Salvia polystachia | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Lamiales |
Family: | Lamiaceae |
Genus: | Salvia |
Species: | S. polystachia |
Binomial name | |
Salvia polystachia | |
Synonyms [1] | |
List
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Salvia polystachia, also spelt Salvia polystachya, is a herbaceous perennial native to central Mexico and south through Central America into Panama, [1] typically growing at elevations from 5,000 to 10,000 feet in mild climates where there is some summer rain. It is one of the species used as chia [3] and it is rarely seen in horticulture. [4]
Salvia polystachia grows up to 3–9 ft (1–3 m) in one season, preferring the shelter of other plants because the stems become very brittle. It blooms in late summer or early fall, with 0.5 in (13 mm) flowers that are violet-blue at the edge and fading to white at the center. Many short and slender spikes with verticils of tightly held flowers give the plant its specific epithet polystachia . The leaves are yellow-green, 1 in (2.5 cm) long and wide, and grow in small clusters. [4]
The species was first described by Antonio José Cavanilles in 1791 using the spelling Salvia polystachia. [5] As of May 2024 [update] , this was the spelling used by Plants of the World Online, the International Plant Names Index, and Tropicos. [1] [6] [7] In 1798, Casimiro Gómez Ortega published a description of the species which explicitly referred to Cavanilles' name, but spelt the epithet polystachya. [8] Tropicos regards this as an illegitimate homonym ("nom. illeg. hom.") of Cavanilles' name. [2] Other sources use Ortega's spelling for the epithet; for example, "Salvia polystachyaOrt." was used by Calzada et al. in 2010. [3]
To add to the potential confusion, in 1844, Martin Martens and Henri Guillaume Galeotti published the name Salvia polystachya for a different species. As of May 2024 [update] , Plants of the World Online regarded this as an illegitimate synonym of Salvia xalapensis . [9]
From the aerial parts of Salvia polystachia five neo-clerodane diterpenoids, polystachynes A-E, have been isolated. The structures were established by spectroscopic methods. Other clerodanes such as salvifaricin, linearolactone and dehydrokerlin were also isolated. [10]
Salvinorin A is the main active psychotropic molecule in Salvia divinorum. Salvinorin A is considered a dissociative hallucinogen.
Antonio José Cavanilles was a leading Spanish taxonomic botanist, artist and one of the most important figures in the 18th century period of Enlightenment in Spain.
Bridelia is a genus of plants in the family Phyllanthaceae first described as a genus in 1806. It is widespread across Africa, Australia, southern Asia, and various islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
Galinsoga parviflora is a species of herbaceous plant in the daisy family Asteraceae. It has several common names including guasca (Colombia), pacpa yuyo, paco yuyo, and waskha (Peru), burrionera (Ecuador), albahaca silvestre and saetilla (Argentina), mielcilla, piojito, galinsoga, gallant soldier, quickweed, and potato weed.
Salvia candelabrum is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, native to southern Spain. It is a woody-based perennial growing to 100 cm (39 in), with woolly grey-green leaves that resemble those of the common sage, S. officinalis, and emit a similar scent when crushed. In summer it bears violet-blue flowers on branching stems held high above the foliage.
Melia is a genus of flowering trees in the family Meliaceae. The name is derived from μελία, the Greek name used by Theophrastus for Fraxinus ornus, which has similar leaves.
Salvia forskaehlei, synonym Salvia forskohlei, is a flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae native to Bulgaria and Turkey. The spelling Salvia forsskaolei is also used. It is a herbaceous perennial plant. It grows up to 6,000 ft elevation in broad-leaved and coniferous forests, meadows, and on steep banks. It was named after Finnish explorer and naturalist Peter Forsskål, a student of Carl Linnaeus who collected plants in southwest Arabia in the 18th century.
Salvia shannonii is a tender perennial native to the Mexican state of Chiapas, and to Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras, growing in or near pine forests at approximately 3,000–5,000 feet elevation. Its native habitat receives regular moisture in the form of fog, rain, and streams, with mild temperatures that stay above freezing.
Zuccagnia punctata is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae. It is the sole species in genus Zuccagnia. It belongs to tribe Caesalpinieae of subfamily Caesalpinioideae.
Zephyranthes atamasca, commonly known as the atamasco-lily or more generally a rain-lily, is native to the southeastern United States. It grows in swampy forests and coastal prairies, preferring acid boggy soils rich with leaf mold. Following the appearance of broad, grassy leaves in early winter, it blooms in March or April. It has several narrow, linear basal leaves about 0.5 in (13 mm) wide and 10–15 in (25–38 cm) long. Its native range extends from Florida north to Maryland and west to Mississippi. The species is also naturalized in Bermuda and in the Mariana Islands. Both its leaves and bulbs are poisonous.
Salvia cuatrecasasiana, first described as Salvia cuatrecasana, is a perennial shrub that is endemic to a few small areas in Colombia, growing at 2,800 to 3,500 m elevation on roadsides, streamsides, and disturbed areas.
Maurandya is a genus of flowering plants in the family Plantaginaceae, native to Mexico and the south west United States. They sprawl or climb by means of twining leaf stalks. One of the four species, Maurandya barclayana, is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant.
Castilleja beldingii is a species of hemiparasitic plant in the broomrape family, formerly the only species in the genus Clevelandia, it was moved to the genus Castilleja, the 'indian paintbrushes', in 2009.
Poa poiformis, commonly known as coast tussock-grass or blue tussock-grass, is a densely tufted, erect, perennial tussock grass, with distinctive blue-green leaves, that grows to about 1 m in height. Its inflorescences are arranged in a dense panicle up to 30 cm long. It is native to coastal southern Australia where it occurs along ocean foreshores, estuaries, dunes and cliffs. P. poiformis is also found on Kangaroo Island and Lord Howe Island.
Eustephia is a genus of South American plants in the Amaryllis family. All 6 known species are native to Peru, with the range of one species extending also into Bolivia.
Peltanthera is a genus of flowering plants containing a single species, Peltanthera floribunda. The genus was originally placed in family Loganiaceae and has since been variously placed in Buddlejaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Gesneriaceae, or in its own family Peltantheraceae. In 2016, it was considered by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group to be unplaced in any family, but within the order Lamiales, while Christenhusz et al. in 2017 placed it in family Gesneriaceae as subfamily Peltantheroideae. The placement in Gesneriaceae was accepted by Plants of the World Online as of March 2024.
Quercus margarettae, the sand post oak or dwarf post oak, is a North American species of oak in the beech family. It is native to the southeastern and south-central United States from Virginia to Florida and west as far as Texas and Oklahoma. There are historical reports of the species growing in New York State, but it has not been seen there in years.
Zeuxine rolfeana is a deciduous terrestrial orchid belonging to the subfamily Orchidoideae. It is found in South Andaman Island. Its name is also spelt Zeuxine rolfiana.
Ortegia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Caryophyllaceae. It only contains one known species, Ortegia hispanica. It is part of the tribe Polycarpaeae, clustering with Cardionema and Illecebrum.
Salvia xalapensis is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, native to Mexico. Compounds obtained from Salvia xalapensis have been investigated for their possible medical or insecticidal uses.