Saint Peter Port Harbour

Last updated

View of the harbour from the shore, with New Jetty on the left and Castle Cornet to right Saint Peter Port Harbour (2014).jpg
View of the harbour from the shore, with New Jetty on the left and Castle Cornet to right

Saint Peter Port Harbour is located in Saint Peter Port, Guernsey. It was a natural anchorage used by the Romans which has been changed into an artificial harbour that is now the island's main port for passengers. Loose cargo, liquids and gas are shipped to and from St Sampson's harbour.

Contents

Castle Cornet has formed the harbour main defence for centuries. The castle was formerly a tidal island, but since 1859 a breakwater has connected it to the enlarged harbour.

History

The earliest evidence of shipping was the discover of a wreck in 1982 in the entrance of the harbour, which has been named "Asterix". It is thought to be a 3rd-century Roman cargo vessel and was probably at anchor or grounded when the fire broke out. [1]

The first breakwater, from before the 13th century was a mole, made of loose stones, where the Albert Pier now stands. [2] In 1605, a Royal Charter authorised a pettie Custume tax on imports to Guernsey to pay for harbour development. [3] :95–115

The English Civil War saw the harbour in the firing line in 1643 between the Royalist held Castle Cornet and the Parliamentarian held town. Cannonballs fired from the castle caused some damage to the town. [4]

A low-level oblique photograph taken from one of 3 Bristol Beauforts of No. 86 Squadron RAF, attacking shipping in St Peter Port, Guernsey. The aircraft are passing over St Julian's Pier at its junction with White Rock Pier: bombs can be seen falling from the aircraft in the left-hand corner, which was itself nearly hit by bombs dropped from the photographing aircraft (seen exploding at the bottom). Royal Air Force Coastal Command, 1939-1945. C2249.jpg
A low-level oblique photograph taken from one of 3 Bristol Beauforts of No. 86 Squadron RAF, attacking shipping in St Peter Port, Guernsey. The aircraft are passing over St Julian's Pier at its junction with White Rock Pier: bombs can be seen falling from the aircraft in the left-hand corner, which was itself nearly hit by bombs dropped from the photographing aircraft (seen exploding at the bottom).

In 1831 gas lamps replaced oil lamps on quays, in 1857 electric lights were demonstrated. [2] :15 The harbour piers were extended by 1864 to allow ships to berth at any state of the tide. [5] :405 Problems were experienced with many piers, quicksand, subsidence and bulges were often solved with piles and by reducing the weight through making problem piers hollow. [2] :11 Dredging in 1899 and removal of some rock from the harbour bed, improved services.

Since 1881 the harbour has housed the Saint Peter Port Lifeboat Station, originally in a building on the Castle Pier.

The First World War saw the establishment of a French seaplane base, on the pier close to Castle Cornet. The pilots flew on constant watch for German submarines. [6]

On 28 June 1940, German commanders sent a squadron of bombers over the islands and bombed the harbours of Guernsey and Jersey. In St Peter Port some lorries lined up to unload tomatoes for export to England were mistaken by the reconnaissance for troop carriers. Forty-four islanders were killed in the raids. The BBC then broadcast the message that the islands had been declared "open towns", after Prime Minister Winston Churchill refused to announce the demilitarisation through diplomatic channels, and later in the day reported the German bombing of the island. [7] :7

The Second World War saw the town also bombed by Allied bombers which killed harbour workers and caused damage to the harbour, such as on 14 June 1944, having been identified by Cryptanalysis of the Enigma intercepts, which was confirmed with a solo photographic reconnaissance Spitfire from No. 541 Squadron RAF, German submarine U-275 was attacked by no less than 8 Hawker Typhoon strike attack aircraft of No. 263 Squadron RAF while tied up in harbour. No damage was caused to the submarine; escorting vessels were not so lucky, where the rockets hit a Dutch coaster M.V. Karel in the harbour. [8] Many windows in town were shattered including most of those in the Town Church.

The Nazi German forces improved the defences of the harbour including building a number of steel and concrete bunkers and casemates, most of which are located on the Castle pier. One bunker was removed from the New Jetty after the war due to fears that weight may collapse the jetty. Considerable work has recently been undertaken strengthening the New Jetty. A workshop erected by the Germans on the Albert Pier was demolished in the 1970s.

During the mid 1980s the harbour was dredged to provide easier access for shipping, with the excavated aggregate pumped through pipes to reclaim the land currently used for the North Beach parking, between the harbour and the Queen Elizabeth II Marina.

Harbour Facilities

Freight and Passengers

A passenger terminal and customs facilities are located on St Julian's Pier.

Facilities at the harbour include two ro-ro ramps for cars and lorries that travel on car/passenger ferries such as the 102m long trimaran Condor Liberation or freight/car/passenger traditional ferries such as the Commodore Clipper.

Preceding station  Ferry  Following station
Terminus  Condor Ferries
High speed catermaran
  Saint Malo
   Jersey
   Poole
Terminus  Condor Ferries
Ferry
  Jersey
   Portsmouth
Terminus Isle of Sark Shipping Company
Sark Ferry
  Sark
Terminus  Trident Charter Company
Herm Ferry
  Herm

Two large cranes and a number of smaller ones facilitate the loading/unloading of containers.

Piers

Albert Pier

The southern arm of the original harbour going east from near the Town Church was originally a mole, referred to in 1275 by Edward I of England when it was mentioned as needing reconstruction, given permission to raise a local tax to cover the cost, little was done until a dry stone pier, was constructed by 1580. [2] [9] The pier was well built, standing 35 ft high and 360 ft long, paved with a parapet and still being in good condition in 1815. [2] Until 1806 a roundhouse tower at the end of the pier had been used as a holding cell for prisoners who needed to be shipped by sea to Castle Cornet, a lighthouse was built on the remains of the roundhouse in 1831 before being demolished in 1860. [10] :10 Improved in 1861-63 with north return arm now at right angles. [2] :17 It was renamed in honour of Prince Albert who had died in 1861. A statue of Prince Albert, a copy of an original by Joseph Durham, was erected in 1863. [11] :189

North or Crown Pier

The northern arm of the original harbour heads east from the Quay, with a retaining pier for the Careening Hard going north. Originally built from 1703 as a breakwater, gradually improved and by 1750 was completed as a dry construction with an arm heading south east. [9] [2] :2

The harbour quay was completed by the late 1770s, prior to that everything was landed on the beach, cattle still being made to swim ashore.

In 1838 the entrance to the old harbour was widened to make it 40 ft at the top and 68 ft at the bottom. [2] :14 In 1893 the pier was rebuilt to 220 ft length. [2] :20

Low tide view of St Julian's Pier and Cambridge Berth Saint Peter Port Harbour at low tide (2014).jpg
Low tide view of St Julian's Pier and Cambridge Berth

St Julians Pier

St Julian's Pier is the pier running east from St Julian's Avenue roundabout. The foundation stone for the pier being laid in 1853. [11] :191 The first weighbridge was built on the pier in 1861, [2] :17 later rebuilt in stone in 1892 and upgraded to 20-ton in 1923. Moving east along the pier you reach the Cambridge Berth (1909), the new Inter-Island Quay, the Ro-Ro ramps (1975), the New Jetty (1927) and finally the White Rock Pier with its Lo-Lo facilities.

The lighthouse at the end of the Castle Breakwater Lighthouse at St Peter Port Harbour.jpg
The lighthouse at the end of the Castle Breakwater
The lighthouse viewed from the ferry Castle Breakwater Saint Peter Port Harbor Guernsey.png
The lighthouse viewed from the ferry

Castle Pier

The Castle Pier was constructed in the 1850s to protect the southern side of the expanded harbour. Connecting the south esplanade with Castle Cornet to the east. There is a retaining wall for the Albert Marina, the Fish Quay built from the model yacht pond, a connecting bridge to Castle Cornet, and at the end the Castle Breakwater, authorised in 1854, completed in 1861, with its lighthouse completed 1868. The abattoir was completed and the Victoria Boat Pond, later called the Model Yacht Pond, was opened in 1887 for Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee. [2] :19 In the First World War a French seaplane base was established on the pier, next to the pond.

From 1931 to 1951 oil was imported at the Albert dock, [2] :22 the Germans building tunnels in 1942 to house fuel containers at La Vallette, the tunnels now form a museum.

Fish Quay

A purpose built quay built in 1987 with a reinforced concrete deck supported on piles with pontoons, built out from the Castle Pier to provide facilities for the small number of local fishing boats.

Local yachts

Two marinas are dedicated to local yachts and motor boats. The smaller original 1975 Albert Marina, located between the Castle and Albert piers and the newer Queen Elizabeth II Marina located north of the St Julian's Pier which was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1989. Both marinas have retaining sills.

Visiting yachts

Visiting tourist yachts and motor vessels can tie up to pontoons inside the inner harbour, which has a fixed barrier to maintain water in the harbour at low tide, or may moor against outer harbour deep water pontoons. St Peter Port marina is the largest marina in the British Isles, it hosts over 10,500 visiting yachts every year. [12]

Cruise ships

The island has become a regular destination for cruise ships with over 100 ships arriving between April and October [13] and is the largest tender port for cruise liners in Europe. [12]

The restricted size of the harbour will not allow cruise ships to enter resulting in the ships needing to anchor in the roads. The disembarkation of passengers, mainly using their own ships tenders was, until 2014 using a ro-ro ramp on the White Rock pier until an alternative pontoon and ramp were installed attached to the Albert Pier. Initially the ramp caused complaints as it was considered too steep to passengers to climb when tides were very low, in 2015 this was rectified with a longer ramp which reduced the gradient. [14]

Businesses are developing for transporting and entertaining the 100,000+ annual visitors, with some queues being experienced on days when two large ships arrive on the same day.

Memorials

A number of commemoration plaques and memorials are located at the harbour:

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Poole Harbour</span> Natural harbour in England

Poole Harbour is a large natural harbour in Dorset, southern England, with the town of Poole on its shores. The harbour is a drowned valley (ria) formed at the end of the last ice age and is the estuary of several rivers, the largest being the Frome. The harbour has a long history of human settlement stretching to pre-Roman times. The harbour is extremely shallow, with one main dredged channel through the harbour, from the mouth to Holes Bay.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mulberry harbours</span> British WWII portable temporary harbours

The Mulberry harbours were two temporary portable harbours developed by the British Admiralty and War Office during the Second World War to facilitate the rapid offloading of cargo onto beaches during the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944. They were designed in 1942 then built in under a year in great secrecy; within hours of the Allies creating beachheads after D-Day, sections of the two prefabricated harbours were towed across the English Channel from southern England and placed in position off Omaha Beach and Gold Beach, along with old ships to be sunk as breakwaters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Portland Harbour</span> Port in Dorset, England

Portland Harbour is located beside the Isle of Portland, Dorset, on the south coast of England. Construction of the harbour began in 1849; when completed in 1872, its 520-hectare (1,300-acre) surface area made it the largest human-made harbour in the world, and it remains one of the largest in the world today. It is naturally sheltered by Portland to the south, Chesil Beach to the west and mainland Dorset to the north. It consists of four breakwaters: two southern and two northern. These have a total length of 4.57 km (2.84 mi) and enclose approximately 1,000 ha of water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apra Harbor</span> Seaport in Guam

Apra Harbor, also called Port Apra, is a deep-water port on the western side of the United States territory of Guam. It is considered one of the best natural ports in the Pacific Ocean. The harbor is bounded by Cabras Island and the Glass Breakwater to the north and the Orote Peninsula in the south. Naval Base Guam and the Port of Guam are the two major users of the harbor. It is also a popular recreation area for boaters, surfers, scuba divers, and other recreationalists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Toronto Harbour</span> Bay on the north shore of Lake Ontario, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Toronto Harbour or Toronto Bay is a natural bay on the north shore of Lake Ontario, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Today, the harbour is used primarily for recreational boating, including personal vessels and pleasure boats providing scenic or party cruises. Ferries travel from docks on the mainland to the Islands, and cargo ships deliver aggregates and raw sugar to industries located in the harbour. Historically, the harbour has been used for military vessels, passenger traffic and cargo traffic. Waterfront uses include residential, recreational, cultural, commercial and industrial sites.

Braye Harbour is the main harbour on the north side of the island of Alderney, in the Channel Islands, a dependency of the British Crown. A 3,000 feet (910 m) breakwater was built by the Admiralty to protect the Navy in the 19th century shelters Braye Harbour. The harbour faces out onto the Swinge, which is part of the English Channel, and it is at Braye that most of the island's freight comes in. Braye is more or less a suburb of St Anne, the island capital; the centre of St Anne lies approximately 1 mile from the harbour.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Castle Cornet</span> Island castle in Guernsey

Castle Cornet is a large island castle in Guernsey, and former tidal island, also known as Cornet Rock or Castle Rock. Its importance was as a defence not only of the island, but of the roadstead. In 1859 it became part of one of the breakwaters of Guernsey's main harbour, St Peter Port harbour.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Port of Dover</span> Cross-channel port situated in Dover, Kent, south-east England

The Port of Dover is a cross-channel ferry, cruise terminal, maritime cargo and marina facility situated in Dover, Kent, south-east England. It is the nearest English port to France, at just 34 kilometres (21 mi) away, and is one of the world's busiest maritime passenger ports, with 11.7 million passengers, 2.6 million lorries, 2.2 million cars and motorcycles and 80,000 coaches passing through it in 2017, and with an annual turnover of £58.5 million a year. This contrasts with the nearby Channel Tunnel, the only fixed link between the island of Great Britain and the European mainland, which now handles an estimated 20 million passengers and 1.6 million trucks per year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Port of Southampton</span> Passenger and cargo port in Southampton, England

The Port of Southampton is a passenger and cargo port in the central part of the south coast of England. The modern era in the history of the Port of Southampton began when the first dock was inaugurated in 1843. After the Port of Felixstowe, Southampton is the second largest container terminal in UK, with a handled traffic of 1.5 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU). It also handles cruise ships, roll-on roll-off, dry bulk, and liquid bulk.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fishing in Guernsey</span>

Fishing within the Bailiwick of Guernsey is common place. The bailiwick is made up of several islands in the Channel Islands, namely.

In March 2010, the Freeport of Monrovia became ISPS Compliant and moved from Security Level 2 to Security Level 1 in July 2010. The Freeport of Monrovia awarded Operations Contract to APM Terminal to handle port operations, which includes container handling, cargo handling, and marine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aberdeen Harbour</span> Port on the north east coast of Scotland

Aberdeen Harbour, rebranded as the Port of Aberdeen in 2022, is a sea port located in the city of Aberdeen on the east coast of Scotland. The port was first established in 1136 and has been continually redeveloped over the centuries to provide a base for significant fishing and ship building industries. Since the 1970s it has provided support to the offshore oil and gas industry operating in the North Sea and it is the main commercial port in the north east of Scotland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Port of Mersin</span> Port in Turkey

The Port of Mersin, is a major seaport located on the north-eastern coast of Mediterranean Sea in Mersin, southern Turkey. As one of the largest harbors in the country, it is Turkey's main gateway to the Mediterranean Sea. It was constructed during the 1950s as a major government project. It is the country's second largest port after Ambarli, near Istanbul. Owned by the Turkish State Railways (TCDD), its operating right is transferred on May 11, 2007, to PSA – Akfen consortium for a period of 36 years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Douglas Harbour</span> Port

Douglas Harbour is located near Douglas Head at the southern end of Douglas, the capital of the Isle of Man. It is the island's main commercial shipping port. The Port of Douglas was the first in the world to be equipped with radar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saint Helier Marina</span>

St Helier Marina is one of three marinas located in Saint Helier Harbour, and is operated by Ports of Jersey.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fortifications of Guernsey</span>

The island of Guernsey has been fortified for several thousand years, the number of defence locations and complexity of the defence increasing with time, manpower and the improvements in weapons and tactics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Weld Quay, George Town</span>

Weld Quay is a coastal road in the city of George Town within the Malaysian state of Penang. One of a handful of places worldwide that was named after a Prime Minister of New Zealand, the road runs along the city's eastern shoreline, connecting the Tun Dr. Lim Chong Eu Expressway with Light Street and Beach Street.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peterhead Bay</span> A bay in Aberdeenshire, on the east coast of Scotland

Peterhead Bay is a large remote industrial tidal 120° facing coastal embayment, located next to the planned community, commercial fishing and ship building town of Peterhead in the Presbytery of Deer, Buchan, Aberdeenshire and is in the most easternmost point in mainland Scotland. The bay lies to the south of the town, forming a large natural harbour. It was enclosed by breakwaters, to turn the natural harbour into a marina and port, that is now owned by the Port of Peterhead. It was here, on 25 December 1715, that the old pretender, James Francis Edward Stuart, landed and resided at a house at the south end of Longate, owned by Mr James, and being visited by his friends, including George Keith, the Earl Marischal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saint Helier Harbour</span> Harbour on the island of Jersey

Saint Helier Harbour is the main harbour on the Channel Island of Jersey. It is on the south coast of the island, occupying most of the coast of the main town of St Helier. It is operated by Ports of Jersey, a company wholly owned by the Government of Jersey.

References

  1. "Gallo-Roman Ship".
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Sharp, Eric W. (1969). The Growth of St. Peter Port Harbour. Guernsey Press.
  3. Thornton, Tim (2004). The Charters of Guernsey. Woodfield Publishing. ISBN   1-903953-65-0.
  4. "Town Church Guernsey". Town Church.
  5. Jamieson, A.G. A people of the sea. Methuen. ISBN   0-416-40540-1.
  6. "WW1 submarine hunters: French seaplane base in Guernsey". BBC. 6 August 2014.
  7. Drawmer, Gwen. My Memories of the German Occupation of Sark, 1940-1945. Studio House, 2001.
  8. Channel Islands Occupation Review No 36. Channel Island Art & Books. May 2008. p. 115.
  9. 1 2 "St Peter Port". Ports.org.
  10. Toms, Carel (2003). St Peter Port, People & Places. ISBN   1 86077 258 7.
  11. 1 2 Lempriére, Raoul. History of the Channel Islands. Robert Hale Ltd. ISBN   978-0709142522.
  12. 1 2 "Islanders encouraged to attend Guernsey Harbours' presentations to learn more about proposed changes to charges". My Harbours.
  13. "St Peter Port and Bailiwick Cruise Ship Visits 2016". Guernsey Harbours.
  14. "Replacement gangway for cruise ship passengers delayed". ITV. 30 June 2015.
  15. "Guernsey occupation resistance plaque unveiled". BBC. 4 May 2015.
  16. "Schemes in Channel Islands". Civic Trust Awards.

49°27′16″N2°31′31″W / 49.454456°N 2.525396°W / 49.454456; -2.525396