Sabal causiarum

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Sabal causiarum
Sabal causiarum.jpg
At Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, Sarasota, Florida
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Arecales
Family: Arecaceae
Genus: Sabal
Species:
S. causiarum
Binomial name
Sabal causiarum
Synonyms [2]

Inodes causiarumO.F.Cook
Inodes glauca Dammer
Sabal haitensisBecc. ex Martelli
Sabal questeliana L.H.Bailey

Contents

Sabal causiarum, commonly known as the Puerto Rico palmetto [3] or Puerto Rican hat palm, is a species of palm which is native to Hispaniola (in both the Dominican Republic and Haiti), Puerto Rico, and the British Virgin Islands. As its common and scientific names suggest, its leaves are used in the manufacture of "straw" hats.

Description

Sabal causiarum is a fan palm with solitary, very stout stems, which grows up to 10 metres (33 ft) tall and 35–70 centimetres (14–28 in) in diameter. Plants have 20–30 leaves, each with 60–120 leaflets. The inflorescences, which are branched, arching or pendulous, and longer than the leaves, bear globose, black fruit. The fruit are 0.7–1.1 centimetres (0.3–0.4 in) in diameter; fruit size and shape are the main characteristics by which this species differs from Sabal domingensis . [4]

Taxonomy

Sabal is placed in the subfamily Coryphoideae and the tribe Sabaleae. [5] As of 2008, there appear to be no molecular phylogenetic studies of Sabal [5] and the relationship between S. causiarum and the rest of the genus is uncertain.

The species was first described by American botanist Orator F. Cook as Inodes causiarum in 1901. The specific epithet, causiarum means "of hats"; [6] the Latin word referred to "a wide-brimmed Macedonian hat". [7] Cook erected the genus Inodes to incorporate members of the genus Sabal with upright trunks and leaves with well-developed midribs. [8] Italian naturalist Odoardo Beccari transferred the species to Sabal and coined the current binomial, S. causiarum. [2]

In 1903, German botanist Carl Lebrecht Udo Dammer described Inodes glauca, based on collections made near Peñuelas in Puerto Rico by Paul Sintenis. In 1931 Odoardo Beccari described Sabal haitensis based on collections made in Haiti. American botanist Liberty Hyde Bailey described Sabal questeliana in 1944, based on collections from Saint Barthélemy. All of these species are considered to be synonyms of S. causiarum. [9]

Andrew Henderson and colleagues noted that Sabal causiarum, S. domingensis and S. maritima form a species complex that may constitute a single species. [4]

Common names

Sabal causiarum is known as the hat palm or Puerto Rican hat palm [10] or "Puerto Rico palmetto" [3] [11] in English. In Spanish, along with Sabal domingensis, it is known as palma cana in the Dominican Republic, and palma de sombrero, yarey, [4] palma de escoba, [9] palma de abanico, or palma de cogollo [11] in Puerto Rico.

Sabal causiarum planted by Thomas Edison in Fort Myers, Florida SabalCaucasariumEdisonFtMyers.jpg
Sabal causiarum planted by Thomas Edison in Fort Myers, Florida

Distribution

Sabal causiarum is found on Hispaniola (in southwestern Haiti and the eastern Dominican Republic), Puerto Rico (including the islands of Mona and Culebra) and in the British Virgin Islands of Anegada, [4] Tortola, and Guana [9] between sea level and 100 metres (328 ft) above sea level. [4] American botanist George Proctor also reported a sight record of the species from Saint Croix in the United States Virgin Islands, as well as specimens from Saint John; however, this has since been dismissed as introductions. [9]

Uses

As is reflected in both the common and scientific names of the species, the leaves of Sabal causiarum are used in the manufacture of hats. In 1901 Orator F. Cook described a hat-making industry centred in the village of Joyuda in Cabo Rojo, which made "large quantities" of hats from the leaves of this species. [8] According to Andrew Henderson, this industry had declined considerably by the 1980s. [4] Leaves of the species are also used to make baskets, mats [4] and hammocks, [11] and older leaves for thatch. [11] It is also planted as an ornamental or street tree due to its "massive, stately appearance". [9]


Related Research Articles

<i>Sabal</i> Genus of palms

Sabal is a genus of palms endemic to the New World. Currently, there are 17 recognized species of Sabal, including one hybrid species. The species are native to the subtropical and tropical regions of the Americas, from the Gulf Coast/South Atlantic states in the Southeastern United States, south through the Caribbean, Mexico, and Central America to Colombia and Venezuela. Members of this genus are typically identified by the leaves which originate from a bare, unarmed petiole in a fan-like structure. All members of this genus have a costa that extends into the leaf blade. This midrib can vary in length; and it is due to this variation that leaf blades of certain species of Sabal are strongly curved or strongly costapalmate or weakly curved, weakly costapalmate,. Like many other palms, the fruit of Sabal are drupe, that typically change from green to black when mature.

Palmetto may refer to:

<i>Aiphanes</i> Genus of spiny palms native to tropical South and Central America and the Caribbean

Aiphanes is a genus of spiny palms which is native to tropical regions of South and Central America and the Caribbean. There are about 26 species in the genus, ranging in size from understorey shrubs with subterranean stems to subcanopy trees as tall as 20 metres (66 ft). Most have pinnately compound leaves ; one species has entire leaves. Stems, leaves and sometimes even the fruit are covered with spines. Plants flower repeatedly over the course of their lifespan and have separate male and female flowers, although these are borne together on the same inflorescence. Although records of pollinators are limited, most species appear to be pollinated by insects. The fruit are eaten by several birds and mammals, including at least two species of amazon parrots.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Odoardo Beccari</span> Italian botanist and naturalist (1843–1920)

Odoardo Beccari was an Italian botanist famous for his discoveries in Indonesia, particularly New Guinea, and Australia. He has been called the greatest botanist to ever study Malesia. His author abbreviation is Becc. when citing a botanical name.

<i>Aiphanes minima</i> Species of plant

Aiphanes minima is a spiny palm tree which is native to the insular Caribbean from Hispaniola to Grenada, and widely cultivated elsewhere. Usually 5–8 metres (16–26 ft) tall, it sometimes grows as an understorey tree and only 2 m (6.6 ft) in height.

<i>Coccothrinax argentata</i> Species of palm

Coccothrinax argentata, commonly called the Florida silver palm, is a species of palm tree. It is native to south Florida, southeast Mexico, Colombia and to the West Indies, where it is found in the Bahamas, the southwest Caribbean and the Turks and Caicos Islands. Its natural habitat is rocky, calcareous soil in coastal scrubland and hammock communities.

<i>Calyptronoma</i> Genus of palms

Calyptronoma is a genus in the palm family, native to the Greater Antilles. They have pinnately compound leaves with short petioles. The name was coined by August Grisebach who first described the genus in his 1846 Flora of the British West Indian Islands.

<i>Calyptronoma rivalis</i> Species of palm

Calyptronoma rivalis is a pinnately compound leaved palm species that is native to the Caribbean islands of Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. Its common names include palma de manaca and Puerto Rican manac.

<i>Zombia</i> Genus of palm endemic to Hispaniola

Zombia antillarum, commonly known as the zombie palm, is a species of palm tree and the only member of the genus Zombia. It is endemic to the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles. Usually found in dry, hilly areas of northern and southern Haiti and the northwest of the Dominican Republic, Z. antillarum is a relatively short fan palm with clustered stems and a very distinctive appearance caused by its persistent spiny leaf sheaths. Threatened by habitat destruction in Haiti, Z. antillarum is a popular ornamental species due to its distinctive appearance, low maintenance requirements and salt tolerance.

<i>Attalea crassispatha</i> Species of palm

Attalea crassispatha is a palm which is endemic to southwest Haiti. The most geographically isolated member of the genus, it is considered a critically endangered species and has been called one of the rarest palms in the Americas.

<i>Sabal bermudana</i> Species of palm

Sabal bermudana, commonly known as the Bermuda palmetto or bibby-tree, is one of 15 species of palm trees in the genus Sabal and is endemic to Bermuda although reportedly naturalized in the Leeward Islands. It was greatly affected by the introduction of non-native plants such as the Chinese fan palm, which created competition for space that it usually lost.

<i>Sabal domingensis</i> Species of plant

Sabal domingensis, the Hispaniola palmetto, is a species of palm which is native to Hispaniola and Cuba.

<i>Roystonea regia</i> Species of palm

Roystonea regia, commonly known as the Cuban royal palm or Florida royal palm, is a species of palm that is native to Mexico, parts of Central America and the Caribbean, and southern Florida. A large and attractive palm, it has been planted throughout the tropics and subtropics as an ornamental tree. Although it is sometimes called R. elata, the conserved name R. regia is now the correct name for the species. The royal palm reaches heights from 50 to over 80 feet tall. Populations in Cuba and Florida were long seen as separate species, but are now considered a single species.

<i>Roystonea borinquena</i> Species of palm

Roystonea borinquena, commonly called the Puerto Rico royal palm, is a species of palm which is native to Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.

<i>Leucothrinax</i> Genus of palms

Leucothrinax morrisii, the Key thatch palm, is a small palm which is native to the Greater Antilles, northern Lesser Antilles, The Bahamas and Florida and the Florida Keys in the United States.

Roystonea princeps, commonly known as Morass cabbage palm or Morass royal palm, is a species of palm which is endemic to western Jamaica.

<i>Sabal etonia</i> Species of palm

Sabal etonia, commonly known as the scrub palmetto is a species of palm. It is native only to peninsular Florida in the United States, where it is found in Florida sand pine scrub communities.

<i>Sabal maritima</i> Species of palm

Sabal maritima is a species of palm which is native to Jamaica and Cuba.

<i>Acrocomia media</i> Species of palm

Acrocomia media is a species of palm which is native to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.

References

  1. ↑ Bárrios, S.; Hamilton, M.A. (2018). "Sabal causiarum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018: e.T57356844A125646226. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T57356844A125646226.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 "Sabal causiarum". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
  3. 1 2 USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Sabal causiarum". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Henderson, Andrew; Gloria Galeano; Rodrigo Bernal (1995). Field Guide to the Palms of the Americas. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 64–65. ISBN   978-0-691-08537-1.
  5. 1 2 Roncal, Julissa; Scott Zona; Carl E. Lewis (2008). "Molecular Phylogenetic Studies of Caribbean Palms (Arecaceae) and Their Relationships to Biogeography and Conservation". The Botanical Review. 74 (1): 78–102. doi:10.1007/s12229-008-9005-9. S2CID   40119059.
  6. ↑ Riffle, Robert Lee; Craft, Paul (2003). An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press. p. 445. ISBN   978-0-88192-558-6.
  7. ↑ Riffle, Robert Lee (1999). "What's in a (Botanical) Name?". Palm and Cycad Societies of Florida. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
  8. 1 2 Cook, O.F. (1901). "A Synopsis of the Palms of Puerto Rico". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 28 (10): 525–69. doi:10.2307/2478709. JSTOR   2478709.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Proctor, G.R. (2005). "Arecaceae (Palmae)" (PDF). In Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro; Strong, Mark T (eds.). Monocots and Gymnosperms of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions of the United States National Herbarium. Vol. 52. pp. 149–50.
  10. ↑ "Sabal". Fairchild Guide to Palms. Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden . Retrieved 2009-06-02.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Little, Elbert L. Jr.; Frank H., Wadsworth (July 1964). Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agriculture Handbook. Vol. 249. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. pp. 46–47.
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