnariidae |
Genus: | Cranioleuca |
Species: | C. vulpina |
Binomial name | |
Cranioleuca vulpina (Pelzeln, 1856) | |
Synonyms | |
Cranioleuca dissita Wetmore, 1957 |
The rusty-backed spinetail (Cranioleuca vulpina) is a Neotropical species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. [2] It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela, and possibly Guyana. [3]
The rusty-backed spinetail was formally described in 1856 by the Austrian ornithologist August von Pelzeln under the binomial name Synallaxis vulpina. [4] [5] Its specific epithet is from Latin vulpinus meaning "fox-like" (ie reddish-brown above and white beneath). [6] The rusty-backed spinetail is now placed in the genus Cranioleuca that was introduced in 1853 by Ludwig Reichenbach. [7]
Four subspecies are recognized: [2]
What are now the Coiba spinetail (C. dissita) and Parker's spinetail (C. vulpecula) were previously treated as subspecies of the rusty-backed spinetail. Other subspecies have been proposed but have not been accepted as valid. [8] [9]
The rusty-backed spinetail is 15 to 16 cm (5.9 to 6.3 in) long and weighs 14 to 17 g (0.49 to 0.60 oz). The sexes have the same plumage. Adults of the nominate subspecies C. v. vulpina have a buff supercilium and a narrow dark brownish line behind the eye on an otherwise light brownish face that has faint streaks and spots. Their forehead is brown, their crown and back reddish chestnut, their rump brown, and their uppertail coverts reddish chestnut. Their tail is also reddish chestnut. Their wings are reddish chestnut with duskier tips on the flight feathers. Their chin is buff-white and their throat buff. Their breast is light brown with faint paler streaks, their belly plain light brown, and their flanks and undertail coverts a slightly darker brown. Their iris is dark reddish brown, their maxilla black, their mandible dull horn to silvery horn, and their legs and feet dull greenish olive or grayish. Juveniles have more grayish upperparts than adults, with a variable ochraceous wash and faint mottling on their underparts. [9] [10] [11]
Subspecies C. v. apurensis is the darkest subspecies overall, especially on the crown, wings, and tail. C. v. foxi has darker rufous upperparts than the nominate. C. v. reiseri is paler than the other subspecies but with more rufescent upperparts; its underparts are more buffy than the nominate's and have no streaking. [9] [10]
The subspecies of the rusty-backed spinetail are found thus: [9]
The South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society has only sight records from Guyana and so classes the species as hypothetical in that country. [3]
The rusty-backed spinetail inhabits a variety of landscapes, all of which are on or near water. These include gallery forest, scrub on river islands, thickets along rivers, várzea forest, and shrubby areas around lakes and streams. In elevation it ranges from near sea level to 400 m (1,300 ft). [9] [10] [11]
The rusty-backed spinetail is a year-round resident throughout its range. [9]
The rusty-backed spinetail feeds on arthropods. It typically forages singly or in pairs and occasionally joins mixed-species feeding flocks. It mostly feeds in the forest's lower levels but is known to feed higher in riverside forest. It acrobatically gleans prey from bark and dead leaves (and occasionally live ones) while hitching along small branches. [9] [10] [11]
The rusty-backed spinetail's breeding season has not been defined but appears to vary geographically. Eggs have been noted in June and July in Venezuela and in November in eastern Brazil. Its nest is a globe of grass, roots, and sticks with its interior lined with bark shreds and lichens. It is often wedged in a low tree or shrub fork above water, where it resembles flood debris. The clutch size is two to three eggs. Nothing else is known about the species' breeding biology. [9]
The rusty-backed spinetail's song has variously been described as "a rapid series of emphatic notes gradually accelerating but fading, lasting c. 2·5–3 seconds, 'ch-ch-ch-chchchchchewewewewewew' " [9] , "a series of descending, complaining notes 'scew-scew-scew- -" [10] , and a "rattly trill, descending, last 2-3 secs" [11] . Its call is "a soft, nasal, rising 'choy', 'choy-choy' or 'kuee-kweek' ". [9]
The IUCN has assessed the rusty-backed spinetail as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range but its population size and trend are not known. No immediate threats have been identified. [1] It is considered fairly common to common throughout its range. [9]
The grey-fronted dove is a large New World tropical dove. It is found on Trinidad and in every mainland South American country except Chile.
The Coiba spinetail is a member of the family Furnariidae (ovenbirds) that is endemic to Coiba and Ranchería Islands, Panama.
The sharp-tailed streamcreeper(Lochmias nematura), is a passerine bird of South America in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. Alternate names include streamside Lochmias, sharp-tailed creeper, and simply streamcreeper. It is found in Panama and every mainland South American country except Chile, French Guiana, and Suriname.
The ruddy foliage-gleaner is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. Its range is highly disjunct, with populations in Mexico, several Central American countries, and in every mainland South American country except Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay.
The chestnut-crowned foliage-gleaner is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.
The curve-billed scythebill is a species of bird in the subfamily Dendrocolaptinae of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guyana, Guiana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.
The red-billed scythebill is a species of bird in the subfamily Dendrocolaptinae of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela.
The light-crowned spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia and Peru.
The speckled spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.
The Marcapata spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Peru.
The crested spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Colombia and Venezuela.
The sulphur-bearded reedhaunter or sulphur-throated spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay.
Parker's spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru.
The bay hornero or pale-billed hornero is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Peru, and possibly Eucador.
The white-browed spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.
The Roraiman barbtail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela.
The short-billed leaftosser is a species of bird in the subfamily Sclerurinae, the leaftossers and miners, of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.
The spectacled prickletail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
The guttulate foliage-gleaner is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Venezuela.
The dusky leaftosser or South American leaftosser is a bird in subfamily Sclerurinae, the leaftossers and miners, of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Giana, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.