Scrotifera

Last updated • 1 min readFrom Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Scrotifera
Temporal range: 66.3–0  Ma [1]
Scrotifera.jpg
From top to right: tiger, Indian pangolin, red deer, white rhino and Lyle's flying fox. Representing the living orders: Carnivora, Pholidota, Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla and Chiroptera, comprising Scrotifera.
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Superorder: Laurasiatheria
Clade: Scrotifera
Waddell et al., 1999 [2]
Subgroups
[see classification]
Synonyms
  • Variamana (Springer, 2005) [3]

Scrotifera ("scrotum bearers") is a clade of placental mammals that groups together grandorder Ferungulata, Chiroptera (bats), other extinct members and their common ancestors. The clade Scrotifera is a sister group to the order Eulipotyphla (true insectivores) based on evidence from molecular phylogenetics, [2] and together they make superorder Laurasiatheria. The last common ancestor of Scrotifera is supposed to have diversified ca. 73.1 [4] to 85.5 [5] million years ago.

Contents

Etymology

Peter Waddell, then of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics, explains the etymology of the clade's name as follows:

The name comes from the word scrotum , a pouch in which the testes permanently reside in the adult male. All members of the group have a postpenile scrotum, often prominently displayed, except for some aquatic forms and pangolin (which has the testes just below the skin). It appears to be an ancestral character for this group, yet other orders generally lack this as an ancestral feature, with the probable exception of Primates. [2]

Classification and phylogeny

History of phylogeny

In 2006, the clade Pegasoferae (a clade of mammals that includes orders Chiroptera, Carnivora, Perissodactyla and Pholidota) was proposed as part of the clade Scrotifera and a sister group to the order Artiodactyla, based on genomic research in molecular systematics. [6] The monophyly of the group is not well supported, and recent studies have indicated that this clade is not a natural grouping. [5] [7]

According to a 2022 study, two extinct species ( Eosoricodon terrigena and "Wyonycteris" microtis ) were identified as outside of the family Nyctitheriidae and more closely related mammals to bats. [8] In another 2022 study, the extinct genus Acmeodon was recognized as not a member of the extinct order Cimolesta but a basal laurasiatherian mammal in the clade Scrotifera. [9] [10]

Taxonomy

Former classification (Nishihara, 2006):Current classification:

See also

References

  1. ↑ Archibald, J. David; Zhang, Yue; Harper, Tony; Cifelli, Richard L. (6 May 2011). "Protungulatum, confirmed Cretaceous occurrence of an otherwise Paleocene eutherian (placental?) mammal" (PDF). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 18 (3): 153–161. doi:10.1007/s10914-011-9162-1. S2CID   16724836. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 Waddell, Peter J.; Cao, Ying; Hauf, Jöerg; Hasegawa, Masami (1 March 1999). Olmstead, R. (ed.). "Using Novel Phylogenetic Methods to Evaluate Mammalian mtDNA, Including Amino Acid-Invariant Sites-LogDet plus Site Stripping, to Detect Internal Conflicts in the Data, with Special Reference to the Positions of Hedgehog, Armadillo, and Elephant". Systematic Biology. 48 (1): 31–53. doi: 10.1080/106351599260427 . ISSN   1076-836X. PMID   12078643.
  3. ↑ Springer M. S., Murphy W. J., Eizirik E., O'Brien S. J. In: "Placental Mammals: Origins and Relationships of the Major Clades." Rose K. D., Archibald J., editor. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins; (2005.) "Molecular evidence for major placental clades"; pp. 37–49
  4. ↑ dos Reis, Mario; Inoue, Jun; Hasegawa, Masami; Asher, Robert J.; Donoghue, Philip C. J.; Yang, Ziheng (7 September 2012). "Phylogenomic datasets provide both precision and accuracy in estimating the timescale of placental mammal phylogeny". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1742): 3491–3500. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.0683. ISSN   0962-8452. PMC   3396900 . PMID   22628470.
  5. 1 2 Zhou, Xuming; Xu, Shixia; Xu, Junxiao; Chen, Bingyao; Zhou, Kaiya; Yang, Guang (1 January 2012). "Phylogenomic Analysis Resolves the Interordinal Relationships and Rapid Diversification of the Laurasiatherian Mammals". Systematic Biology. 61 (1): 150–64. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syr089. ISSN   1063-5157. PMC   3243735 . PMID   21900649.
  6. ↑ Nishihara, H.; Hasegawa, M.; Okada, N. (2006). "Pegasoferae, an unexpected mammalian clade revealed by tracking ancient retroposon insertions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 103 (26): 9929–9934. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.9929N. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0603797103 . PMC   1479866 . PMID   16785431.
  7. ↑ Tsagkogeorga, G.; Parker, J.; Stupka, E.; Cotton, J. A.; Rossiter, S. J. (2013). "Phylogenomic analyses elucidate the evolutionary relationships of bats (Chiroptera)". Current Biology. 23 (22): 2262–2267. Bibcode:2013CBio...23.2262T. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.09.014 . PMID   24184098.
  8. ↑ Matthew F. Jones, Nancy Simmons, K. Christopher Beard (2022.) "Relationship of nyctitheres (Mammalia, Nyctitheriidae) to bats and other laurasiatherians", in "The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 82nd annual meeting"
  9. ↑ Bertrand, O. C.; Shelley, S. L.; Williamson, T. E.; Wible, J. R.; Chester, S. G. B.; Flynn, J. J.; Holbrook, L. T.; Lyson, T. R.; Meng, J.; Miller, I. M.; Püschel, H. P.; Smith, T.; Spaulding, M.; Tseng, Z. J.; Brusatte, S. L. (2022). "Brawn before brains in placental mammals after the end-Cretaceous extinction". Science. 376 (6588): 80–85. Bibcode:2022Sci...376...80B. doi:10.1126/science.abl5584. hdl: 20.500.11820/d7fb8c6e-886e-4c1d-9977-0cd6406fda20 . PMID   35357913.
  10. ↑ Bertrand, O. C.; Jiménez Lao, M.; Shelley, S. L.; Wible, J. R.; Williamson, T. E.; Meng, J.; Brusatte, S. L. (2023). "The virtual brain endocast of Trogosus (Mammalia, Tillodontia) and its relevance in understanding the extinction of archaic placental mammals" (PDF). Journal of Anatomy. 244 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1111/joa.13951. PMC  10734658. PMID   37720992. S2CID   262047180.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.