Sean Mannion (American football)

Last updated

Sean Mannion
Sean Mannion (American football).JPG
Mannion with the Rams in 2018
Green Bay Packers
Position:Offensive assistant
Personal information
Born: (1992-04-25) April 25, 1992 (age 32)
San Jose, California, U.S.
Height:6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)
Weight:230 lb (104 kg)
Career information
High school: Foothill (Pleasanton, California)
College: Oregon State (2010–2014)
NFL draft: 2015  / round: 3 / pick: 89
Career history
As a player:
 * Offseason and/or practice squad member only
As a coach:
Career NFL statistics
TD–INT:1–3
Passing yards:573
Completion percentage:60.9
Passer rating:66.2
Stats at Pro Football Reference

Sean Thomas Mannion (born April 25, 1992) is an American professional football coach and former quarterback who is an offensive assistant for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Oregon State Beavers and was their starting quarterback from 2011 to 2014. He was selected by the St. Louis Rams in the third round of the 2015 NFL draft, and also played in the NFL for the Minnesota Vikings.

Contents

Early life

Born in San Jose, California, Mannion attended Foothill High School in Pleasanton, California. [1] Not only did Mannion play football, but he also played on the baseball varsity team as a pitcher in his junior and senior years and he also played on the junior varsity basketball team, but quit to better pursue baseball and football. As a senior, he played in 12 games and threw for 3,521 yards and 27 touchdowns, in his first year as the starter for the varsity high school football team. [2] He came out of high school as a three-star recruit according to ESPN. On February 3, 2010, he signed with Oregon State, turning down offers from San Diego State, San Jose State, UCLA, and Washington State. [3] [4]

College career

Mannion was redshirted as a freshman in 2010. As a redshirt freshman in 2011, he started 10 out of 12 games. He finished the season completing 305 of 473 passes for 3,328 yards, 16 touchdowns, and 18 interceptions. [5]

During his sophomore season in 2012, Mannion completed 200 of 309 passes for 2,446 yards, 15 touchdowns, and 13 interceptions. [6]

Mannion remained the starter in 2013. On September 21, 2013, Mannion threw for five touchdown passes against the Utah Utes, tying a school record held by Derek Anderson. [7] The next game, On September 28, Mannion threw for six touchdown passes against the Colorado Buffaloes, setting a new school record for most passing touchdowns in a game. [8] Mannion finished the 2013 season leading the Beavers to a 7–6 record, including a victory in the Hawaii Bowl over the Boise State Broncos on Christmas Eve. [9] In the final game, Mannion threw for 259 yards, giving him a Pac-12 Conference-record, 4,662 yards passing for the season. [10] He finished the season with a school-record 37 passing touchdowns. [11] [12]

Remaining the starter his senior season in 2014, Mannion became the Beavers all-time leader in career passing yards and passing touchdowns during the season, passing Derek Anderson's records. [13] [14] Later in the year, he became the Pac-12's all-time leader in passing yards, breaking Matt Barkley's record. [15] [16] He finished the season with 3,164 yards and 15 touchdowns. [17]

For his career, Mannion started 43 games, completing 1,187 of 1,838 passes for 13,600 yards, 83 touchdowns and 54 interceptions. [18]

Mannion in college in 2012 Sean Mannion.jpg
Mannion in college in 2012

College statistics

SeasonTeamPassingRushing
CmpAttPctYdsY/ATDIntRtgAttYdsAvgTD
Oregon State Beavers
2011 Oregon State 30547364.53,3287.01618127.132−190−5.91
2012 Oregon State 20030964.72,4467.91513138.818−85−4.70
2013 Oregon State 40060366.34,6627.73715146.634−223−6.60
2014 Oregon State 28245362.33,1647.0158128.348−306−6.41
Career 1,1871,83864.613,6007.48354135.8132−804−6.12

Professional career

Pre-draft

Pre-draft measurables
HeightWeightArm lengthHand span 40-yard dash 10-yard split20-yard split 20-yard shuttle Three-cone drill Vertical jump Broad jump Wonderlic
6 ft 5+5⁄8 in
(1.97 m)		229 lb
(104 kg)		33+1⁄2 in
(0.85 m)		9 in
(0.23 m)		5.14 s1.87 s3.03 s4.39 s7.29 s31 in
(0.79 m)		8 ft 9 in
(2.67 m)		40 [19]
All values from Oregon State Pro Day [20]

Mannion was rated as the sixth best quarterback in the 2015 NFL draft by NFLDraftScout.com. [20]

St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams

Mannion was selected by the St. Louis Rams in the third round, 89th overall, of the 2015 NFL draft. [21] [22] He started his career as the third-string quarterback behind Case Keenum and Nick Foles in his rookie year in 2015. Mannion played in his first NFL game of his career during a Week 12 matchup against the Cincinnati Bengals in which the Rams lost 31–7. He was put in the game late in the fourth quarter, in relief of Nick Foles. He completed 6 passes out of 7 attempts for 31 yards, posting an 85.1 passer rating. [23]

Mannion started 2016 as the second-string backup quarterback behind starter Case Keenum and ahead of the first overall pick of the 2016 NFL draft, Jared Goff. In the season-opening 28–0 loss against the San Francisco 49ers, Goff took over as the second-string quarterback, demoting Mannion back as the third-string backup quarterback. Mannion was promoted to second-string for the final two weeks of the season. In Week 17, on New Year's Day, Mannion completed 3 of 6 passes for 19 yards and an interception after starter Jared Goff was subbed out of the game in a 44–6 blowout loss to the Arizona Cardinals. [24]

Mannion started the 2017 season as the backup to Goff after Keenum went to the Minnesota Vikings during free agency. In the season opener against the Indianapolis Colts, Mannion came into the game to finish up in relief of Goff after the Rams were up 46–9 and again in Week 15 when they were up 42–7 over the Seattle Seahawks. [25] [26] Due to head coach Sean McVay resting most of his starters for the playoffs and having the playoff seed locked in, Mannion started the regular season finale against the 49ers. Mannion was 20-of-34 for 169 yards with no touchdowns or interceptions in the 34–13 loss. [27] [28]

With Goff remaining as the starter, Mannion appeared in three games in relief roles in the 2018 season. [29] The Rams reached Super Bowl LIII, but lost 13–3 to the New England Patriots. [30]

Minnesota Vikings (first stint)

On April 7, 2019, Mannion signed with the Vikings. [31] Mannion made his debut with the Vikings in Week 17 against the Chicago Bears as a result of the Vikings resting their starters with a playoff berth already clinched. During the game, Mannion threw for 126 yards and two interceptions in the 21–19 loss. [32]

On March 19, 2020, Mannion re-signed with the Vikings. [33] He didn't appear in a game in 2020 as the backup to Kirk Cousins.

Seattle Seahawks (first stint)

On July 31, 2021, Mannion signed with the Seattle Seahawks. [34] He was released on September 1, 2021. [35]

Minnesota Vikings (second stint)

On September 2, 2021, Mannion signed with the Vikings practice squad. [36] On September 21, 2021, Mannion was promoted to the active roster. When Vikings starter Kirk Cousins tested positive for COVID-19, Mannion was named as the starting quarterback for the team's Week 17 game at the Green Bay Packers. [37] In the game, Mannion threw his first career touchdown pass to K.J. Osborn for 14 yards. [38]

On March 22, 2022, Mannion re-signed with the Vikings. [39]

Mannion was released by the Vikings on August 30, 2022. [40]

Seattle Seahawks (second stint)

On September 1, 2022, Mannion was signed to the Seahawks practice squad. [41] His practice squad contract with the team expired after the season on January 14, 2023.

Minnesota Vikings (third stint)

On October 11, 2023, the Vikings signed Mannion to their practice squad. [42] He was released on November 28. [43]

Seattle Seahawks (third stint)

On December 8, 2023, Mannion was signed to the Seahawks practice squad. [44] His contract expired when the team's season ended on January 7, 2024.

Coaching career

On February 3, 2024, Mannion retired from professional football and joined the coaching staff of the Packers as an offensive assistant working with quarterbacks and the passing game. [45] [46]

NFL career statistics

YearTeamGamesPassingRushing
GPGSCmpAttPctYdsY/ATDIntRtgAttYdsAvgTD
2015 STL 106785.7314.40085.1000.00
2016 LA 103650.0193.20117.41−1−1.00
2017 LA 51223759.51855.00072.59−2−0.20
2018 LA 302366.7237.70089.67−9−1.30
2019 MIN 31122157.11266.00235.16−5−0.80
2020 MIN 00DNP
2021 MIN 11223661.11895.21084.13142.70
Career 1436711060.95715.21366.125−3−0.10

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Derek Anderson (American football)</span> American football player (born 1983)

Derek Matthew Anderson is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback for 14 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Oregon State Beavers. Anderson was selected by the Baltimore Ravens in the sixth round of the 2005 NFL draft. A 2007 Pro Bowler, he also played for the Cleveland Browns, Arizona Cardinals, Carolina Panthers, and the Buffalo Bills.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tarvaris Jackson</span> American football player (1983–2020)

Tarvaris D'Andre Jackson was an American professional football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL). Jackson played college football for the Arkansas Razorbacks and the Alabama State Hornets. He was selected by the Minnesota Vikings in the second round of the 2006 NFL draft.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Matthew Stafford</span> American football player (born 1988)

John Matthew Stafford is an American professional football quarterback for the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Georgia Bulldogs and was selected first overall by the Detroit Lions in the 2009 NFL draft. Ranking in the top 12 of all time in pass attempts, pass completions, passing yards and passing touchdowns, Stafford is currently fourth all-time in passing yards per game and is the fastest player in NFL history to have reached 40,000 career passing yards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Matt Moore (American football)</span> American football player and executive (born 1984)

Matthew Erickson Moore is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the UCLA Bruins and Oregon State Beavers before signing with the Dallas Cowboys as an undrafted free agent in 2007. Moore was also a member of the Carolina Panthers, Kansas City Chiefs, and Miami Dolphins.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Case Keenum</span> American football player (born 1988)

Casey Austin Keenum is an American professional football quarterback for the Houston Texans of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Houston Cougars, where he became the NCAA's all-time leader in total passing yards, touchdowns, and completions. In the 2008 college football season, Keenum ranked first nationally in total offense and second in total passing yards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Russell Wilson</span> American football player (born 1988)

Russell Carrington Wilson is an American professional football quarterback for the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL). He previously played 10 seasons for the Seattle Seahawks and two seasons for the Denver Broncos. With the Seahawks, Wilson was named to the Pro Bowl nine times and helped Seattle win their first Super Bowl championship in Super Bowl XLVIII. He is regarded as one of the greatest dual-threat quarterbacks of all time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Austin Davis (American football)</span> American football player and coach (born 1989)

Austin Davis is an American former professional football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL). He was a member of the St. Louis Rams, Miami Dolphins, Cleveland Browns, Denver Broncos, Seattle Seahawks and Tennessee Titans. He played college football for the Southern Miss Golden Eagles, where he began his career as a walk-on, he redshirted the 2007 season and became the starter a year later. He ended the year with a combined total of 15 school records for both game and single-season marks and led the Golden Eagles to a bowl game victory in the 2008 New Orleans Bowl, being named to the freshman all-C-USA team.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geno Smith</span> American football player (born 1990)

Eugene Cyril Smith III is an American professional football quarterback for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the West Virginia Mountaineers, leading them to multiple bowl games, breaking numerous passing records, and garnering multiple awards before being selected by the New York Jets in the second round of the 2013 NFL draft.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teddy Bridgewater</span> American football player (born 1992)

Theodore Edmond Bridgewater Jr. is an American former football quarterback who played for 10 seasons in the National Football League (NFL).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brett Hundley</span> American football player (born 1993)

Brett Alan Hundley Jr. is an American professional football quarterback who is a free agent. He played college football for the UCLA Bruins, where he was the school's career leader in both total offense and touchdown passes. He was selected by the Green Bay Packers in the fifth round of the 2015 NFL draft, and started nine games for them in 2017, following a collarbone injury to Aaron Rodgers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jared Goff</span> American football player (born 1994)

Jared Thomas Goff is an American professional football quarterback for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the California Golden Bears, where he set Pac-12 Conference season records for passing yards and passing touchdowns, and was selected first overall by the Los Angeles Rams in the 2016 NFL draft. Goff had a breakout season in 2017 when he helped lead the Rams to their first playoff appearance since 2004. The following year, Goff led the Rams to Super Bowl LIII. He also received Pro Bowl honors in both seasons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brandon Allen (American football)</span> American football player (born 1992)

Brandon Duc Allen is an American professional football quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Arkansas Razorbacks and was their starting quarterback from 2013 to 2015. He was selected by the Jacksonville Jaguars in the sixth round of the 2016 NFL draft and has also previously been a member of the Los Angeles Rams, Denver Broncos, and Cincinnati Bengals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jimmy Garoppolo</span> American football player (born 1991)

James Richard Garoppolo, nicknamed "Jimmy G", is an American professional football quarterback for the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Eastern Illinois Panthers, setting multiple school records for career passing yards and passing touchdowns and winning the Walter Payton Award as a senior. Garoppolo was selected in the second round of the 2014 NFL draft by the New England Patriots, where he spent his first four seasons as Tom Brady's backup and was a member of two Super Bowl-winning teams.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Danny Etling</span> American football player (born 1994)

Daniel Patrick Etling is an American professional football quarterback for the Michigan Panthers of the United Football League (UFL). He played college football for the Purdue Boilermakers and LSU Tigers, and was selected by the New England Patriots in the seventh round of the 2018 NFL draft. Etling has also been a member of the Atlanta Falcons, Seattle Seahawks, Minnesota Vikings, BC Lions, Denver Broncos, Green Bay Packers, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Michigan Panthers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kyler Murray</span> American football player (born 1997)

Kyler Cole Murray is an American professional football quarterback for the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL). Following one season of college football with the Texas A&M Aggies, Murray played for the Oklahoma Sooners, where he won the Heisman Trophy as a junior. Murray was selected first overall by the Cardinals in the 2019 NFL draft. He was also selected ninth overall by the Oakland Athletics of Major League Baseball (MLB) in the 2018 draft, making him the first player to be drafted in the first round of both sports.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brett Rypien</span> American football player (born 1996)

Brett Robert Rypien is an American professional football quarterback for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Boise State Broncos and signed with the Denver Broncos as an undrafted free agent in 2019, and has also been a member of the Los Angeles Rams, Seattle Seahawks, and New York Jets. He is the nephew of Super Bowl XXVI MVP quarterback Mark Rypien.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nick Mullens</span> American football player (born 1995)

Nicholas Clayton Mullens is an American professional football quarterback for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Southern Miss Golden Eagles, where he surpassed Brett Favre's single-season school records for passing yardage (4,476) and touchdown passes (38). He was signed by the San Francisco 49ers as an undrafted free agent out of college, and has also played in the NFL for the Cleveland Browns.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Drew Lock</span> American football player (born 1996)

Andrew Stephen Lock is an American professional football quarterback for the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Missouri Tigers and was selected by the Denver Broncos in the second round of the 2019 NFL draft. He has also played for the Seattle Seahawks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Justin Herbert</span> American football player (born 1998)

Justin Patrick Herbert is an American professional football quarterback for the Los Angeles Chargers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Oregon Ducks, where he won the 2019 Pac-12 Championship, and was selected by the Chargers as the sixth overall pick in the 2020 NFL draft.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Wolford</span> American football player (born 1995)

John Thomas Wolford is an American professional football quarterback who is a free agent. He played college football at Wake Forest and signed with the New York Jets as an undrafted free agent in 2018, and played for the Los Angeles Rams from 2019 to 2022. He has also played for the Arizona Hotshots of the Alliance of American Football.

References

  1. ↑ Stephens, Mitch (October 24, 2013). "QB Mannion rises from Foothill High to top of NCAA". SFGate. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
  2. ↑ FitzGerald, Tom (November 4, 2011). "Sean Mannion showing promise as Oregon St. QB". SFGate. Retrieved January 24, 2019.
  3. ↑ "Foothill High quarterback Mannion commits to Oregon St". East Bay Times. June 18, 2009. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  4. ↑ "Sean Mannion, 2010 Pro Style Quarterback, Oregon State". Rivals.com. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  5. ↑ "Sean Mannion 2011 Game Log". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
  6. ↑ "Sean Mannion 2012 Game Log". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  7. ↑ "Oregon State at Utah Box Score, September 14, 2013". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
  8. ↑ "Colorado at Oregon State Box Score, September 28, 2013". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
  9. ↑ "Hawaii Bowl – Boise State vs Oregon State Box Score, December 24, 2013". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
  10. ↑ "Mannion embarks on final season with the Beavers". FOX Sports. August 26, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  11. ↑ Patterson, Chip (January 6, 2014). "Oregon State QB Sean Mannion returning for senior season". CBSSports.com. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  12. ↑ Horowitz, Gary (January 6, 2014). "Oregon State QB Sean Mannion returning to Beavers". USA TODAY. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  13. ↑ Mizell, Gina (September 21, 2014). "Sean Mannion becomes Oregon State Beavers' all-time leading passer during third quarter of San Diego State game". OregonLive.com. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  14. ↑ "QB Sean Mannion spurs Oregon State upset of No. 6 Arizona State". ESPN.com. Associated Press. November 16, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  15. ↑ Jennings, Chantel (November 6, 2014). "Losses overshadow record to Oregon State's Sean Mannion". ESPN.com. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  16. ↑ Mizell, Gina (November 4, 2014). "As Oregon State Beavers' Sean Mannion sets Pac-12 passing record, loved ones reflect on journey". OregonLive.com. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  17. ↑ "Sean Mannion 2014 Game Log". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
  18. ↑ "Sean Mannion Career Game Log". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
  19. ↑ McGinn, Bob (April 23, 2015). "Rating the NFL draft prospects: Quarterbacks". JSOnline.com. Archived from the original on July 4, 2017. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
  20. 1 2 "Sean Mannion". NFL Draft Scout. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
  21. ↑ "2015 NFL Draft Listing". Pro Football Reference . Retrieved January 25, 2018.
  22. ↑ Patra, Kevin (May 1, 2015). "St. Louis Rams take Oregon State QB Sean Mannion". NFL.com. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
  23. ↑ "St. Louis Rams at Cincinnati Bengals – November 29th, 2015". Pro Football Reference . Retrieved January 25, 2018.
  24. ↑ "Arizona Cardinals at Los Angeles Rams – January 1st, 2017". Pro Football Reference . Retrieved January 25, 2018.
  25. ↑ "Indianapolis Colts at Los Angeles Rams – September 10th, 2017". Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 7, 2017.
  26. ↑ "Los Angeles Rams at Seattle Seahawks – December 17th, 2017". Pro Football Reference . Retrieved April 7, 2018.
  27. ↑ "San Francisco 49ers at Los Angeles Rams – December 31st, 2017". Pro Football Reference . Retrieved January 25, 2018.
  28. ↑ "Sean Mannion 2017 Game Log". Pro Football Reference . Retrieved January 25, 2018.
  29. ↑ "Sean Mannion 2018 Game Log". Pro Football Reference . Retrieved January 24, 2019.
  30. ↑ Simmons, Myles (December 7, 2020). "Sean McVay remembers Super Bowl LIII loss to Patriots as "a very humbling night"". ProFootballTalk. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  31. ↑ Bergman, Jeremy (April 7, 2019). "Vikings signing Sean Mannion to back up Kirk Cousins". NFL.com. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  32. ↑ "Bears edge Vikings 21–19 on Piñeiro FG with 10 seconds left". ESPN.com. Associated Press. December 29, 2019. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
  33. ↑ Peters, Craig (March 18, 2020). "Reports: Vikings Agree to Terms to Re-Sign QB Sean Mannion". Vikings.com. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  34. ↑ Henderson, Brady (August 1, 2021). "Veteran QB Sean Mannion signing with Seattle Seahawks, source says". ESPN.com. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  35. ↑ Boyle, John (September 1, 2021). "Seahawks Claim C Dakoda Shepley & CB Nigel Warrior Off Waivers". Seahawks.com. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  36. ↑ Peters, Craig (September 2, 2021). "Vikings Sign Sean Mannion to Practice Squad". Vikings.com. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  37. ↑ Tomasson, Chris (December 31, 2021). "Vikings QB Kirk Cousins goes on COVID list. Sean Mannion to start at Green Bay". Pioneer Press. MediaNews Group, Inc. Retrieved January 2, 2022.
  38. ↑ Werner, Barry (January 2, 2021). "Sean Mannion throws first NFL TD pass after connecting with center for 21 yards". Pioneer Press. MSN Sports. Retrieved January 3, 2022.
  39. ↑ Smith, Eric (March 22, 2022). "Vikings Re-Sign Quarterback Sean Mannion". Vikings.com. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  40. ↑ Peters, Craig (August 30, 2022). "Vikings Announce Roster Moves, Set Initial 53-Man Roster". Vikings.com. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  41. ↑ Boyle, John (September 1, 2022). "Seahawks Sign Sean Mannion, Xavier Crawford & Jalen McKenzie To Practice Squad". Seahawks.com. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  42. ↑ Peters, Craig (October 11, 2023). "Justin Jefferson Hits Injured Reserve as Vikings Make Roster Moves". Vikings.com. Retrieved November 2, 2023.
  43. ↑ Peters, Craig (November 28, 2023). "Vikings Activate Justin Jefferson, Waive N'Keal Harry". Vikings.com.
  44. ↑ Boyle, John (December 8, 2023). "Seahawks Sign QB Sean Mannion To Practice Squad, Release RB SaRodorick Thompson". Seattle Seahawks . Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  45. ↑ "Report: Sean Mannion retires to join Packers' coaching staff". nbcsports.com. February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
  46. ↑ "Who is Sean Mannion? New Packers coach just finished his playing career". Journal Sentinel. Retrieved February 6, 2024.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.