Stanhopea

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Stanhopea
Stanhopea insignis Orchi 001.jpg
Stanhopea insignis
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Epidendroideae
Tribe: Cymbidieae
Subtribe: Stanhopeinae
Genus: Stanhopea
J. Frost ex Hook. 1829
Type species
Stanhopea insignis
J.Frost ex Hook.
Synonyms [1]
  • CeratochilusLindl. ex G.Lodd 1829, illegitimate homonym not Blume 1825
  • StanhopeastrumRchb.f.
  • GerlachiaSzlach.
  • TadeastrumSzlach.

Stanhopea is a genus of the orchid family (Orchidaceae) from Central and South America. [2] The abbreviation used in horticultural trade is Stan. The genus is named for the 4th Earl of Stanhope (Philip Henry Stanhope) (1781-1855), president of the Medico-Botanical Society of London (1829-1837). It comprises 55 species and 5 natural hybrids. These epiphytic, but occasionally terrestrial orchids can be found in damp forests from Mexico to Trinidad to NW Argentina. [1] [3] [4] [5] Their ovate pseudobulbs carry from the top one long, plicate, elliptic leaf.

Contents

Stanhopea is noted for its complex and usually fragrant flowers that are generally spectacular and short-lived. Their pendant inflorescences are noted for flowering out of the bottom of the containers in which they grow, lending themselves to culture in baskets that have enough open space for the inflorescence to push through. They are sometimes called upside-down orchids.

The majority of species are robust plants that grow readily in cultivation. For relatives of Stanhopea see Stanhopeinae and the closely related sister subtribe Coeliopsidinae.

Description

Most Stanhopea flowers flash prominent, elegant horns on the epichile. The exception are the species; S. annulata , S. avicula , S. cirrhata , S. ecornuta and S. pulla . A second group have short or truncated horns, they include the species; S. candida , S. grandiflora , S. reichenbachiana , S. tricornis and the natural hybrid S. x herrenhusana . The structure of the labellum of this group is in general, not as complex as other members of the genus.

With most Stanhopea flowers lasting three days or less, the flowers must attract pollinators very quickly. These chemical attractants are generated in the hypochile, attracting the male euglossine bees to the flower. These male euglossine bees are known to be important pollinators of Stanhopea flowers, collecting fragrances at these flowers over their lifetime and storing them in their hind tibia. Bees in the Euglossini tribe, including Eulaema meriana , are known to pollinate these flowers supposedly because the orchids can deceptively mimic the form of a female and her sex pheromone. [6] When the bee touches down on the flower, a great effort is made to collect chemical scent - he eventually slides on the waxy surface of the hypochile, gliding down on the slippery lip to exit the flower. The long column is touched in the process, resulting in the bee taking up pollinia at the very tip of the column. When the bee slides down another flower, the pollinia are deposited on the sticky surface of the stigma.

Species

Stanhopea tigrina Stanhopea tigrina.jpg
Stanhopea tigrina
Stanhopea oculata Stanhopea-grandiflora.jpg
Stanhopea oculata
Stanhopea ruckeri Stanhopea.graveolens.web.jpg
Stanhopea ruckeri

[7]

Natural hybrids

[7]

Intergeneric hybrids

Species

Natural hybrids

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<i>Kraenzlinella</i> Genus of orchids

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  1. Kraenzlinella anfracta(Luer) Luer - Tolima region in Colombia
  2. Kraenzlinella echinocarpa(C.Schweinf.) Luer - Peru, Ecuador
  3. Kraenzlinella erinacea(Rchb.f.) Solano - Oaxaca, Chiapas, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia
  4. Kraenzlinella gigantea(Lindl.) Luer - Peru
  5. Kraenzlinella hintonii(L.O.Williams) Solano - Guerrero
  6. Kraenzlinella lappago(Luer) Luer - El Oro + Napo Provinces in Ecuador
  7. Kraenzlinella phrynoglossa(Luer & Hirtz) Luer - Azuay Province in Ecuador
  8. Kraenzlinella rinkeiLuer - Costa Rica
  9. Kraenzlinella sigmoidea(Ames & C.Schweinf.) Luer - Costa Rica
  10. Kraenzlinella tunguraguae(F.Lehm. & Kraenzl.) Kuntze ex Engl. & Prantl - Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
  1. Kraenzlinella platyrachis(Rolfe) Rolfe = Specklinia pfavii(Rchb.f.) Pupulin & Karremans
  2. Kraenzlinella shuarii(Luer) Luer = Echinosepala shuarii(Luer) Luer
  3. Kraenzlinella smaragdina(Luer) Luer = Anathallis smaragdina(Luer) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase
<i>Ponthieva</i> Genus of orchids

Ponthieva is a genus in the orchid family (Orchidaceae), commonly known as the shadow witch. They are named after Henry de Ponthieu, an English merchant of Huguenot ancestry who sent West Indian plant collections to Sir Joseph Banks in 1778.

<i>Stenia</i> Genus of orchids

Stenia is a genus in the orchid family (Orchidaceae). It was established by John Lindley in 1837. These epiphytic plants occur in warm, humid habitats of Trinidad and the Amazonian slope of the northern Andean region in South America.

<i>Paphinia</i> Genus of orchids

Paphinia, abbreviated in horticultural trade Pna, is a genus of orchids, composed of an estimated 16 species from Central America, northern South America and Trinidad. These species are medium-sized epiphytes with small ovoid pseudobulbs and 2 or more leaves. The generic name comes from the Greek Paphia, the name of Aphrodite of Cyprus. Most authorities consider the genus rare.

<i>Huntleya</i> Genus of orchids

Huntleya is a small orchid genus native to South America, Central America and Trinidad.

<i>Cycnoches</i> Genus of orchids

Cycnoches, abbreviated as Cyc. in the horticultural trade, is a genus of 34 currently accepted species of orchids native to South America, Central America and southern Mexico. Also called "swan orchids", they are epiphytes found in lowland and pre-montane forests.

<i>Rodriguezia</i> Genus of orchids

Rodriguezia, abbreviated Rdza. in the horticultural trade, is a genus of orchids. It consists of 49 known species, native to tropical America from southern Mexico and the Windward Islands south to Argentina, with many of the species endemic to Brazil.

<i>Teuscheria</i> Genus of orchids

Teuscheria is a genus of orchids native to southern Mexico, Central America and northern South America. The genus is named for Henry Teuscher, an award-winning landscape artist and horticulturalist.

<i>Ornithocephalus</i> (plant) Genus of orchids

Ornithocephalus is a genus of orchids comprising more than 50 known species widespread in South America, Central America, Southern Mexico, Trinidad and the Windward Islands.

<i>Lueddemannia</i> Genus of orchids

Lueddemannia is a genus of orchids found from Venezuela to Peru. Three species are currently recognized as of June 2014:

<i>Polycycnis</i> Genus of orchids

Polycycnis, abbreviated in horticultural trade as Pcn, is a genus of orchid, comprising 17 species found in Central America, and northern South America.

<i>Stanhopea gibbosa</i> Species of orchid

Stanhopea gibbosa is a species of orchids from Colombia and West Ecuador. The name was often misapplied for a species from Costa Rica and Panama which was later described as Stanhopea confusa. Stanhopea carchiensis and Stanhopea impressa are synonyms of Stanhopea gibbosa.

<i>Kefersteinia</i> (plant) Genus of orchids

Kefersteinia is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It has about 40-50 species, widespread across much of Latin America. The genus was named for Keferstein of Kröllwitz, an orchidologist.

<i>Sarcoglottis</i> Genus of flowering plants

Sarcoglottis is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It is widespread across much of Latin America from Mexico to Argentina, with one species extending northward into Trinidad and the Windward Islands.

References

  1. 1 2 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.C. & Rasmussen, F.N. (2009). Epidendroideae (Part two). Genera Orchidacearum 5: 1-585. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
  3. Forzza, R. C. 2010. Lista de espécies Flora do Brasil http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro
  4. McLeish, I., N. R. Pearce & B. R. Adams. 1995. Native Orchids of Belize. 1–278.
  5. Idárraga-Piedrahita, A., R. D. C. Ortiz, R. Callejas Posada & M. Merello. (eds.) 2011. Flora de Antioquia: Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares 2: 9–939. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín.
  6. Schiestl, F. P.; Roubik, D. W. (2003-01-01). "Odor Compound Detection in Male Euglossine Bees". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 29 (1): 253–257. doi:10.1023/A:1021932131526. hdl: 20.500.11850/57276 . ISSN   0098-0331. PMID   12647866. S2CID   2845587.
  7. 1 2 "Search term=Stanhopea". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 18 February 2018.