Rusty-bellied brush-furred rat

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Rusty-bellied brush-furred rat
Lophuromyssikapusi.jpg
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Muridae
Genus: Lophuromys
Species:
L. sikapusi
Binomial name
Lophuromys sikapusi
(Temminck, 1853)

The rusty-bellied brush-furred rat (Lophuromys sikapusi) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is found in Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, and Uganda. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, arable land, and pastureland.

Contents

Habitat

The range of L. sikapusi species extends from Sierra Leone to the Ivory Coast, Uganda, North Angola, Tanzania, Benin, West Kenya, and Zaire. This species is also found on the northern bank of the Congo River in Zaire. [1]

Out of the Lophuromys rodents, they occupy the largest geographical range. They are highly flexible to adapt to a wide range of habitats of life. Tropical lowland and subtropical land with adequate moisture is their usual habitat. They are dependent on moist grass land habitats, and are absent in very dry land or closed forests. These rodents are also Savannah dwellers that prefer habitat with some brushes. [2]

Morphology

The rusty-bellied brush furred mice have a dark color coat with stiff textured fur. Their overall body built is a stubby body with short legs. Between males and females, also known as "bucks" and "does" respectively, there is very little sexual dimorphism. The only significant dimorphism is that the males are larger in size in comparison to their female counterparts. An average rusty-bellied brush-furred rat weighs from 45 to 90 grams. [3] They possess a short tail length in comparison to most African rodentia species. L.sikapusi has a shorter tail length than L.angolensis . L.sikapusi possesses an approximately similar head to tail body length ratio in comparison with other African rodents. Compared to Lemniscomys striatus specimens, L. sikapusi has relatively a shorter tail length and hind foot length. Their average tail length is 69 mm, and can be at a maximum of 82 mm. [4] The rostrum resembles a shrew-like appearance. [3] Their rostrums are slightly longer than the species L.flavopunctatus. [5] Their cheek teeth have three rows of cusps, not only two as seen in Cricetidae (the family consisting of voles, lemmings, and New world rats). [3]

Diet

The diet of L. sikapusi is characterized by insects such as ants, reptiles, seeds, palms, fibre, soft-bodied invertebrates, and vegetable materials that are abundant in the tropical land environments. [6] Their food resources are limited by dry habitat. The dry habitat may also expose these rodents to predators by depriving them of the shelter they need. On the other hand, the wet season increases disease rate while increasing the abundance of food sources. [1] Approximately 98% of food consumed is used toward maintaining a steady body temperature. Only 2% is used toward building new tissue. The energy dynamic of this animal is characteristic of rodents and mammals that are constantly losing energy through respiratory heat loss. Therefore, they need a high energy source to maintain a stable body temperature. [7]

Digestive system

The digestive system of this species is unique. There is a distinctive bump along the great curvature in the stomach. It is considered to be a bilocular stomach, that aids in digesting plant-based diets. It allows adaptation to a variety of food sources. [8] The digestive system of L.sikapusi, especially the stomach structure is very similar to Onychomys . [8] The stomach of L.sikapusi does not show insectivorous diet anatomical arrangements. [8] It is thought to aid the young to absorb large amount of milk in their stomach during period of growth. The stomach of L.sikapusi lacks pyloric glands. Their large stomach allows for heavy mixing of bolus after eating. Their stomach also maintains a relatively high pH range so the enzyme salivary amylase may continue to digest carbohydrates, starch, and glycogen from the food consumed. [8] When there is inadequate water intake due to dry climates in the environment, these rodents produce concentrated urine and dry fecal matter to retain water so they may keep themselves hydrated. [9]

Behavior

L. sikapusi have territorial behavior similar to many African rodents, that engage in fights when placed in close proximity to other rodents. There are bodily damages such as torn ears, and mutilated tails from fights among themselves. [10] This species of rodents prefer to be alone. Species such as the Mastomys rat are discovered to be competitors to the Lophuromys species. [1]

Growth and reproduction

This type of brush-furred mice produces small litters of offspring, called pups, after a gestation period of approximately 21 days. The young grow very rapidly, and may grow from 8 to 20 grams within the first five days after birth. [7] The average amount of offspring from each litter is two, and it can go up to four pups. [7] The infant rusty-bellied brush-furred mice become active in four to seven days, and their eyes begin to open. The coat is completed growing in a week after birth. The infants weigh about 25 grams by the tenth day. They may begin breeding at around 2 months of age. [7]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Muridae</span> Family of rodents

The Muridae, or murids, are the largest family of rodents and of mammals, containing approximately 1,383 species, including many species of mice, rats, and gerbils found naturally throughout Eurasia, Africa, and Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deomyinae</span> Subfamily of rodents

The subfamily Deomyinae consists of four genera of mouse-like rodents that were placed in the subfamilies Murinae and Dendromurinae until very recently. They are sometimes called the Acomyinae, particularly in references that antedate the discovery that the link rat, Deomys ferugineus, is part of the clade. Deomyinae is the older name and therefore has priority over Acomyinae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brush-furred mouse</span> Genus of rodents

The brush-furred mice, genus Lophuromys are a group of rodents found in sub-Saharan Africa. They are members of the subfamily Deomyinae, a group only identifiable through molecular analysis. Lophuromys is also known as the brush-furred rats, harsh-furred rats or coarse-haired mice.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Percival's spiny mouse</span> Species of rodent

Percival's spiny mouse is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is found in Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, and Uganda. Its natural habitats are dry savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, and rocky areas. It is one of two known species of mammals, the other being Acomys kempi, capable of completely regenerating damaged tissue, including hair follicles, skin, sweat glands, fur and cartilage.

The West African shaggy rat is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is found in Benin, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland and swamps. It is a common species and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of "least concern".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Woodland thicket rat</span> Species of rodent

The woodland thicket rat is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is found in Angola, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa, South Sudan, Eswatini, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, arable land, pastureland, and urban areas.

The short-tailed brush-furred rat is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is found only in Ethiopia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland and subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss.

The Ethiopian forest brush-furred rat or golden-footed brush-furred rat, is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is endemic to Ethiopia where its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

The gray brush-furred rat is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is found only in Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical swamps, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss.

The yellow-spotted brush-furred rat is a species of rodent in the family Muridae found in Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Zambia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, and subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland. The population in Ethiopia is isolated and can be found at high altitudes up to 4,500 m above sea level.

Hutterer's brush-furred mouse or Hutterer's brush-furred rat is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is found only in Democratic Republic of the Congo, where its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

The fire-bellied brush-furred rat is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is found in Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

The Mount Cameroon brush-furred rat or Rosevear's brush-furred mouse is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is found only in Cameroon. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, plantations, and rural gardens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Natal multimammate mouse</span> Species of mammal

The Natal multimammate mouse is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is also known as the Natal multimammate rat, the common African rat, or the African soft-furred mouse. The Natal multimammate rat is the natural host of the Lassa fever virus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Salvin's spiny pocket mouse</span> Species of rodent

Salvin's spiny pocket mouse is a small to medium-sized rodent in the family Heteromyidae. It was formerly placed in the genus Liomys, which is now recognized to be paraphyletic and has been subsumed into Heteromys.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern grasshopper mouse</span> Species of rodent

The northern grasshopper mouse is a North American carnivorous rodent of the family Cricetidae. It ranges over much of the western part of the continent, from southern Saskatchewan and central Washington to Tamaulipas in northeast Mexico.

The Angolan brush-furred rat is a species of brush-furred mouse found in Angola and the southwest of the Democratic Republic of Congo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ansorge's brush-furred rat</span> Species of rodent

Ansorge's brush-furred rat is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It was identified in 1896 by de Winton as L. ansorgei. However, it was widely regarded as L. sicapusi until 2000, when Walter Verheyen, Theo Dierckx, and Jan Hulselmans published a study to the Bulletin of the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences describing it as a distinct species.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Kingdon, Jonathan (1984). "Brush-furred Mice". East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa. 2: 371.
  2. ↑ Barnett, Adrian Ashton (2000). "Ecology of rodent communities in agricultural habitats in eastern Sierra Leone: Cocoa groves as forest refugia" (PDF). Tropical Ecology. 42 (2): 127–142.
  3. 1 2 3 Vaughan, Terry A. (1972). Mammalogy. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. pp. 147–178.
  4. ↑ Olayemi, Ayodeii; Akinpelu (2008). "Diversity and distribution of murid rodent populations between forest and derived savanna sites within south western Nigeria". Biodiversity Conservation. 17 (10): 2411–2425. doi:10.1007/s10531-008-9389-1. S2CID   19918880.
  5. ↑ Walter, Verheyen (2000). "Three-Dimensional Geometric Morphometrics of the African Genus Lophuromys (Rodenta Muridae)". Italian Journal of Mammalogy. I (1): 145–154. doi:10.4404/hystrix-11.1-4142.
  6. ↑ Cole, L.R. (2009). "Foods and foraging places of rats (Rodentia: Muridae) in the lowland evergreen forest of Ghana". Journal of Zoology. 175 (4): 453–471. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1975.tb01411.x.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Delaney, M.J. (1974). The Ecology of Small Mammals. New York: McGraw Hill. pp. 20–34.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Gunders, Harvey L. (1976). Mammalogy. London, UK: McGraw Hill. pp. 113–388.
  9. ↑ Merritt, Joseph F. (2010). The Biology of Small Mammals. The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 140–167. ISBN   978-0801879500.
  10. ↑ Vaughan, Terry A (2011). Mammology. Vol. 5. pp. 214–218.
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