| Palmetto | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Sabal palmetto | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Clade: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Arecales |
| Family: | Arecaceae |
| Subfamily: | Coryphoideae |
| Tribe: | Sabaleae |
| Genus: | Sabal Adans. [1] |
| Type species | |
| Sabal adansonii Guers. [2] | |
| Synonyms [3] | |
| |
Sabal is a genus of New World palms (or fan-palms). Currently, there are 17 recognized species of Sabal, including one hybrid species. [4]
The species are native to the subtropical and tropical regions of the Americas, from the Gulf Coast/South Atlantic states in the Southeastern United States, south through the Caribbean, Mexico, and Central America to Colombia and Venezuela.
Members of this genus are typically identified by the leaves which originate from a bare, unarmed petiole in a fan-like structure. All members of this genus have a costa (or midrib) that extends into the leaf blade. This midrib can vary in length; and it is due to this variation that leaf blades of certain species of Sabal are strongly curved or strongly costapalmate (as in Sabal palmetto and Sabal etonia) or weakly curved (almost flattened), weakly costapalmate, (as in Sabal minor). Like many other palms, the fruit of Sabal are drupe, that typically change from green to black when mature.
The name Sabal was first applied to members of the group by Michel Adanson in the 18th century. [5] Previous names that this genus was associated with include Corypha , Chamaerops , Rhapis . [6] [5] This section highlights important phylogenetic work done within the genus Sabal.
In 1990, Scott Zona outlined key morphological and anatomical characters that he used to analyze species relationships of Sabal. Through this analysis of characters, Zona produced a cladogram that portrays evolutionary relationships amongst 15 species of Sabal. [6] Based on the distribution of species within his cladogram, Zona recognized four distinct clades. [6] The clades within his study include (Clade 1) Sabal minor; (Clade 2) Sabal bermudana, Sabal palmetto, Sabal miamiensis, and Sabal etonia; (Clade 3) Sabal maritima, Sabal domingensis, Sabal causiarum, Sabal maurittiformis, Sabal yapa, Sabal mexicana, and Sabal guatemalensis; (Clade 4) Sabal uresana, Sabal rosei, and Sabal pumos . [6] These clades associate closely with geographic distributions. [6] Most of the species within Clade 3 occur in the Greater Antilles and southern Mexico, where species that occur in the Greater Antilles are more closely related to each other than those that occur in southern Mexico. [6] Although Clade 4 also occurs in Mexico, these species occur on the west coast where they are geographically separated from the Mexican species within the southern part of the country. [6] The remaining two clades, Clade 1 and Clade 2 predominantly occur in the southeastern United States although S. palmetto and S. minor are also known from Cuba and the Bahamas (S. palmetto) and northern Mexico (S. minor). [6] Sabal bermudana is only known from Bermuda. [6]
In 2016 Heyduk, Trapnell, Barrett, and Leebens-Mack conducted a new study on Sabal that analyzed molecular (e.g. nuclear, plastid) data from 15 species of the group. [7] This study incorporated plastid and nuclear sequence data that together were used to estimate the relatedness between the species of Sabal. [7] The results of the study show species relationships to be different from the distribution of Zona's cladogram. [6] [7] Within the framework of this study, a major difference between the results of Zona and this study is the placement of "Clade 4" ( Sabal uresana, Sabal rosei, and Sabal pumos ) which split and integrate these species throughout the phylogeny of Sabal. [6] [7] The largest of the clades identified by Zona, "Clade 3" is disrupted significantly as it is split into multiple clades. [6] [7] Although Sabal causiarum and S. domingensis retain their relationship as sister species, they are included in a clade that also includes S. maritima and S. rosei. [6] [7] Despite these disruptions in placement between these two studies, the overall integrity of "Clade 1" and "Clade 2" is in congruence with the clades established from the molecular data. [7] [6]
| Image | Scientific name | Common name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sabal antillensis M.P.Griff. | Antillean palmetto | Curaçao [4] [8] | |
 | Sabal bermudana L.H.Bailey | Bermuda palmetto | Bermuda |
 | Sabalbrazoriensis D.H.Goldman, Lockett & Read | Brazoria palmetto | United States (Texas) |
 | Sabal causiarum (O.F. Cook) Becc. | Puerto Rico palmetto | United States (Puerto Rico), British Virgin Islands, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic) |
 | Sabal domingensis Becc. | Hispaniola palmetto | Cuba, Hispaniola (Dominican Republic, Haiti) |
 | Sabal etonia Swingle ex Nash | Scrub palmetto | United States (Florida) |
 | Sabal gretheriae H.J.Quero.R. | Yucatán palmetto | Mexico (Quintana Roo) |
| Sabal lougheediana M.P.Griff. | Bonaire palmetto | Bonaire [8] | |
 | Sabal maritima (Kunth) Burret | Jamaica palmetto | Jamaica, Cuba |
 | Sabal mauritiiformis (H.Karst.) Griseb. & H.Wendl. | Savannah palm or palma de vaca | Southern Mexico to northern Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago (Trinida)) |
 | Sabal mexicana Mart. | Mexican palmetto | United States (southern Texas) south through Mexico to Nicaragua |
 | Sabal miamiensis | Miami palmetto | United States (Southern Florida) |
 | Sabal minor (Jacq.) Pers. | Dwarf palmetto | Northeastern Mexico, Southeastern United States (Florida north to North Carolina, west to Texas) |
 | Sabal palmetto (Walter) Lodd. ex Schult. & Schult.f. | Cabbage palmetto | Cuba, Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands, United States (Florida north to North Carolina) |
 | Sabal pumos (Kunth) Burret | Royal palmetto | Mexico (Guerrero, Michoacán, Puebla) |
 | Sabal rosei (O.F.Cook) Becc. | Rosei palmetto | Northwestern Mexico |
 | Sabal uresana Trel. | Sonoran palmetto | Mexico (Chihuahua, Sonora) |
 | Sabal yapa C.Wright ex Becc. | Mexico (Yucatán Peninsula), Belize, Cuba, Guatemala [9] [10] | |
Extinct species within this genus include: [11]
Plants of the genus lived from the late Cretaceous to the Quaternary period (from 66 million to 12 thousand years ago). Fossils have been found in the United States, as well as in Europe (Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Greece, Slovakia, the United Kingdom, France) and Japan. [11] Leaf fossils of Sabal lamanonis have been recovered from rhyodacite tuff of Lower Miocene age in southern Slovakia near the town of Lučenec. [13] 27 million year old Sabal lamanonis and Sabal raphipholia leaf fossils in volcanic rocks have been described from the Evros region in Western Thrace, Greece. [14]
Sabal species are used as food sources by several species of birds (including Mimus polyglottos, Turdus migratorius, Dendroica coronata, Corvus ossifragus, and Drycopus pileatus) as well as insects, such as Caryobruchus [15] and various species of Hymenoptera. American black bears (Ursus americanus) and raccoons (Procyon lotor) are also known to feed on fruit of various species of Sabal. Sabal palmetto is recorded to have its own lichen, Arthonia rubrocincta, [16] that only occurs on its leaf bases. In Europe, the introduced Lepidopteran species Paysandisia archon has become a prominent pest whose larvae are known to feed on some of the cultivated species of Sabal.
Arborescent species are often transplanted from natural stands into urban landscapes and are rarely grown in nurseries due to slow growth. Several species are cultivated as ornamental plants and because several species are relatively cold-hardy, can be grown farther north than most other palms. The central bud of Sabalpalmetto is edible and, when cooked, is known as 'swamp cabbage'. Mature fronds are used as thatch, to make straw hats, and for weaving mats.
The Arecaceae is a family of perennial, flowering plants in the monocot order Arecales. Their growth form can be climbers, shrubs, tree-like and stemless plants, all commonly known as palms. Those having a tree-like form are called palm trees. Currently, 181 genera with around 2,600 species are known, most of which are restricted to tropical and subtropical climates. Most palms are distinguished by their large, compound, evergreen leaves, known as fronds, arranged at the top of an unbranched stem, except for the Hyphaene genus, who has branched palms. However, palms exhibit an enormous diversity in physical characteristics and inhabit nearly every type of habitat within their range, from rainforests to deserts.
Palmetto may refer to:
Sabal minor, commonly known as the dwarf palmetto, is a small species of palm. It is native to the deep southeastern and south-central United States and northeastern Mexico. It is naturally found in a diversity of habitats, including maritime forests, swamps, floodplains, and occasionally on drier sites. It is often found growing in calcareous marl soil. Sabal minor is one of the most frost and cold tolerant among North American palms.
Syagrus is a genus of Arecaceae (palms), native to South America, with one species endemic to the Lesser Antilles. The genus is closely related to the Cocos, or coconut genus, and many Syagrus species produce edible seeds similar to the coconut.
Attalea crassispatha is a palm which is endemic to southwest Haiti. The most geographically isolated member of the genus, it is considered a critically endangered species and has been called one of the rarest palms in the Americas.
Attalea is a large genus of palms native to Mexico, the Caribbean, Central and South America. This pinnately-leaved, non-spiny genus includes both small palms lacking an aboveground stem and large trees. The genus has a complicated taxonomic history, and has often been split into four or five genera based on differences in the male flowers. Since the genera can only be distinguished on the basis of their male flowers, the existence of intermediate flower types and the existence of hybrids between different genera has been used as an argument for keeping them all in the same genus. This has been supported by recent molecular phylogenies.
Sabal bermudana, commonly known as the Bermuda palmetto or bibby-tree, is one of 15 species of palm trees in the genus Sabal and is endemic to Bermuda although reportedly naturalized in the Leeward Islands. It was greatly affected by the introduction of non-native plants such as the Chinese fan palm, which created competition for space that it usually lost.
Sabal pumos, known as the royal palmetto, is a species of flowering plant in the palm tree family, Arecaceae.
Sabal uresana, commonly known as the Sonoran palmetto, is a species of palm tree that is native to the foothills of the Sierra Madre Occidental in northwestern Mexico. The specific epithet, "uresana", refers to Ures, Sonora, a town within its range. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Sabal palmetto, also known as cabbage palm, cabbage palmetto, sabal palm, blue palmetto, Carolina palmetto, common palmetto, Garfield's tree, and swamp cabbage, is one of 15 species of palmetto palm. It is native to the far Southeast United States, the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico, the West Indies, and the Bahamas.
Sabal causiarum, commonly known as the Puerto Rico palmetto or Puerto Rican hat palm, is a species of palm which is native to Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and the British Virgin Islands. As its common and scientific names suggest, its leaves are used in the manufacture of "straw" hats.
Sabal etonia, commonly known as the scrub palmetto is a species of palm. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is found in Florida sand pine scrub communities.
Sabal maritima is a species of palm which is native to Jamaica and Cuba.
The Coryphoideae is one of five subfamilies in the palm family, Arecaceae. It contains all of the genera with palmate leaves, excepting Mauritia, Mauritiella and Lepidocaryum, all of subfamily Calamoideae, tribe Lepidocaryeae, subtribe Mauritiinae. However, all Coryphoid palm leaves have induplicate (V-shaped) leaf folds, while Calamoid palms have reduplicate leaf folds. Pinnate leaves do occur in Coryphoideae, in Phoenix, Arenga, Wallichia and bipinnate in Caryota.
Sabal mexicana is a species of palm tree that is native to far southern North America. Common names include Rio Grande palmetto, Mexican palmetto, Texas palmetto, Texas sabal palm, palmetto cabbage and palma de mícharos. The specific epithet, "mexicana", is Latin for "of Mexico."
Cryosophileae is a tribe of palms in the subfamily Coryphoideae. The tribe ranges from southern South America, through Central America, into Mexico and the Caribbean. It includes New World genera formerly included in the tribe Thrinacinae, which was split after molecular phylogenetic studies showed that Old World and New World members of the tribe were not closely related.
Sabal 'Birmingham' is a seed-propagated selection of palmetto, of unknown origin and widely thought to be a hybrid of Sabal palmetto with a yet-unidentified species. It is widely known for its extreme cold hardiness and its slow growth compared to other palmetto species.
Sabal rosei, the Llanos palmetto or Savannah palmetto, is a species of flowering plant in the palm family Arecaceae, native to the Pacific coast of Mexico, from Sinaloa to Jalisco. Hardy to USDA zone 8a, it tolerates both flooding and drought, although it is typically found in dry areas.
Sabal brazoriensis, also known as Sabal × brazoriensis, the Brazoria palmetto, or Brazoria palm is a species of palm tree endemic to the Texas Gulf Coast in the United States.
| Authority control databases: National |
|---|
