Iriartea

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Iriartea
Iriartea deltoidea RB.jpg
Iriartea deltoidea in Costa Rica
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Arecales
Family: Arecaceae
Subfamily: Arecoideae
Tribe: Iriarteeae
Genus: Iriartea
Ruiz & Pav.
Species

Iriartea deltoideaRuiz & Pav.
and see text

Synonyms [2] [3]
  • DeckeriaH.Karst.
  • Deckeria cornetoH.Karst.
  • Deckeria phaeocarpa(Mart.) H.Karst.
  • Deckeria ventricosa(Mart.) H.Karst.
  • Iriartea corneto(H.Karst.) H.Wendl.
  • Iriartea giganteaB.S.Williams
  • Iriartea megalocarpaBurret
  • Iriartea phaeocarpaMart.
  • Iriartea robustaB.S.Williams
  • Iriartea ventricosaMart.
  • Iriartea weberbaueriBurret
  • Iriartea xanthorhizaKlotzsch ex Linden

Iriartea is a genus in the palm family Arecaceae. [2] [4] It is native to Central and northern and central South America. The genus includes only the one species, Iriartea deltoidea, [2] which is found from Nicaragua, south into Bolivia and a great portion of western Amazon basin. It is a common tree in many forests in which it occurs.

Contents

Names

It is known by such names as bombona (which can also refer to other palms, e.g. Attalea regia ) or cacho de vaca (which can refer to many other plants, like the Bignoniaceous species Godmania aesculifolia or the orchid Myrmecophila humboldtii ). In the Murui Huitoto language of southwestern Colombia, it is called jɨagɨna or jɨaìgɨna, [5] in western Ecuador it is known as pambil, and in Peru it is known as the pona palm.

Description

Stilt roots Iriartea deltoidea (Arecaceae) (29408347993).jpg
Stilt roots

These palms are canopy trees growing to 20–35 m tall. I. deltoidea is easily recognized by the prominent bulge in the center of its trunk, and the stilt roots, which form a dense cone up to 1 m in diameter at the base. It can thus be easily be distinguished from Socratea exorrhiza (which also bears stilt roots), as the stilt roots of the former are much less tightly appressed upon one another. The leaves are up to 5 m long, and pinnate. The numerous pinnae are fan-shaped, and held in various planes. Each leaflet is up to 1 m long and 25 cm at the widest point. [6] The fruit is a 2 cm diameter drupe, and primarily dispersed by bats and toucans.

Toucan foraging behavior can have quite distinct signature in young second-growth forest regeneration. In certain cases seedlings growing around a mature fruiting Iriartea palms may actually come from dozens of different trees hundreds of meters away. [7]

Uses

The fruit are also eaten by humans, and the wood is used for construction and in handicraft. [5]

Iriartea timber is highly prized for housing, furniture, and tools. Various South American countries, including Ecuador, export Iriartea wood to the United States. [8]

Taxonomy and systematics

Almost all species at one time placed in Iriartea have now been moved elsewhere or placed in synonymy with I. deltoidea. Dictyocaryum , Iriartella , Socratea and Wettinia were split off from the Iriartea but are close relatives, together with the present genus forming the tribe Iriarteeae. Less closely related palms which were at one time presumed to be Iriarteeae are members of the genera Ceroxylon , Drymophloeus , and the monotypic Deckenia nobilis . [3]

There remain a few somewhat dubious taxa, published in L'Illustration Horticole in 1881. These may be synonyms or good species, but probably the former: [3]

References

  1. ↑ Trudgen, M.S. (2013). "Iriartea deltoidea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2013: e.T44392200A44407793. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T44392200A44407793.en . Retrieved January 5, 2025.
  2. 1 2 3 "Iriartea deltoidea Ruiz & Pav". Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. Retrieved January 5, 2025.
  3. 1 2 3 Govaerts et al. (2008)
  4. ↑ "Iriartea deltoidea Ruiz & Pav". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000. n.d. Retrieved January 5, 2025.
  5. 1 2 Marín-Corba et al. (2005)
  6. ↑ Langlois, Arthur C. (1976). Supplement to Palms of the World. Gainsville, Florida: University of Florida. p. 117 with photo.
  7. ↑ Sezen, U.U. (2009). "Proximity is not a proxy for parentage in an animal-dispersed Neotropical canopy palm". Proc Biol Sci. 276 (1664): 2037–2044. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1793. PMC   2677255 . PMID   19324791.
  8. ↑ Brokamp, Grischa (2015). Relevance and Sustainability of Wild Plant Collection in NW South America: Insights from the Plant Families Arecaceae and Krameriaceae. Wiesbaden: Springer Spektrum. doi:10.1007/978-3-658-08696-1. ISBN   978-3-658-08695-4. S2CID   30557398.


Footnotes

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