In mathematics, the supergolden ratio is a geometrical proportion close to 85/58. Its true value is the real solution of the equation x3 = x2 + 1.
The name supergolden ratio results from analogy with the golden ratio, the positive solution of the equation x2 = x + 1.
Two quantities a > b > 0 are in the supergolden ratio-squared if
The ratio is commonly denoted
Based on this definition, one has
It follows that the supergolden ratio is found as the unique real solution of the cubic equation The decimal expansion of the root begins as (sequence A092526 in the OEIS ).
The minimal polynomial for the reciprocal root is the depressed cubic , [2] thus the simplest solution with Cardano's formula,
or, using the hyperbolic sine,
is the superstable fixed point of the iteration .
The iteration results in the continued radical
Dividing the defining trinomial by one obtains , and the conjugate elements of are
with and
Many properties of are related to golden ratio . For example, the supergolden ratio can be expressed in terms of itself as the infinite geometric series [4]
in comparison to the golden ratio identity
Additionally, , while
For every integer one has
Argument satisfies the identity [5]
Continued fraction pattern of a few low powers
Notably, the continued fraction of begins as permutation of the first six natural numbers; the next term is equal to their sum + 1.
The supergolden ratio is the fourth smallest Pisot number. [6] Because the absolute value of the algebraic conjugates is smaller than 1, powers of generate almost integers. For example: . After eleven rotation steps the phases of the inward spiraling conjugate pair – initially close to – nearly align with the imaginary axis.
The minimal polynomial of the supergolden ratio has discriminant . The Hilbert class field of imaginary quadratic field can be formed by adjoining . With argument a generator for the ring of integers of , one has the special value of Dedekind eta quotient
Expressed in terms of the Weber-Ramanujan class invariant Gn
Properties of the related Klein j-invariant result in near identity . The difference is < 1/143092.
The elliptic integral singular value [8] for has closed form expression
(which is less than 1/10 the eccentricity of the orbit of Venus).
Narayana's cows is a recurrence sequence originating from a problem proposed by the 14th century Indian mathematician Narayana Pandita. [9] He asked for the number of cows and calves in a herd after 20 years, beginning with one cow in the first year, where each cow gives birth to one calf each year from the age of three onwards.
The Narayana sequence has a close connection to the Fibonacci and Padovan sequences and plays an important role in data coding, cryptography and combinatorics. The number of compositions of n into parts 1 and 3 is counted by the nth Narayana number.
The Narayana sequence is defined by the third-order recurrence relation
with initial values
The first few terms are 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 13, 19, 28, 41, 60, 88,... (sequence A000930 in the OEIS ). The limit ratio between consecutive terms is the supergolden ratio.
The first 11 indices n for which is prime are n = 3, 4, 8, 9, 11, 16, 21, 25, 81, 6241, 25747 (sequence A170954 in the OEIS ). The last number has 4274 decimal digits.
The sequence can be extended to negative indices using
The generating function of the Narayana sequence is given by
The Narayana numbers are related to sums of binomial coefficients by
The characteristic equation of the recurrence is . If the three solutions are real root and conjugate pair and , the Narayana numbers can be computed with the Binet formula [10]
Since and , the number is the nearest integer to , with n≥ 0 and 0.2846930799753185027474714...
Coefficients result in the Binet formula for the related sequence .
The first few terms are 3, 1, 1, 4, 5, 6, 10, 15, 21, 31, 46, 67, 98, 144,... (sequence A001609 in the OEIS ).
This anonymous sequence has the Fermat property: if p is prime, . The converse does not hold, but the small number of odd pseudoprimes makes the sequence special. [11] The 8 odd composite numbers below 108 to pass the test are n = 1155, 552599, 2722611, 4822081, 10479787, 10620331, 16910355, 66342673.
The Narayana numbers are obtained as integral powers n > 3 of a matrix with real eigenvalue [9]
The trace of gives the above .
Alternatively, can be interpreted as incidence matrix for a D0L Lindenmayer system on the alphabet with corresponding substitution rule
and initiator . The series of words produced by iterating the substitution have the property that the number of c's, b's and a's are equal to successive Narayana numbers. The lengths of these words are
Associated to this string rewriting process is a compact set composed of self-similar tiles called the Rauzy fractal, that visualizes the combinatorial information contained in a multiple-generation three-letter sequence. [12]
A supergolden rectangle is a rectangle whose side lengths are in a ratio. Compared to the golden rectangle, containing linear ratios , the supergolden rectangle has one more degree of self-similarity.
Given a rectangle of height 1, length and diagonal length (according to ). The triangle on the diagonal has altitude the perpendicular foot divides the diagonal in ratio .
On the left-hand side, cut off a square of side length 1 and mark the intersection with the falling diagonal. The remaining rectangle now has aspect ratio (according to ). Divide the original rectangle into four parts by a second, horizontal cut passing through the intersection point. [13] [4]
The rectangle below the diagonal has aspect ratio , the other three are all supergolden rectangles. The areas of the rectangles opposite the diagonal are both equal to . The big supergolden rectangle and the three scaled copies have linear sizes in the ratios
In the supergolden rectangle above the diagonal, the process can be repeated at a scale of .
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