Taiwan partridge

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Taiwan partridge
Taiwan partridge (Arborophila crudigularis).jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Galliformes
Family: Phasianidae
Genus: Arborophila
Species:
A. crudigularis
Binomial name
Arborophila crudigularis
(R. Swinhoe, 1864)

The Taiwan partridge or Taiwan hill partridge (Arborophila crudigularis) [2] is a species of bird in the family Phasianidae. It is found only in Taiwan, and its natural habitat is broadleaf forests. It is threatened by habitat loss, but at present is categorised by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as being of least concern.

Contents

Taxonomy

Robert Swinhoe described this species in 1864, proposing that it belongs to a new genus, Oreoperdix. The bird had an "ugly raw-looking red patch on the throat". [3] Swinhoe initially thought that the bird was injured, but found that the patch was natural after close examination. The red patch probably exists only in the breeding season. [3] A monotypic species, [4] it is now placed in the genus Arborophila. [5] The specific name crudigularis is from the Latin words for "bleeding" and "throated". [6] A 2015 study suggests that its closest relatives are not in adjacent mainland China, but in south-east Asia, and that they spread along continental shelf areas exposed by lowered sea levels during the ice age. [7]

Description

The Taiwan partridge is about 28 cm (11 in) long. The male weighs about 311 g (11.0 oz), and the female weighs about 212 g (7.5 oz). [2] The crown is grey. The head has black sides, and a white eyebrow, chin and patch below the eye. The throat is white, and there is a black half collar. [8] The upperparts are olive-grey with black bars, and there are three grey bars on the rounded, rufous wings. The tail is short and rounded. The underparts are blue-grey, with white streaks on the flanks. The eye is black, with a narrow red ring around it. The beak is blue-grey, and the feet are orange-red. The female bird is similar to the male, but it has fewer streaks on its throat and more streaks on its flanks. [2]

Distribution and habitat

This partridge is endemic to Taiwan, found in the central and eastern mountains. [8] It lives in broadleaf forests, preferring thickets and undergrowth. It is found at elevations of 700–3,000 m (2,300–9,800 ft) above sea level, mainly at 1,500–2,000 m (4,900–6,600 ft). [4]

Behaviour

The Taiwan partridge's voice is a rising and falling series of gurru calls. Duets and choruses are often heard. Single calls are similar to those of the black-necklaced scimitar babbler. [2] It forages in groups of two or three birds, eating earthworms, berries, seeds, seedlings and insects. It breeds from March to August, depending on the elevation, and it nests in a crevice or under a tree. There are six to eight white eggs in a clutch, incubated for about 24 days. [4]

Status

The species's population size is estimated to be much more than 10,000 mature birds. It is probably declining outside of protected areas, as a result of deforestation. The IUCN downlisted it to a least-concern species in 2014 because its population and range are larger than earlier estimates. It occurs in several national parks and nature reserves. [1]

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grey treepie</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-legged partridge</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Daurian partridge</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elliot's pheasant</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chestnut-bellied partridge</span> Species of bird

The chestnut-bellied partridge also known as chestnut-bellied hill-partridge or Javan hill-partridge is a small, up to 28 cm long, partridge with a rufous crown and nape, red legs, grey breast, brown wings, red facial skin, and a black mask, throat and bill. It has a rufous belly with white on the middle. The sexes are similar. The young has a whitish face and a reddish brown bill.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hainan partridge</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bar-backed partridge</span> Species of bird

The bar-backed partridge, also known as the brown-breasted hill-partridge, is a species of partridge in the family Phasianidae. It is found in southwestern China and Southeast Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chestnut-necklaced partridge</span> Species of bird

The chestnut-necklaced partridge is a species of bird in the family Phasianidae. It is found in forests in the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. It is threatened by habitat loss and trapping. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed it as vulnerable.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orange-necked partridge</span> Species of bird

The orange-necked partridge is a species of bird in the family Phasianidae. It is found in eastern Cambodia and southern Vietnam. Its habitats are lowland forests, shrubland, and plantations. It was described in 1927 and rediscovered in 1991. It is threatened by habitat loss, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed it as a near-threatened species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-necklaced partridge</span> Species of bird

The white-necklaced partridge, also known as the collared partridge or Rickett's hill-partridge, is a species of bird in the family Phasianidae. It is endemic to southeastern China. It is threatened by habitat loss and hunting, and the IUCN has assessed it as near-threatened.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-breasted partridge</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grey-breasted partridge</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rufous-throated partridge</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hill partridge</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue quail</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grey-streaked flycatcher</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Perdicinae</span> Subfamily of birds

Perdicinae is a polyphyletic former subfamily of birds in the pheasant family, Phasianidae, regrouping the partridges, Old World quails, and francolins. Although this subfamily was considered monophyletic and separated from the pheasants, tragopans, junglefowls, and peafowls (Phasianinae) till the early 1990s, molecular phylogenies have shown that these two subfamilies actually constitute only one lineage. For example, some partridges are more closely affiliated to pheasants, whereas Old World quails and partridges from the Alectoris genus are closer to junglefowls. Due to this, the subfamily Perdicinae is no longer recognized by the International Ornithological Congress, with the species being split among 3 subfamilies.

References

  1. 1 2 BirdLife International (2016). "Arborophila crudigularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T22679026A92799285. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679026A92799285.en . Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Brazil, Mark (2009). Birds of East Asia: China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, and Russia. A&C Black. p. 34. ISBN   9780691139265.
  3. 1 2 Swinhoe, Robert (1864). "Letters, Extracts from Correspondence, Notices, &c". Ibis. 6 (3): 425–426. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1864.tb07881.x.
  4. 1 2 3 Madge, Steve; McGowan, Phil (2010). Pheasants, Partridges & Grouse: Including buttonquails, sandgrouse and allies. Bloomsbury. pp. 258–259. ISBN   9781408135655.
  5. Gill, F.; Donsker, D. (eds.). "Pheasants, partridges & francolins". IOC World Bird List Version 7.3. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  6. Jobling, James A. (2010). Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. Bloomsbury. p. 123. ISBN   9781408133262.
  7. Chen, D.; Chang, J.; Li, S.; Liu, Y.; Liang, W.; Zhou, F.; Yao, C.; Zhang, Z. (2015). "Was the exposed continental shelf a long-distance colonization route in the ice age? The Southeast Asia origin of Hainan and Taiwan partridges". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 83: 167–173. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.11.006. PMID   25463750.
  8. 1 2 MacKinnon, John; Phillipps, Karen (2000). A Field Guide to the Birds of China . Oxford University Press. p.  39. ISBN   9780198549406.