| Spirobolidae | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Narceus americanus | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Diplopoda |
| Order: | Spirobolida |
| Family: | Spirobolidae Bollman, 1893 |
| Subfamilies | |
Spirobolinae Bollman, 1893 Contents | |
Spirobolidae is a family of millipedes in the order Spirobolida. The family consists of several genera with numerous species, and is commonly divided into the subfamilies Spirobolinae and Tylobolinae. [1]
Subfamily Spirobolinae
Subfamily Tylobolinae
Spirobolida is an order of "round-backed" millipedes containing approximately 500 species in 12 families. Its members are distinguished by the presence of a "pronounced suture that runs "vertically down the front of the head". Most of the species live in the tropics, and many are brightly coloured. Mature males have two pairs of modified legs, the gonopods, consisting of the 8th and 9th leg pair: the posterior gonopods are used in sperm-transfer while the anterior gonopods are fused into a single plate-like structure.
The Cheliferoidea are a superfamily of pseudoscorpions.
Coneweb spiders (Diguetidae) are six-eyed haplogyne spiders that live in tangled space webs, fashioning a cone-like central retreat where they hide and lay eggs. It is a small family, containing only two genera with fifteen species and is confined to the New World, preferring deserts. Members of the genus Diguetia usually build their webs in shrubs or between cactus pads. They have the same eye arrangement as the venomous recluse spiders, but none are known to be harmful to humans.
William Tinsley Keeton was an American zoologist known internationally for his work on animal behavior, especially bird migration, and for his work on millipede taxonomy. He was a well-liked professor of biology at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York and author of a widely used introductory textbook, Biological Science.
Rhinocricidae is a family of millipedes, that occurs disjunctly in Malesia and neighbouring parts of Australasia and in the Neotropics. The family contains the following genera:
Narceus is a genus of large cylindrical millipedes of the family Spirobolidae native to eastern North America. The genus comprises three or four species, two of which are endemic to Florida, and the remainder forming a species complex. The species of Narceus include some of the largest and most recognizable millipedes in eastern North America.
Tylobolus is a genus of millipedes in the order Spirobolida with seven known species found in western North America. It is in the family Spirobolidae, and is the type genus of the subfamily Tylobolinae. The genus was named by Orator F. Cook in 1904.
Hiltonius is a genus of cylindrical millipedes in the family Spirobolidae comprising 10 species ranging from the southwestern United States to Guatemala, with most species being found in Mexico. The genus was named by Ralph Vary Chamberlin in 1918, after Professor William A. Hilton of Pomona College who collected the type specimen of H. pulchrus.
Floridobolus is a genus of millipedes commonly known as Florida scrub millipedes containing three described species: Floridobolus penneri, F. orini, and F. floydi; the latter two described in 2014. All three species are endemic to Florida scrub habitat of peninsular Florida, and F. penneri is considered a critically imperiled species by NatureServe. Prior to the description of F. orini, the genus was considered the sole member of the family Floridobolidae, named by William T. Keeton in 1959, however studies in 2014 have argued that Floridobolus does not represent a distinct family but rather is a basal member of the family Spirobolidae, representing the subfamily Floridobolinae, and tribe Floridobolini.
Atemnidae is a family of pseudoscorpions.
Paeromopus is a genus of large cylindrical millipedes endemic to the U.S. state of California. All species exceed 10 centimeters in length, and the largest, P. paniculus, reaching 16.5 cm is the longest millipede species in North America. The genus was named by German entomologist Ferdinand Karsch in 1881 and contains four species: three occupying small ranges in the Sierra Nevada mountains and one occupying a large range including the Sierra Nevada and much of Northern California to the Central Coast.
Narceus gordanus is a spirobolid millipede native to the southeastern United States. Adults range from around 60 to 120 mm in length, up to 13 mm wide, and possess 45 to 65 body segments. The body color is lighter than other species of Narceus, with each body ring a light greenish tan followed by a band of darker tan. N. gordanus also has shorter legs than other Narceus species, and a deeper groove on the head in which the antennae rest.
Phrurolithidae is a family of araneomorph spiders first described by N. Banks in 1982. First included in the Corinnidae as the subfamily Phrurolithinae, later phylogenetic studies justified a separate family.
Chicobolus spinigerus, commonly known as the ivory millipede or Florida ivory millipede, is a millipede species native to the southeastern United States, occurring throughout the Florida Peninsula and panhandle, as well as southern Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina. Males normally range from 40 to 85 mm long, females up to 90 mm (3.5 in).
Pachybolidae, is a family of Round-backed millipedes of the order Spirobolida. The family includes 49 different genera. Two subfamilies recognized.
Atopetholidae is a family of millipedes in the order Spirobolida. There are about 18 genera and at least 60 described species in Atopetholidae.
Allopocockiidae is a family of millipedes in the order Spirobolida. There are about five genera and eight described species in Allopocockiidae.
Hiltonius pulchrus is a species of millipede in the family Spirobolidae, endemic to the United States. It occurs in California from Kern County to San Diego County.
Narceus woodruffi is a species of millipede endemic to Florida. Described in 1959, it is the smallest species of the genus Narceus, with adults measuring up to 50 mm in length and 4 mm in width.
Tylobolus castaneus is a species of millipede in the family Spirobolidae. It is found in Northern California, typically between Fresno and Contra Costa.
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