Second Congressional Commission on Education

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Second Congressional Commission on Education
EDCOM II
AbbreviationEDCOM II
PredecessorEducation Commission of 1991
FounderCongress of the Philippines
Founded at Philippines
TypeCommission
PurposePolicy research and reforms on the Philippine education system
Location
Executive Director
Karol Mark Yee, Executive Director
Key people
Senator Bam Aquino, Senator Alan Peter Cayetano, Representative Roman Romulo, Representative Jude Acidre
Parent organization
Congress of the Philippines
Website https://www.edcom2.gov.ph/

The Second Congressional Commission on Education (EDCOM II) is a Philippine Congressional entity created by the 18th Congress of the Philippines. [1] [2]

Contents

Overview and History

Officials of the first Education Commission in Catbalogan, Eastern Samar in 1991 EDCOM 1 in Catbalogan, Eastern Samar.jpg
Officials of the first Education Commission in Catbalogan, Eastern Samar in 1991

The body was created by virtue of Republic Act (RA) 11899, which lapsed into law on July 23, 2022. [3]

The Commission is tasked to conduct a national review of the country's education sector after the COVID-19 pandemic exacted a heavy toll on learning. [4] Its primary goal is to recommend legislation and policies to address the "learning crisis" and improve the quality of education in the Philippines. [5]

The Education Commission of 1991

The first Education Commission was established in 1991. [6] It was tasked with assessing the state of Philippine education and recommending reforms. The commission's findings highlighted issues like low investment, disparities in access, low achievement, and high dropout rates. These findings led to significant changes, including the "trifocalization" of basic education and the creation of CHED and TESDA. [6]

Grade 10 Filipinos scored lowest among all ASEAN countries in Math, Reading, and Science, besting only Cambodia, with more than 75% of our learners scoring lower than Level 2, or the minimum level of proficiency in Math, Reading, and Science. ASEAN Performance Overall in PISA 2018 and 2022.png
Grade 10 Filipinos scored lowest among all ASEAN countries in Math, Reading, and Science, besting only Cambodia, with more than 75% of our learners scoring lower than Level 2, or the minimum level of proficiency in Math, Reading, and Science.

Results of international assessments

The Philippines participated in the Programme for International Student Assessment for the first time in 2018. [7] The country scored the lowest in reading comprehension and the second-lowest in mathematics and science, among 79 participating countries. [7] A report by the World Bank also found that the Philippines’ learning poverty ranks among the highest in the Asian region, at 90.9%. [8] The country fared the worst among the ASEAN countries, with the exception of Lao PDR (97.7%) and Brunei (no assessment). This means that nine in every 10 Filipinos aged 10 years old need to be taught how to read and to develop their reading comprehension. [9]

The Commission was formed as a result of these international assessments, spurred by widespread calls to reform the country's education system. [10]

Mandate and Objectives

Under Section 3 of RA 11899 [11] , the objectives of EDCOM II are to:

The Commission's principal mandate is identified in Section 4:

"To undertake a comprehensive national assessment and evaluation of the performance of the Philippine education sector for the purpose of recommending transformative, concrete and targeted reforms in the sector with the end in view of making the Philippines globally competitive in both education and labor markets." [11]

Composition

The Education Commission is headed by four co-chairpersons who lead the Commission jointly - two from the Senate of the Philippines, and two from the House of Representatives.

In total, the commission has ten members, with five members from the Senate and five members from the House of Representatives.

EDCOM 2 Commissioners from the 19th Congress, with Advisory Council Members EDCOM 2 Commissioners from the 19th Congress with the Advisory Council.jpg
EDCOM 2 Commissioners from the 19th Congress, with Advisory Council Members

Members

The Second Congressional Commission on Education (EDCOM II) is composed of the following legislators from the 20th Congress of the Philippines:

Co-Chairpersons

Other new members of the Commission is expected to be announced once the 20th Congress of the Philippines is called into session.

Former Commissioners

Advisory Council

The commission is guided by an Education, Legislation and Policy Advisory Council, selected by the Senate President and the Speaker of the House of Representatives from a pool of recognized experts from the following sectors: the academe, the business sector, government education agencies, heads of LGUs, and from civil society organizations and development partners engaged in education. The members of the Council are:

Technical Secretariat

  • Dr. Karol Mark Yee, serves as Executive Director of the EDCOM 2 Technical Secretariat

Selected Findings

Priority AreaSelected Findings
Early Childhood Care and Development (ECCD)The Philippines has one of the highest prevalence of l stunting under-five in the world at 26.7%, greater than the global average of 22.3%.
Early childhood education is not equally accessible throughout the country. Despite RA 6972 of 1990 requiring each province, city, or municipality to establish a daycare center in every barangay, only 36% have at least 1 CDC/day care, or 15,207 out of 42,027 barangays in the country.
5,800 barangays remain without a child development center
Most daycare teachers and workers are aging, are not trained in early childhood education, and hold non-permanent positions with an average pay of P5,000 per month.
Basic EducationSince 2012, only 27 textbooks have been procured for Grade 1 to Grade 10, despite substantial budget allocations.
Out of the 27 key stage assessments scheduled to be conducted from SY 2016–2017  to SY 2022–2023, 13 were delayed, and 11 were not administered at all.
Learners lose as much as 42 out of 88 school days due to calamities and natural disasters
The Philippines have a backlog of at least 165,000 classrooms
Teacher EducationTeachers continue to bear the burden of about 50 administrative and ancillary tasks, despite efforts to allow them to focus on teaching.
Between 2009 and 2023, the average passing rate in the licensure examinations for elementary (33%) and secondary (40%) has been dismally low, when compared to passing rates in other professions.
Enhancement of the Teacher Education Council (TEC) has been at a standstill for 2 years, despite the pressing need for necessary reforms. RA 11713, or the Excellence in Teacher Education Act was passed into law last April 27, 2022.
62% of HS teachers are handling subjects they did not major in during college
There is uneven allocation of non-teaching personnel
Teacher promotions occur at an alarmingly slow rate. It takes an average of 15 years to progress from Teacher I to progress from Teacher I to Teacher III.
Out of 45,199 public schools, 24,916 (54%) currently do not have principals, with thousands of schools not even having plantilla items
Higher EducationMost beneficiaries of the tertiary education subsidy were not the poorest. Between 2018 and 2022, the proportion of the poorest of the poor* declined markedly, from 74% to 31%. Instead, the majority of grantees were those in municipalities and cities without SUCs and LUCs (from 26% to 69%).
About 500,000 of the poorest high school graduates are not receiving support to attend college
Technical-Vocational Education and Training (TVET) and Lifelong LearningThe majority of students are enrolled in community-based training (CBT) programs, constituting 39% of the total TVET enrollment.
64% of programs with training regulations are low level  (NC 1 & 2)
Governance and FinancingThe staffing levels in CHED and TESDA have not kept pace with the growing responsibilities of the agencies and the increased investments in education from both the public and private sectors.
The failure to permanently establish a high-level coordinating body has resulted in a long-standing lack of effective coordination between the education agencies.
Budget allocated to education is increasing, but there is a tertiary tilt despite profound gaps in basic education
There is a marked disparity in SEF income among different types of LGUs.
Current levels of school MOOE budgets are insufficient to fully cover the operating costs of public elementary and high schools.

Laws Passed

The Commission has shepherded several laws through the legislative process, namely:

Republic Act No.Name of the LawShort TitleDate of Passage into Law
12199AN ACT FURTHER STRENGTHENING THE EARLY CHILDHOOD CARE AND DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM, REPEALING FOR THE PURPOSE REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10410, OTHERWISE KNOWNAS THE “EARLYYEARS ACT (EYA) OF 2013”, AND APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOREarly Childhood Care and Development System ActMay 8, 2025
12080AN ACT STRENGTHENING THE PROMOTIONAND DELIVERY OF MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES IN BASIC EDUCATION BY DEVELOPING SCHOOL-BASED MENTAL HEALTH PROGRAMS, ESTABLISHING SCHOOLS DIVISION MENTAL HEALTH AND WELL-BEING OFFICES AND CARE CENTERS, PRESCRIBING THE CREATION OF NEW PLANTILLA POSITIONS, AND HIRING AND DEPLOYING SCHOOLS DIVISION COUNSELORS, SCHOOL COUNSELORS, AND SCHOOL COUNSELOR ASSOCIATES IN THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, AND APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFORBasic Education Mental Health and Well-Being Promotion ActDecember 6, 2024
12063AN ACT INSTITUTIONALIZING THE ENTERPRISE-BASED EDUCATION AND TRAINING FRAMEWORK AND APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOREnterprise-Based Education and Training (EBET) Framework ActNovember 7, 2024
12028AN ACT ESTABLISHING AN ACADEMIC RECOVERY AND ACCESSIBLE LEARNING (ARAL) PROGRAM AND APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFORAcademic Recovery and Accessible Learning (ARAL) Program ActOctober 16, 2024
12027AN ACT DISCONTINUING THE USE OF THE MOTHER TONGUE AS MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION FROM KINDERGARTEN TO GRADE 3, PROVIDING FOR ITS OPTIONAL IMPLEMENTATION IN MONOLINGUAL CLASSES, AND AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE SECTIONS 4 AND 5 OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10533, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE "ENHANCED BASIC EDUCATION ACT OF 2013"October 10, 2024
11984AN ACT MANDATING PUBLIC AND PRIVATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS TO ALLOW DISADVANTAGED STUDENTS WITH UNPAID TUITION AND OTHER SCHOOL FEES TO TAKE THE PERIODIC AND FINAL EXAMINATIONS AND FOR OTHER PURPOSESNo Permit, No Exam Prohibition ActMarch 11, 2024

Policy Advocacy

Aside from legislation, the Commission has also successfully advocated for policy changes and implementation in the executive branch:

Priority AreaDescription
Early Childhood Care and Development (ECCD)Recommendation of the NEDA Social Development Committee to include nutrition in the early years in the Legislative Executive Development Advisory Council (LEDAC) Agenda.
Inclusion of the First 1,000 Days and nutrition-related funding in the early years under DBM’s Program Convergence Budgeting for FY 2026.
Increase in cost per capita of DSWD’s Supplementary Feeding Program in the 2025 National Expenditure Plan from Php 15 per hot meal to Php 27 per hot meal.
Quadruple increase of DOH’s nutrition budget in the 2025 GAA from Php 235 million to Php 977 million.
TESDA Board approval for the prioritization of Child Development Workers Training Regulations (TR) development to create an NC III in ECCD on November 13, 2024.
Conducted a meeting with DILG  to include ECCD indicators as part of the Seal of Good Local Governance (SGLG)
Basic EducationIssuance of DepEd Memorandum No. 049 s.2024 that mandates Early Procurement Activities to expedite processes and budget utilization for DepEd projects, including the procurement of textbooks, modules, activity sheets, and teacher’s manuals
Commissioned a study on procurement in basic education to facilitate further reforms in textbook provision.
Conducted a review of the previous 2019 Functional Literacy, Education and Mass Media Survey (FLEMMS) questionnaire, and submitted proposed revisions to the FLEMMS to include additional profiling questions, and to share inputs on improving the instrument for assessing functional literacy
Conducted teacher consultations on the MATATAG curriculum and submitted the inputs to DepEd
Conducted a Workshop on Legislated Subjects and Activities in Basic Education and Higher Education with DepEd, CHED, TESDA, teacher representatives and submitted inputs to the agencies
Conducted consultations and school visits to Quezon City Science High School, Philippine Science High School - Main Campus, and the University of the Philippines - National Institute for Science and Mathematics Education Development on special curricular programs for science, technology, and mathematics
Higher EducationCHED has fast-tracked the reconstitution of Technical Panels, from only 15 in 2023 to an additional 72 in 2024, leaving only 18 more panels to be reconstituted
GAA 2024 special provision on TES prioritization of the poorest, and the subsequent increase in the share of the 4Ps/Poorest grantees
Conducted harmonization workshops as part of ongoing study on empirical-based clustering of characteristics of HEIs as foundation of the proposed typologies
Provided inputs on internationalization of higher education and participated in the deliberations on Resolution of Both Houses No. 7 and Senate Resolution of Both Houses No. 6
In partnership with USAID UPSKILL, EDCOM participated in an Executive Benchmarking Mission to the US with focus on higher education and governance and finance
Teacher EducationThe Teacher Education Council has begun its full operationalization consistent with RA 11713, beginning with the appointment of its Executive Director last September 6, 2024
Issuance of CHED Memorandum Order 10 s. 2024, which empowers CHED to impose sanctions, such as program termination and institutional closure, based on a TEI’s performance
Convened a Technical Working Group on DepEd Hiring and Teacher Ancillary and Administrative Tasks
Technical-Vocational Education and Training (TVET)Conducted hearing with DEPED, CHED, TESDA, DOLE, and PSA on LMI processes in the Philippines (PA 19) with PIDS Presentation
Funding of Php 10 million for the development of a generative Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered labor market researcher in the GAA of 2025
Funding of Php 40 million for the acquisition/development of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered TVET course builder for Philippine TVET in the GAA of 2025
Governance and FinanceConducted consultations and documented national government efforts to establish coordinative mechanisms for the education sector, which led to the identification of key challenges hindering the permanent establishment of a high-level coordinating body recommended by EDCOM I. This became the basis for drafting the Concurrent  Resolution on the Creation of a Cabinet Cluster for Education currently approved in principle by the President
Conducted a workshop on complementarity with Mr. Harry Patrinos, an expert resource person from the World Bank Headquarters, to develop a common understanding of complementarity in the Philippines and explore various models and possible directions for the education sector covering ECCD, basic education, TVET, and higher education
Commissioned E-CAIR to generate insights on excess enrollment that can be decongested from public schools vis a vis absorptive capacity of private education
Finalized a research report on strengthening performance and accountability systems in the Philippine education system based on desk review, workshops and consultation activities, through technical support from USAID ILO-PH

Publications and Outputs

The cover of EDCOM 2's Year One Report EDCOM 2 Year One Report Cover.webp
The cover of EDCOM 2's Year One Report
The cover of EDCOM 2's Year Two Report EDCOM 2 Year Two Report Cover.webp
The cover of EDCOM 2's Year Two Report

Year One Report

On January 23, 2024, the commission published its Year One Report, entitled Miseducation: The Failed System of Philippine Education. The report highlighted the commission's findings in twelve out of its twenty-eight Priority Areas, following its first year of work. [12]

The report also contained 40 recommendations that target specific objectives by the commission.

Year Two Report

The Commission followed up its first report with its Year Two Report, entitled Fixing the Foundations: A Matter of National Survival, on January 27, 2025. In the report, the Commission advocated for addressing "foundational learning deficits in early childhood and primary education". [13] [14]

Among the findings that EDCOM II highlighted are the shortage of principals in more than half of public schools in the country, [15] that most Grade 3 students were one to two years behind curriculum expectations during the foundational years of learning, [16] government support to only 1.03% of the best and brightest students in the country, [17] the dismal attrition rate in higher education institutions, [18] that 62% of high school teachers teach subjects outside their college major, [19] and that Philippine government spending on education still fails to keep pace with global standards, [20] with basic education receiving the lowest share in the budget, despite its foundational role.

Final Report (Upcoming)

The Commission is set to launch its final report in the Fourth Quarter of 2025. [21] This is in line with RA 11899's mandate to "report to Congress its accomplishments on a periodic basis, its findings and recommendations on actions to be taken by Congress, the departments, and other government agencies concerned with education, and provide a final report at the end of the existence of the Commission." [22]

Other Publications

Partners and Stakeholders

EDCOM 2 has partnered extensively with academic institutions, civil society organizations, diplomatic missions, and government organizations to fulfill its mandate. [24] Select partners include:

Commissioned Studies

The Commission's partnerships have produced several studies devoted to education.

Research PartnerTopicTitle of Study
Philippine Institute for Development Studies Basic Education Low Fertility, Ageing Buildings, and School Congestion in the Philippines: Tailwinds, Headwinds, and Some Policy Options
Basic Education Home and School Environment Component: Sense of Belongingness and Bullying for the Second Congressional Commission on Education (EDCOM 2)
Early Childhood Care and Development (ECCD) Behind the Slow Start: An Assessment of Early Childhood Care and Development in the Philippines
Early Childhood Care and Development (ECCD) Beyond Parents and Guardians: Mapping and Mobilizing the ‘Significant Others’ in Early Childhood Care and Development in the Philippines
Higher Education Expansions, Quality, and Affirmative Action in Public Higher Education Institutions
Higher Education An Evaluation of the Tertiary Education Subsidy Program: Context, Input, Process, and Product
Higher Education Strengthening CHED’s Developmental and Regulatory Capacity
Higher Education Hazard and Incidence of Exits of Ever-Enrolled College-Age Students
Higher Education Strengthening Tertiary Enrollment through Financial Aid: Insights from a Survey in Cagayan Valley
Higher Education Economics of Satellite Campuses
Higher Education Cross-Border Student Mobility and Improvements in the Philippine Tertiary Education Program Relevance and Learning Outcomes
Higher Education Review of CHED Policies, Standards, and Guidelines (PSGs) Pre- and Post-K to 12 Reforms
Governance and Finance The Impact of Trifocalization on Philippine Education Outcomes and the Coordination Issue
Governance and Finance Strengthening and Expanding Government Assistance to Students and Teachers in Private Education (GASTPE)
Technical-Vocational Education and Training & Lifelong Learning An Assessment of the Enterprise-Based Training Modality in the Philippines: Barriers, Incentives, and Policy Gaps
Technical-Vocational Education and Training & Lifelong Learning Review of Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) Scholarship Programs in Targeting the Poor
Technical-Vocational Education and Training & Lifelong Learning Assessing the Current and Future Middle Skills in the Philippines: Inputs for Policy Agenda
Technical-Vocational Education and Training & Lifelong Learning Measuring the Impacts of Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) on Wage Outcomes in the Philippines
Technical-Vocational Education and Training & Lifelong Learning Examining the Effects of Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) on Employment Outcomes in the Philippines
Teacher Education Mapping Excellence in Teacher Education: The Role of Centers of Excellence in Teacher Quality
Teacher Education Quality Education Starting with Teacher Education
Teacher Education Revitalizing the Philippine Education System: Facilitating Access and Participation to In-Service Training (INSET) and Teacher Professional Development (TPD)
Basic Education Early Harm, Lasting Impact - The Effect of Parental Violence on Educational Outcomes Among Filipino Children
Early Childhood Care and Development (ECCD) Sustain the Gains: An Assessment of Nurturing Care Outcomes in the Next 1,000 Days
De La Salle University Teacher Education Systematic Review of Professional Development Programs for Teachers in the Philippines
Higher Education Establishing Targeted Human Resource Development Partnerships between the Philippines’ First Tier Research-Intensive HEIs and Second Tier Research Intensive SUCs
Basic Education Development of a Visualization Tool for Understanding PISA Bullying Data in Educational Atmospheres in the Philippines
Basic Education Exploring School Environments in the Philippines using the PISA 2018 Dataset
Basic Education School Structure, Perceived Climate, Student Characteristics, and Adult Support Predictors of Exposure to Bullying and Sense of Belongingness Based on PISA 2018
Basic Education Bullying Experiences of Filipino Students: A Scoping Review
Basic Education Developing a Model for Safe and Supportive Learning Environments: A Scoping Review
Basic Education Tech-Mediated Learning Resources for Developing Foundational Reading Literacy Skills in K to 3: Literature Review, Infrastructure Situation, Materials (9) Availability Review, and Policy Recommendations For Philippine Schools
Basic Education Are K to 12 Students in the Philippines Overworked— by Design?
University of the Philippines President Edgardo J. Angara (UPPEJA) FellowshipGovernance and Finance Decentralization and Participatory Governance in Education Systems: From Global Experience and Lessons for the Philippines
Governance and Finance Understanding Systems, Creative Strategies, and Enabling Leadership: A Systems Thinking Approach for More Effective Delivery of Educational Services
Governance and Finance Innovations and their Enablers and Barriers in Philippine Basic Education: Policy and Governance Implications
Governance and Finance Kakayanin Natin: Empowering Citizens to Participate in Improving Education Governance in the Philippines
Basic Education Governance Cultures, Perspectives & Practices in Philippine Basic Education Settings: Focus on Teacher-In Service Training and Development
Technical-Vocational Education and Training & Lifelong Learning Aiming for Seamless and Integrated Lifelong Learning Delivery in the Philippines
Higher Education Navigating the Generative Artificial Intelligence Era: Charting the Course for Curricular Reform in Higher Education in the Philippines
Technical-Vocational Education and Training & Lifelong Learning Economic Complexity, Human Capital Development and Industrial Policy in the Philippines
Higher Education Strengthening HAEIs' Programs on Entrepreneurship for Greater Contribution Towards Agriculture and Fisheries Productivity
Technical-Vocational Education and Training & Lifelong Learning Developing Regional Economic Complexity through Product Specialization
Higher Education Leveraging Higher Education to Resolve Healthcare Constraints
Technical-Vocational Education and Training & Lifelong Learning Cultivating Innovation in the Philippines by Addressing Policy Gaps and Creating Pathways for Collaborative Progress between Academe and Industry
Basic Education Using Artificial Intelligence to Support Basic Education Teachers in Under-resourced Contexts
Higher Education Exploring Socialized Tuition as an Alternative to Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act (UAQTEA)
Higher Education From Pixels to Policies: GIS Analysis of Education Access Points and Disparities
Technical-Vocational Education and Training & Lifelong Learning Understanding Labor Market Outcomes of Graduates in the Informal Economy
Technical-Vocational Education and Training & Lifelong Learning Navigating/Negotiating the Lifelong Learning Terrain in the Philippines: Path of Optimism and Caution
Technical-Vocational Education and Training & Lifelong Learning Enabling Young Filipinos to Dream Big and Achieve Bigger: Centering Youth Aspirations in Education Reform
The Asia Foundation Governance and Finance Realizing Shared Governance Decentralization of Philippine Basic Education
Philippine Business for Education (PBEd)Basic Education Options for Improving DepEd Procurement of Textbooks, TVL Resources and Assessment Services

Impact

The Commission's work has been impactful in the Philippines' education reform landscape. The British Council commended the Commission's Year Two Report, "We commend the EDCOM II Year 2 report for its comprehensive analysis and recommendations, which affirm the momentum of our work in higher education and science. The report highlights the increasing collaborations between foreign institutions and the Philippines, aligning with our shared goal of strengthening the country’s higher education and research ecosystem". [25]

The University of the Philippines Los Baños has also expressed appreciation, saying "We, at UPLB, extend our deepest appreciation to the Second Congressional Commission on Education II (EDCOM 2) for its comprehensive assessment and actionable recommendations as outlined in the Year Two Report, Fixing the Foundations: A Matter of National Survival. This report underscores the fundamental role of early childhood education and nutrition interventions in strengthening the foundational stages of learning. Drawing upon the growing body of evidence, the report sets out a roadmap on what needs to be done in terms of capacitating and empowering our teaching and non-teaching personnel, improving access to higher education, increasing industry participation in technical and vocational education and training and lifelong learning, among others, and how to do it." [26]

The Ateneo de Manila University also lent its commendation to the Commission, saying, "Ateneo remains committed to collaborating with policymakers, educators, and stakeholders in implementing these much-needed reforms. We look forward to further engagements with EDCOM 2 in research, policy advocacy, and capacity-building initiatives that align with our shared vision for a stronger Philippine education system" [27]

References

PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain : "Miseducation: The Failed System of Philippine Education. EDCOM II One Year Report" (PDF). Second Congressional Commission on Education. 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2025.

  1. ↑ "[WATCH] In The Public Square with John Nery: Is EdCom II the answer?". RAPPLER. 2023-02-22. Retrieved 2023-03-16.
  2. ↑ "The Second Congressional Commission on Education". EDCOM 2. Retrieved 2023-03-16.
  3. ↑ Chi, Cristina. "Bill creating EDCOM II lapses into law". Philstar.com. Retrieved 2023-03-16.
  4. ↑ "EDCOM 2 to conduct full assessment of PH education system in next 3 years—Angara". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 2023-03-16.
  5. ↑ Magsambol, Bonz (2025-01-28). "Rappler Talk: 'Fixing the foundations' of an education system in crisis". RAPPLER. Retrieved 2025-07-16.
  6. 1 2 Cynthia, Ma & Bautista, Rose & Bernardo, Allan & Ocampo, Dina Joana. (2010). When Reforms Don't Transform: Reflections on institutional reforms in the Department of Education.
  7. 1 2 Juan, Ratziel San. "DepEd welcomes PISA results, recognizes 'gaps' in education quality". Philstar.com. Retrieved 2025-07-16.
  8. ↑ Vera, Ben O. de (2022-07-23). "WB: PH 'learning poverty' among highest in region". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved 2025-07-16.
  9. ↑ "The cost of illiteracy: Why the education system in Philippines is failing millions". DevelopmentAid. Retrieved 2025-07-16.
  10. ↑ Hernando-Malipot, Merlina (December 6, 2023). "2022 PISA results a 'clear indication' that PH education system is in 'worst state' --- PBEd".
  11. 1 2 "Republic Act No. 11899". lawphil.net. Retrieved 2025-08-05.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  12. ↑ "Edcom 2 releases Year One report". The Manila Times. 2024-01-31. Retrieved 2024-02-13.
  13. ↑ "PBBM to DepEd, EDCOM II: Work together to address gaps". SunStar Publishing Inc. 2025-02-04. Retrieved 2025-02-18.
  14. ↑ "Fixing the Foundations: A Matter of National Survival". EDCOM 2 Year Two Report. January 27, 2025. ISSN   3027-9976.
  15. ↑ Reyes, Dempsey (2025-01-28). "Edcom: Almost 25,000 public schools have no principals". inquirer.net. Retrieved 2025-02-18.
  16. ↑ "Latest EDCOM 2 Report calls for systemic change in Philippine education". IDinsight. Retrieved 2025-02-18.
  17. ↑ Serquiña, Mariel Celine (2025-01-28). "Half of Pisay passers unable to enroll due to limited slots". GMA News Online. Retrieved 2025-02-18.
  18. ↑ "Higher College Enrollment but Still High Dropout Rate in College Since Free Tuition Law". phkule.org. 2025-02-14. Retrieved 2025-02-18.
  19. ↑ Chi, Cristina. "62% of high school teachers teaching outside their field, new report reveals". Philstar.com. Retrieved 2025-02-18.
  20. ↑ Magsambol, Bonz (2025-02-04). "Decades on, Philippines' education spending still not enough". RAPPLER. Retrieved 2025-02-18.
  21. ↑ "EDCOM 2 - The EDCOM 2 Final Report". EDCOM 2. Retrieved 2025-07-16.
  22. ↑ "Republic Act No. 11899". lawphil.net. Retrieved 2025-07-16.
  23. 1 2 "Marcos wants gov't to develop semiconductor industry". www.pna.gov.ph. Retrieved 2025-07-16.
  24. ↑ "Partners". EDCOM 2. Retrieved 2025-07-16.
  25. ↑ "British Council Statement of Support for EDCOM II".
  26. ↑ Araguas, Kristine (2025-02-13). "Statement of Support for the EDCOM 2 Year Two Report". UPLB. Retrieved 2025-08-15.
  27. ↑ "Ateneo de Manila University supports EDCOM 2's Year 2 Report recommendations".
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