TWA Flight 514

Last updated
TWA Flight 514
TWA BOEING727 N54328 1974 (Cropped).jpg
N54328, the aircraft involved in the accident
Accident
DateDecember 1, 1974
11:09:22 am EST
Summary Controlled flight into terrain due to pilot error and ATC error
Site Mount Weather,
Clarke County, Virginia, U.S.
39°04.6′N77°52.9′W / 39.0767°N 77.8817°W / 39.0767; -77.8817
Aircraft
Aircraft type Boeing 727-231
Operator Trans World Airlines
Registration N54328
Flight origin Indianapolis International Airport, Indianapolis, Indiana
Stopover Port Columbus International Airport, Columbus, Ohio
Destination Washington Dulles International Airport
diverted from
Washington National Airport
Occupants92
Passengers85
Crew7
Fatalities92
Survivors0
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Location in the United States
USA Virginia relief location map.svg
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Location in Virginia

Trans World Airlines Flight 514, registration N54328, was a Boeing 727-231 en route from Indianapolis, Indiana and Columbus, Ohio to Washington Dulles International that crashed into Mount Weather, Virginia, on December 1, 1974. All 92 people aboard, 85 passengers and seven crew members, were killed. [1] [2] In stormy conditions late in the morning, the aircraft was in controlled flight and impacted a low mountain 25 nautical miles (46 km; 29 mi) [3] northwest of its revised destination. [4] [5] The accident was one of two crashes involving Boeing 727 aircraft in the United States that day, the other being the crash of Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 6231 later that evening near Haverstraw, New York.

Contents

Accident

On Sunday morning of Thanksgiving weekend, the eastern half of the United States experienced severe weather, with high winds, snow, and rain. [6] [7] The flight was scheduled for arrival at Washington National Airport, but was diverted to Dulles when high crosswinds, east at 28 knots (32 mph; 52 km/h) and gusting to 49 knots (56 mph; 91 km/h), prevented safe operations on the main north–south runway at Washington National.

The aircraft was flown by Captain Richard I. Brock (44), First Officer Leonard W. Kresheck (40), and Flight Engineer Thomas C. Safranek (31); the flight was being vectored for a non-precision instrument approach to runway 12 at Dulles, a heading of east-southeast. Air traffic controllers cleared the flight down to 7,000 feet (2,130 m) before clearing them for the approach while not on a published segment. [3]

The jetliner began a descent to 1,800 feet (550 m), shown on the first checkpoint for the published approach. The cockpit voice recorder later indicated there was some confusion in the cockpit over whether they were still under a radar-controlled approach segment which would allow them to descend safely. After reaching 1,800 feet (550 m) there were some 100-to-200-foot (30 to 60 m) altitude deviations which the flight crew discussed as encountering heavy downdrafts and reduced visibility in snow. [3]

Shortly after 11 a.m. EST (UTC −5), the plane impacted the west slope of Mount Weather at 1,670 feet (510 m) above sea level at approximately 230 knots (265 mph; 425 km/h). The wreckage was contained within an area about 900 by 200 feet (275 by 60 m). The evidence of first impact were trees sheared off about seventy feet (20 m) above the ground; the elevation at the base of the trees was 1,650 feet (505 m). [3]

The wreckage path was oriented along a line 118 degrees magnetic. Calculations indicated that the left wing went down about six degrees as the aircraft passed through the trees and the aircraft was descending at an angle of about one degree. After about 500 feet (150 m) of travel through the trees, it struck a rock outcropping at an elevation of about 1,675 feet (510 m). Numerous heavy components of the aircraft were thrown forward of the outcropping, and numerous intense post-impact fires broke out which were later extinguished. [3] The mountain's summit is at 1,754 feet (535 m) above sea level. [8]

Investigation

The accident investigation board was split in its decision as to whether the flight crew or Air Traffic Control were responsible. [9] The majority absolved the controllers as the plane was not on a published approach segment; the dissenting opinion was that the flight had been radar vectored. [9] Terminology between pilots and controllers differed without either group being aware of the discrepancy. It was common practice at the time for controllers to release a flight to its own navigation with "Cleared for the approach," and flight crews commonly believed that was also authorization to descend to the altitude at which the final segment of the approach began. No clear indication had been given by controllers to Flight 514 that they were no longer on a radar vector segment and therefore responsible for their own navigation. Procedures were clarified after this accident. Controllers now state, "Maintain (specified altitude) until established on a portion of the approach," and pilots now understand that previously assigned altitudes prevail until an altitude change is authorized on the published approach segment the aircraft is currently flying. Ground proximity detection equipment was also mandated for the airlines.

During the NTSB investigation, it was discovered that a United Airlines flight had very narrowly escaped the same fate during the same approach and at the same location only six weeks prior. This discovery set in motion activities that led to the development of the Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) by the FAA and NASA in 1976 to collect voluntary, confidential reports of possible safety hazards from aviation professionals.

The flight is also of note in that the accident drew undesired attention to the Mount Weather facility, [2] [5] [10] which was the linchpin of plans implemented by the federal government to ensure continuity in the event of a nuclear war. The crash did not damage the facility, since most of its features were underground. Only its underground main phone line was severed, with service to the complex being restored by C&P Telephone within 2+1⁄2 hours after the crash. [11]

Aftermath

The crash, its aftermath, and its repercussions are the subject of the 1977 book Sound of Impact: The Legacy of TWA Flight 514 by Adam Shaw. TWA Flight 514 is also mentioned in the closing of the second chapter of Mark Oliver Everett's book Things the Grandchildren Should Know and in F. Lee Bailey's book Cleared for the Approach: In Defense of Flying . In 2015, a documentary entitled Diverted: TWA 514 was released. [12]

This was one of two Boeing 727s to crash in the U.S. that day; the other was Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 6231 in New York state, on its way to pick up the Baltimore Colts football team in Buffalo. [13] [14] [15]

Roscoe Cartwright, one of the U.S. Army's first black generals, was killed in the crash; [11] he had retired from active duty several months earlier and was accompanied by his wife.

Crash site then and now

Related Research Articles

This is a list of aviation-related events from 1974. 1974 had been deemed as “the single worst year in airline history” although this has since been surpassed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern Air Lines Flight 66</span> 1975 aviation accident

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pan Am Flight 214</span> 1963 aviation accident

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Air Lines Flight 553</span> 1972 aviation accident

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sosoliso Airlines Flight 1145</span> 2005 aviation accident

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Air Lines Flight 227</span> 1965 aviation accident

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Airlines Flight 383 (1965)</span> 1965 aviation accident in the United States

American Airlines Flight 383 was a nonstop flight from New York City to Cincinnati on November 8, 1965. The aircraft was a Boeing 727, with 57 passengers, and 5 crew on board. The aircraft crashed on final approach to the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport located in Hebron, Kentucky, United States. Only three passengers and one flight attendant survived the crash.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TWA Flight 128</span> 1967 aviation accident

TWA Flight 128 was a regularly scheduled Trans World Airlines passenger flight from Los Angeles to Boston, with intermediate stops in Cincinnati and Pittsburgh. On November 20, 1967, Flight 128 crashed on final approach to Greater Cincinnati Airport; 70 of the 82 people aboard the Convair 880 were killed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TWA Flight 159</span> 1967 aviation accident

Trans World Airlines (TWA) Flight 159 was a regularly scheduled passenger flight from New York City to Los Angeles, California, with a stopover in Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport, Kentucky, that crashed after an aborted takeoff from Cincinnati on November 6, 1967. The Boeing 707 attempted to abort takeoff when the copilot became concerned that the aircraft had collided with a disabled DC-9 on the runway. The aircraft overran the runway, struck an embankment and caught fire. One passenger died as a result of the accident.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Independent Air Flight 1851</span> 1989 plane crash on Pico Alto, the Azores

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alaska Airlines Flight 1866</span> 1971 fatal jet airliner crash

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">West Coast Airlines Flight 956</span> 1966 aviation accident

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 705</span> 1963 aviation accident

Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 705 was a scheduled passenger flight operated on February 12, 1963, that broke up in midair and crashed into the Florida Everglades shortly after takeoff from Miami International Airport in a severe thunderstorm. The plane was destined for Portland, Oregon, via Chicago, Spokane, and Seattle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 6231</span> 1974 aviation accident

Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 6231 was the fatal crash of a Boeing 727 in the eastern United States on December 1, 1974 in Harriman State Park near Stony Point, New York, just north of the New York City area. The Northwest Airlines 727 had been chartered to pick up the Baltimore Colts professional football team in Buffalo in western New York.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Airlines Flight 514</span> 1959 aviation accident in New York

American Airlines Flight 514 was a training flight from Idlewild International Airport, to the Grumman Aircraft Corp. airfield. On the afternoon of August 15, 1959, the Boeing 707 operating the flight crashed near the Calverton airport, killing all five crew members aboard. This was the first accident to involve a Boeing 707, which had only gone into service in October of the previous year, and the first of three accidents involving American's 707s in the New York area within three years, followed by Flight 1502 and Flight 1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Imperial Iranian Air Force Flight 48</span> 1976 military aviation accident

Imperial Iranian Air Force Flight 48, was a military cargo flight from Tehran, Iran, to McGuire Air Force Base in the United States with a stopover in Madrid, Spain. On May 9, 1976, the Boeing 747-131 freighter operating the flight crashed during its approach to Madrid, killing all 17 people on board.

References

  1. ↑ "Plane crash in Va. kills 92". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. December 2, 1974. p. 1.
  2. 1 2 "Virginia jet crash kills 92". Chicago Tribune. December 2, 1974. p. 1, sec. 1.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Aircraft Accident Report Trans World Airlines, Inc. Boeing 727-231, N54328 Berryville, Virginia December 1, 1974" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. 1975-11-26 – via Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University.
  4. ↑ Jones, Edward (December 2, 1974). "Weather hampers air crash probe". Free Lance-Star. (Fredericksburg, Virginia). p. 1.
  5. 1 2 "Search hampered for jet victims". Milwaukee Journal. Associated Press. December 2, 1974. p. 2.[ permanent dead link ]
  6. ↑ "Bad storm hits much of East". Lewiston Daily Sun. (Maine). Associated Press. December 2, 1974. p. 1.
  7. ↑ "Two jets crash as storm howls over East". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. December 2, 1974. p. 1A.
  8. ↑ "Storm hampers grim search". Eugene Register-Guard. Associated Press. December 2, 1974. p. 3A.
  9. 1 2 Perkins, Jay (January 22, 1976). "Misunderstanding blamed for crash near Dulles". Free Lance-Star. (Fredericksburg, Virginia). Associated Press. p. 10.
  10. ↑ Gay, Lance (December 4, 1974). "Jet crash pinpointed top-secret base". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). (Washington Star-News). p. 9A.
  11. 1 2 "In a Place that Doesn't Exist - The Crash of TWA Flight 514". Check-Six.com. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
  12. ↑ Mary Stortstrom (November 16, 2015). "Documentary tells the story of TWA Flight 514". The Journal . Retrieved December 23, 2016.
  13. ↑ "Football charter jet crashes, 3 killed". Milwaukee Journal. UPI. December 2, 1974. p. 2.[ permanent dead link ]
  14. ↑ "Colts' team jet crashes; crew killed". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. December 2, 1974. p. 3A.
  15. ↑ "Crashed jet was on way to ferry Colts". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). wire service reports. December 2, 1974. p. 1C.
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