Taxonomy of the Cactaceae

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A collection of cultivated cacti Cactaceae serre massey.jpg
A collection of cultivated cacti

In 1984, the International Organization for Succulent Plant Study set up a working party, now called the International Cactaceae Systematics Group, to produce a consensus classification of the cactus family, down to the level of genus. Their classification has been used as the basis for systems published since the mid-1990s. Treatments in the 21st century have generally divided the family into around 125–130 genera and 1,400–1,500 species, which are then arranged in a number of tribes and subfamilies. However, subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that a very high proportion of the higher taxa (genera, tribes and subfamilies) are not monophyletic, i.e. they do not contain all of the descendants of a common ancestor. As of August 2023, the internal classification of the family Cactaceae remained uncertain and subject to change. A classification incorporating many of the insights from the molecular studies was produced by Nyffeler and Eggli in 2010. [1]

Contents

Overview

The classification of the family Cactaceae remains uncertain as of August 2023. Since the mid-1990s, the system produced by the International Cactaceae Systematics Group (ICSG) of the International Organization for Succulent Plant Study has been used as the basis of many published classifications. Detailed treatments produced in the 21st century have divided the family into around 125–130 genera and 1,400–1,500 species, which are then arranged into a number of tribes and subfamilies. [2] [3] [4]

The ICSG classification of the family recognizes four subfamilies: Pereskioideae (consisting only of the genus Pereskia ), Opuntioideae, Maihuenioideae (consisting only of the genus Maihuenia ) and Cactoideae. [2] Molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that Pereskia is not monophyletic (i.e. its species are not the complete set of descendants of a common ancestor), so that Pereskioideae is not monophyletic although the three other subfamilies are. [4] [5] The Bayesian consensus cladogram from a 2005 study is shown below: [5]

Cactaceae

Five tribes have been recognized within the subfamily Opuntioideae: Tephrocacteae, Pterocacteae, Austrocylindropuntieae, Cylindropuntieae and Opuntieae. [6] All but the first, Tephrocacteae, were shown to be "essentially monophyletic" in molecular phylogenetic study in 2009. A summary of the consensus Bayesian tree is shown below (tribes are bold; the number of species in the study is shown in parentheses). [7]

Puna (1), Maihueniopsis (3), Cumulopuntia (1) =  Tephrocacteae (part)

Pterocactus (6) =  Pterocacteae

teretestemmed opuntioids
flatstemmed opuntioids

Many of the genera within the Opuntioideae are not monophyletic. Maihueniopsis is highly polyphyletic, appearing in four separate lineages. The two largest genera within the subfamily, Opuntia and Cylindropuntia are also not monophyletic. The classification of the Opuntioideae is thus uncertain as of March 2012; Griffith and Porter say that changes in classification will require "broad information (of multiple data types) regarding all species of opuntioid cacti". [8]

The ICSG classification divides the subfamily Cactoideae into nine tribes. However, phylogenetic research has not supported most of these tribes, nor even the genera of which they are composed. A 2011 study found that "an extraordinarily high proportion of genera" were not monophyletic, including 22 (61%) of the 36 genera in the subfamily Cactoideae sampled in the research. [4] Of the nine tribes recognized within Cactoideae, one, Calymmantheae, comprises a single genus, Calymmanthium . [2] Of the remaining eight, only two (Cacteae and Rhipsalideae) have been shown to be monophyletic. A summary of the cladograms for the Cactoideae presented in a 2011 paper is shown below (ICSG tribes in bold). [9]

Cactoideae

Blossfeldia

Cacteae

core Cactoideae

Calymmantheae (i.e. Calymmanthium ), species of Copiapoa and Frailea

core Cactoideae I

including members of Pachycereeae , Hylocereeae and Browningieae

core Cactoideae II

Rhipsalideae

other core Cactoideae II, including members of Notocacteae , Trichocereeae , Cereeae and Browningieae

The classification of the Cactaceae thus remains subject to change, from the genus level upwards. In 2016, David Hunt wrote that "the advent of molecular systematic studies in the past two decades will hopefully have a stabilizing effect on classification in due course, but has so far had the opposite effect". [10]

Nyffler and Eggli (2010) classification

In 2010, Nyffler and Eggli produced a classification based on an explicit phylogeny. The broad outlines of their cladogram agree with that of Hern et al. (2011), shown above, although some details are different. Their classification corresponds to the cladogram shown below. [1]

Pereskioideae
Maihuenioideae
Opuntioideae
Cactoideae

The table below shows how the genera recognized by Nyffler and Eggli are placed into their subfamilies and tribes (they also use some subtribes, not shown here). The column headed "Older tribe (if different)" shows the ICSG classification of the subfamily Cactoideae (as presented by Anderson in 2001 [11] ) with a 2002 classification of the subfamily Opuntioideae. [6] [12] There are differences in the genera recognized in the systems; where the older system does not recognize the genus, "–" is shown.

Nyffeller & Eggli (2010) classification [1]
Systematic
order
GenusSubfamilyTribeOlder tribe (if different) [11] [6] [12]
1 Pereskia Mill.Pereskioideae*
2 Maihuenia (Phil.ex F.A.C.Weber) K.Schum.Maihuenioideae
3.1 Austrocylindropuntia Backeb.OpuntioideaeCylindropuntieaeAustrocylindropuntieae
3.1 Cumulopuntia F.Ritter (part)OpuntioideaeCylindropuntieaeAustrocylindropuntieae
3.1 Cylindropuntia (Engelm.) F.M.KnuthOpuntioideaeCylindropuntieae
3.1 Grusonia F.Rchb.ex Britton & RoseOpuntioideaeCylindropuntieae
3.1 Maihueniopsis Speg. (part)OpuntioideaeCylindropuntieaeTephrocacteae
3.1 Pereskiopsis Britton & RoseOpuntioideaeCylindropuntieae
3.1 Quiabentia Britton & RoseOpuntioideaeCylindropuntieae
3.1 Tephrocactus Lem.OpuntioideaeCylindropuntieaeTephrocacteae
3.2 Brasiliopuntia (K.Schum.) A.BergerOpuntioideaeOpuntieae
3.2 Consolea Lem.OpuntioideaeOpuntieae
3.2 Miqueliopuntia Fric ex F.RitterOpuntioideaeOpuntieae
3.2 Opuntia Mill.OpuntioideaeOpuntieae
3.2 Tacinga Britton & RoseOpuntioideaeOpuntieae
3.2 Tunilla D.R.Hunt & IliffOpuntioideaeOpuntieae
3.3 Cumulopuntia F.Ritter (part)Opuntioideaeincertae sedisAustrocylindropuntieae
3.3 Maihueniopsis Speg. (part)Opuntioideaeincertae sedisTephrocacteae
3.3 Pterocactus K.Schum.Opuntioideaeincertae sedisPterocacteae
4.1 Blossfeldia Werderm.CactoideaeBlossfeldieaeNotocacteae
4.2 Acharagma (N.P.Taylor) GlassCactoideaeCacteae
4.2 Ariocarpus Scheidw.CactoideaeCacteae
4.2 Astrophytum Lem.CactoideaeCacteae
4.2 Aztekium Boed.CactoideaeCacteae
4.2 Coryphantha (Engelm.) Lem.CactoideaeCacteae
4.2 Digitostigma Velazco & NevárezCactoideaeCacteae
4.2 Echinocactus Link & OttoCactoideaeCacteae
4.2 Echinomastus Britton & RoseCactoideaeCacteae
4.2 Epithelantha F.A.C.Weber ex Britton & RoseCactoideaeCacteae
4.2 Escobaria Britton & RoseCactoideaeCacteae
4.2 Ferocactus Britton & RoseCactoideaeCacteae
4.2 Geohintonia Glass & W.A.Fitz Maur.CactoideaeCacteae
4.2 Leuchtenbergia Hook.CactoideaeCacteae
4.2 Lophophora J.M.Coult.CactoideaeCacteae
4.2 Mammillaria Haw.
including Cochemiea(K.Brandegee) Walton
CactoideaeCacteae
4.2 Mammilloydia Buxb.CactoideaeCacteae
4.2 Neolloydia Britton & RoseCactoideaeCacteae
4.2 Obregonia FricCactoideaeCacteae
4.2 Ortegocactus AlexanderCactoideaeCacteae
4.2 Pediocactus Britton & RoseCactoideaeCacteae
4.2 Pelecyphora C.Ehrenb.CactoideaeCacteae
4.2 Sclerocactus Britton & RoseCactoideaeCacteae
4.2 Stenocactus (K.Schum.) A.W.HillCactoideaeCacteae
4.2 Strombocactus Britton & RoseCactoideaeCacteae
4.2 Thelocactus (K.Schum.) Britton & RoseCactoideaeCacteae
4.2 Turbinicarpus (Backeb.) Buxb.& Backeb.CactoideaeCacteae
4.3 Acanthocereus (Engelm.ex A.Berger) Britton & RoseCactoideaePhyllocacteaePachycereeae
4.3 Armatocereus Backeb.CactoideaePhyllocacteaeBrowningieae
4.3 Austrocactus Britton & RoseCactoideaePhyllocacteaeNotocacteae
4.3 Brachycereus Britton & RoseCactoideaePhyllocacteaeTrichocereeae
4.3 Castellanosia CárdenasCactoideaePhyllocacteae
4.3 Corryocactus Britton & RoseCactoideaePhyllocacteaePachycereeae
4.3 Dendrocereus Britton & RoseCactoideaePhyllocacteaePachycereeae
4.3 Eulychnia Phil.CactoideaePhyllocacteaeNotocacteae
4.3 Jasminocereus Britton & RoseCactoideaePhyllocacteaeBrowningieae
4.3 Leptocereus (A.Berger) Britton & RoseCactoideaePhyllocacteaePachycereeae
4.3 Neoraimondia Britton & RoseCactoideaePhyllocacteaeBrowningieae
4.3 Pfeiffera Salm-DyckCactoideaePhyllocacteae
4.3 Disocactus Lindl.CactoideaePhyllocacteaeHylocereeae
4.3 Epiphyllum Haw.CactoideaePhyllocacteaeHylocereeae
4.3 Hylocereus (A.Berger) Britton & RoseCactoideaePhyllocacteaeHylocereeae
4.3 Pseudorhipsalis Britton & RoseCactoideaePhyllocacteaeHylocereeae
4.3 Selenicereus (A.Berger) Britton & RoseCactoideaePhyllocacteaeHylocereeae
4.3 Weberocereus Britton & RoseCactoideaePhyllocacteaeHylocereeae
4.3 Bergerocactus Britton & RoseCactoideaePhyllocacteaePachycereeae
4.3 Carnegiea Britton & RoseCactoideaePhyllocacteaePachycereeae
4.3 Cephalocereus Pfeiff.CactoideaePhyllocacteaePachycereeae
4.3 Echinocereus Engelm.CactoideaePhyllocacteaePachycereeae
4.3 Escontria RoseCactoideaePhyllocacteaePachycereeae
4.3 Isolatocereus Backeb.CactoideaePhyllocacteaePachycereeae
4.3 Myrtillocactus ConsoleCactoideaePhyllocacteaePachycereeae
4.3 Neobuxbaumia Backeb.CactoideaePhyllocacteaePachycereeae
4.3 Pachycereus (A.Berger) Britton & RoseCactoideaePhyllocacteaePachycereeae
4.3 Peniocereus (A.Berger) Britton & RoseCactoideaePhyllocacteaePachycereeae
4.3 Polaskia Backeb.CactoideaePhyllocacteaePachycereeae
4.3 Pseudoacanthocereus F.RitterCactoideaePhyllocacteaePachycereeae
4.3 Stenocereus (A.Berger) Riccob.CactoideaePhyllocacteaePachycereeae
4.3 Strophocactus Britton & RoseCactoideaePhyllocacteae
4.4 Hatiora Britton & RoseCactoideaeRhipsalideae
4.4 Lepismium Pfeiff.CactoideaeRhipsalideae
4.4 Rhipsalis Gaertn.CactoideaeRhipsalideae
4.4 Schlumbergera Lem.CactoideaeRhipsalideae
4.5 Eriosyce Phil.CactoideaeNotocacteae
4.5 Neowerdermannia FricCactoideaeNotocacteae
4.5 Parodia Speg.CactoideaeNotocacteae
4.5 Rimacactus MottramCactoideaeNotocacteae
4.5 Yavia R.Kiesling & PiltzCactoideaeNotocacteae
4.6 Browningia CárdenasCactoideaeCereeaeBrowningieae
4.6 Gymnocalycium Pfeiff.ex MittlerCactoideaeCereeaeTrichocereeae
4.6 Lasiocereus F.RitterCactoideaeCereeaeTrichocereeae
4.6 Rebutia K.Schum.CactoideaeCereeaeTrichocereeae
4.6 Stetsonia Britton & RoseCactoideaeCereeaeBrowningieae
4.6 Uebelmannia BuiningCactoideaeCereeae
4.6 Weingartia Werderm.
including Cintia Knize & Ríha
CactoideaeCereeaeNotocacteae (Cintia)
4.6 Arrojadoa Britton & RoseCactoideaeCereeae
4.6 Brasilicereus Backeb.CactoideaeCereeae
4.6 Cereus Mill.CactoideaeCereeae
4.6 Cipocereus F.RitterCactoideaeCereeae
4.6 Coleocephalocereus Backeb.CactoideaeCereeae
4.6 Discocactus Pfeiff.CactoideaeCereeaeTrichocereeae
4.6 Facheiroa Britton & RoseCactoideaeCereeaeTrichocereeae
4.6 Leocereus Britton & RoseCactoideaeCereeaeTrichocereeae
4.6 Melocactus Link & OttoCactoideaeCereeae
4.6 Micranthocereus Backeb.CactoideaeCereeae
4.6 Pierrebraunia EstevesCactoideaeCereeae
4.6 Pilosocereus Byles & G.D.RowleyCactoideaeCereeae
4.6 Praecereus Buxb.CactoideaeCereeae
4.6 Stephanocereus A.BergerCactoideaeCereeae
4.6 Acanthocalycium Backeb.CactoideaeCereeaeTrichocereeae
4.6 Arthrocereus A.BergerCactoideaeCereeaeTrichocereeae
4.6 Borzicactus Riccob.CactoideaeCereeae
4.6 Cephalocleistocactus F.RitterCactoideaeCereeaeTrichocereeae
4.6 Cleistocactus Lem.CactoideaeCereeaeTrichocereeae
4.6 Denmoza Britton & RoseCactoideaeCereeaeTrichocereeae
4.6 Echinopsis Zucc.CactoideaeCereeaeTrichocereeae
4.6 Espostoa Britton & RoseCactoideaeCereeaeTrichocereeae
4.6 Espostoopsis Buxb.CactoideaeCereeaeTrichocereeae
4.6 Haageocereus Backeb.
including Pygmaeocereus H.Johnson & Backeb.
CactoideaeCereeaeTrichocereeae
4.6 Harrisia BrittonCactoideaeCereeaeTrichocereeae
4.6 Matucana Britton & RoseCactoideaeCereeaeTrichocereeae
4.6 Mila Britton & RoseCactoideaeCereeaeTrichocereeae
4.6 Oreocereus (A.Berger) Riccob.CactoideaeCereeaeTrichocereeae
4.6 Oroya Britton & RoseCactoideaeCereeaeTrichocereeae
4.6 Rauhocereus Backeb.CactoideaeCereeaeTrichocereeae
4.6 Samaipaticereus CárdenasCactoideaeCereeaeTrichocereeae
4.6 Vatricania Backeb.CactoideaeCereeae
4.6 Weberbauerocereus Backeb.CactoideaeCereeaeTrichocereeae
4.6 Yungasocereus F.RitterCactoideaeCereeaeTrichocereeae
4.7 Calymmanthium F.RitterCactoideaeincertae sedisCalymmantheae
4.7 Copiapoa Britton & RoseCactoideaeincertae sedisNotocacteae
4.7 Frailea Britton & RoseCactoideaeincertae sedisNotocacteae

Earlier classification

Unless otherwise indicated, the subfamily placement of the genera listed here is based on Anderson's 2001 presentation of the ICSG classification, as is the tribal placement of the genera of the subfamily Cactoideae. [11] The division of the subfamily Opuntioideae into tribes is additional to the ICSG system. [6] [12]

Subfamily Pereskioideae

Pereskia aculeata Pereskia aculeata5.jpg
Pereskia aculeata
synonyms: PeiresciaZucc. (orth. var.), Peireskia Steud. (orth. var.), PeresciaLem. (orth. var.), Rhodocactus(A.Berger) F.M.Knuth

Subfamily Opuntioideae

Tribe Austrocylindropuntieae

Tribe Cylindropuntieae

including CorynopuntiaF.M.Knuth, MicropuntiaDaston
synonyms: Peireskiopsis Vaupel (orth. var.)

Tribe Opuntieae

Opuntia ficus-indica Opuntia ficus-indica 4.jpg
Opuntia ficus-indica
synonyms: AirampoaFric, Cactodendron Bigelow , nom. inval., CactusLem., ChaffeyopuntiaFric & Schelle , ClavarioidiaKreuz. (nom. inval.), Ficindica St.-Lag. , NopaleaSalm-Dyck, Parviopuntia Soulaire & Marn.-Lap. (nom. inval.), Phyllarthus Neck. ex M.Gómez (nom. inval.), SalmiopuntiaFric (nom. inval.), SubulatopuntiaFric & Schelle, TunasLunell, WeberiopuntiaFric
including NopaleaSalm-Dyck

Tribe Pterocacteae

Tribe Tephrocacteae

including Puna R.Kiesling
synonyms: PseudotephrocactusFric

Subfamily Maihuenioideae

Maihuenia poeppigii Maihuenia poeppigii 02.jpg
Maihuenia poeppigii

Subfamily Cactoideae

Tribe Browningieae

synonyms: NeocardenasiaBackeb.

Tribe Cacteae

synonyms: Anhalonium Lem. , Neogomesia Castañeda , Neogomezia Buxb. (orth. var.), Roseocactus A.Berger , Stromatocactus Karw. ex Rümpler (nom. inval.)
Astrophytum myriostigma Astrophytum myriostigma.jpg
Astrophytum myriostigma
synonyms: Astrophyton Lawr. (orth. var.), Maierocactus E.C.Rost
synonyms: Aulacothele Monv. (nom. inval.), CumariniaBuxb., Glandulifera(Salm-Dyck) Fric, LepidocoryphanthaBackeb., RoseiaFric (nom. inval.)
synonyms: Brittonrosea Speg. , EchinofossulocactusLawr., HomalocephalaBritton & Rose
synonyms: Cochiseia W.H.Earle , Escobesseya Hester , FobeaFric (nom. inval.), NeobesseyaBritton & Rose
synonyms: Bisnaga Orcutt , Brittonia C.A.Armstr. (nom. inval.)
Mammillaria elongata Warzenkaktus - Mammillaria elongata.JPG
Mammillaria elongata
  • Mammillaria Haw. – fishhook cactus, globe cactus, pincushion cactus, bird's-nest cactus
synonyms: BartschellaBritton & Rose, Cactus L. , ChilitaOrcutt, Cochemiea(K.Brandegee) Walton , Dolichothele(K.Schum.) Britton & Rose, EbnerellaBuxb., HaageaFric, KrainziaBackeb., LactomammillariaFric (nom. inval.), LeptocladiaBuxb., LeptocladodiaBuxb., Mamillaria F.Rchb. (orth. var.), Mamillopsis(E.Morren) F.A.C.Weber ex Britton & Rose, Mammariella Shafer (nom. inval.), Mammilaria Torr. & A.Gray (orth. var.), NeomammillariaBritton & Rose, OehmeaBuxb., PhellospermaBritton & Rose, PorfiriaBoed., PseudomammillariaBuxb., SolisiaBritton & Rose
synonyms: NapinaFric (nom. inval.), PseudosolisiaY.Itô (nom. inval.)
synonyms: Navajoa Croizat , Pilocanthus B.W.Benson & Backeb.
synonyms: EncephalocarpusA.Berger
Sclerocactus glaucus Sclerocactus glaucus fh 29 41 COL B.jpg
Sclerocactus glaucus
synonyms: AncistrocactusBritton & Rose, Coloradoa Boissev. & C.Davidson , GlandulicactusBackeb., ToumeyaBritton & Rose
synonyms: EchinofossulocactusBritton & Rose, EfossusOrcutt (orth. var.)
synonyms: HamatocactusBritton & Rose, ThelomastusFric (nom. inval.)
synonyms: GymnocactusBackeb., Normanbokea Kladiwa & Buxb., RapicactusBuxb. & Oehme

Tribe Calymmantheae

synonyms: DiploperianthiumF.Ritter (nom. inval.)

Tribe Cereeae

synonyms: DigitorebutiaFrič & Kreuz. ex Buining, MediolobiviaBackeb.
synonyms: Pierrebraunia Esteves
synonyms: MirabellaF.Ritter, Piptanthocereus(A.Berger) Riccob., SubpilocereusBackeb.
synonyms: FloribundaF.Ritter
synonyms: Buiningia Buxb.
Melocactus matanzanus Melocactus matanzanus.jpg
Melocactus matanzanus
synonyms: CactusBritton & Rose
synonyms: AustrocephalocereusBackeb., Siccobaccatus P.J.Braun & Esteves
synonyms: PilocereusK.Schum., PseudopilocereusBuxb.

Tribe Hylocereeae

synonyms: AporocactusLem., Aporocereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.), Bonifazia Standl. & Steyerm. , ChiapasiaBritton & Rose, Disisocactus Kunze (orth. var.), DisocereusFric & Kreuz. (orth. var.), Heliocereus(A.Berger) Britton & Rose, LobeiraAlexander, MediocereusFric & Kreuz. (orth. var.), NopalxochiaBritton & Rose, PseudonopalxochiaBackeb., TrochilocactusLinding., WittiaK.Schum., Wittiocactus Rauschert
Epiphyllum anguliger Epiphyllum anguliger (as Phyllocactus darrahii) 91b.jpg
Epiphyllum anguliger
synonyms: PhyllocactusLink, Phyllocereus Miq.
  • Hylocereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose – nightblooming cactus
synonyms: WilmatteaBritton & Rose
synonyms: CryptocereusAlexander, DeamiaBritton & Rose, MarnieraBackeb., MediocactusBritton & Rose, StrophocactusBritton & Rose, StrophocereusFric & Kreuz. (orth. var.)
synonyms: EccremocactusBritton & Rose, EccremocereusFric & Kreuz. (orth. var.), WerckleocereusBritton & Rose

Tribe Notocacteae

synonyms: PilocopiapoaF.Ritter
Eriosyce esmeraldana Eriosyce esmeraldana.jpg
Eriosyce esmeraldana
synonyms: Ceratistes Labour. (nom. inval.), ChileniopsisBackeb., ChileocactusFric (nom. inval.), ChileorebutiaFric (nom. inval.), ChiliorebutiaFric (orth. var.), DelaetiaBackeb., DracocactusY.Itô (nom. inval.), EuporteriaKreuz. & Buining, HildmanniaKreuz. & Buining, HorridocactusBackeb., IslayaBackeb., NeochileniaBackeb. ex Dölz , NeoporteriaBritton & Rose, NeoporteriaBackeb., NeotanahashiaY.Itô, NicheliaBullock (nom. inval.), Pyrrhocactus(A.Berger) A.W.Hill, RodentiophilaF.Ritter ex Backeb., ThelocephalaY.Itô
synonyms: PhilippicereusBackeb.
synonyms: AcanthocephalaBackeb., BrasilicactusBackeb., BrasiliparodiaF.Ritter, BrasilocactusFric (nom. inval.), ChrysocactusY.Itô (nom. inval.), DactylanthocactusY.Itô, EriocactusBackeb., EriocephalaBackeb., FriesiaFric (nom. inval.), HickeniaBritton & Rose, MalacocarpusSalm-Dyck, MicrospermiaFric, NeohickeniaFric, Notocactus(K.Schum.) Fric, SericocactusY.Itô, WigginsiaD.M.Porter

Tribe Pachycereeae

synonyms: DendrocereusBritton & Rose, MonvilleaBritton & Rose
synonyms: BergerocereusFric & Kreuz. (orth. var.)
Carnegiea gigantea SaguaroCactusAZ.JPG
Carnegiea gigantea
synonyms: HaseltoniaBackeb., NeodawsoniaBackeb., PilocereusLem.
synonym: CorryocereusFric & Kreuz. (orth. var.), ErdisiaBritton & Rose, EulychnocactusBackeb. (nom. inval.)
synonyms: Morangaya G.D.Rowley , WilcoxiaBritton & Rose
synonyms: NeoabbottiaBritton & Rose
[= Myrtillocactus × Bergerocactus]
synonyms: MyrtillocereusFric & Kreuz. (orth. var.)
Pachycereus pringlei Cardon Pachycereus pringlei.jpg
Pachycereus pringlei
synonyms: PseudomitrocereusBravo & Buxb., RooksbyaBackeb.
[= Pachycereus × Bergerocactus]
synonyms: Backebergia Bravo , LemaireocereusBritton & Rose, Lophocereus(A.Berger) Britton & Rose, Marginatocereus(Backeb.) Backeb., Mitrocereus(Backeb.) Backeb., Pterocereus T.MacDoug. & Miranda
synonyms: Cullmannia Distefano , NeoevansiaW.T.Marshall, Nyctocereus(A.Berger) Britton & Rose
synonyms: ChichipiaBackeb. (nom. inval.), HeliabravoaBackeb.
synonyms: HertrichocereusBackeb., IsolatocereusBackeb., Isolatocereus(Backeb.) Backeb., MachaerocereusBritton & Rose, MarshallocereusBackeb., NeolemaireocereusBackeb., RathbuniaBritton & Rose, RitterocereusBackeb.

Tribe Rhipsalideae

Hatiora salicornioides Rhipsalis salicornioides 1.jpg
Hatiora salicornioides
synonyms: EpiphyllopsisBackeb. & F.M.Knuth, Hariota DC. , PseudozygocactusBackeb., RhipsalidopsisBritton & Rose
synonyms: Acanthorhipsalis(K.Schum.) Britton & Rose, Acanthorhipsalis Kimnach , PfeifferaSalm-Dyck
synonyms: CassythaMill., ErythrorhipsalisA.Berger, Hariota Adans. , LymanbensoniaKimnach
synonyms: EpiphyllanthusA.Berger, EpiphyllumPfeiff., Opuntiopsis Knebel (nom. inval.), ZygocactusK.Schum., ZygocereusFric & Kreuz. (orth. var.)

Tribe Trichocereeae

synonyms: SpinicalyciumFric (nom. inval.)
Cleistocactus Borzicactus Websteramus, Cleistocactus, Huntington Desert Garden.jpg
Cleistocactus
synonyms: AkersiaBuining, BolivicereusCárdenas, BorzicactellaH.Johnson ex F.Ritter, Borzicactus Riccob , BorzicereusFric & Kreuz. (orth. var.), CephalocleistocactusF.Ritter, CleistocereusFric & Kreuz. (orth. var.), ClistanthocereusBackeb., DemnosaFric, GymnanthocereusBackeb., HildewinteraF.Ritter, LoxanthocereusBackeb., MaritimocereusAkers, PseudoechinocereusBuining (nom. inval.), SeticereusBackeb., SeticleistocactusBackeb., WinteriaF.Ritter, WinterocereusBackeb.
synonyms: AcantholobiviaBackeb., Acanthopetalus Y.Itô , AndeneaFric (nom. inval.), AureilobiviaFric, nom. inval., ChamaecereusBritton & Rose, ChamaelobiviaY. Itô (nom. inval.), CinnabarineaFric ex F.Ritter, EchinolobiviaY.Itô (nom. inval.), EchinonyctanthusLem., FuriolobiviaY.Itô (nom. inval.), HelianthocereusBackeb, HeterolobiviaY.Itô (nom. inval.), HymenorebulobiviaFric (nom. inval.), HymenorebutiaFric ex Buining, LeucosteleBackeb., LobirebutiaFric (nom. inval.), LobiviaBritton & Rose, LobiviopsisFric (nom. inval.), MegalobiviaY.Itô (nom. inval.), MesechinopsisY.Itô, NeolobiviaY.Itô, PilopsisY.Itô (nom. inval.), Pseudolobivia(Backeb.) Backeb., RebulobiviaFric (nom. inval.), SalpingolobiviaY.Itô, ScoparebutiaFric & Kreuz. ex Buining, Setiechinopsis(Backeb.) de Haas , SoehrensiaBackeb., Trichocereus(A.Berger) Riccob.
synonyms: BinghamiaBritton & Rose, PseudoespostoaBackeb., ThrixanthocereusBackeb.,
synonyms: GerocephalusF.Ritter
synonyms: ZehntnerellaBritton & Rose
Gymnocalycium moserianum Gymnocalycium moserianum.jpg
Gymnocalycium moserianum
synonyms: BrachycalyciumBackeb.
synonyms: FloresiaKrainz & F.Ritter ex Backeb. (nom. inval.), HaageocactusBackeb. (nom. inval.), LasiocereusF.Ritter, NeobinghamiaBackeb., PeruvocereusAkers
[= Haageocereus × Espostoa]
synonyms: Eriocereus(A.Berger) Riccob., RoseocereusBackeb.
synonyms: EomatucanaF.Ritter
synonyms: ArequipaBritton & Rose, ArequipiopsisKreuz. & Buining, MorawetziaBackeb., SubmatucanaBackeb.
Rebutia flavistyla Rebutia flavistylus 2 rev.jpg
Rebutia flavistyla
synonyms: AylosteraSpeg., BridgesiaBackeb., CylindrorebutiaFric & Kreuz., DigitorebutiaFric & Kreuz., EchinorebutiaFric (nom. inval.), EurebutiaFric (nom. inval.), GymnanthaY.Itô, MediolobiviaBackeb., MediorebutiaFric (nom. inval.), NeogymnanthaY.Itô, ReicheocactusBackeb., SetirebutiaFric & Kreuz. (nom. inval.), SpegazziniaBackeb., SulcorebutiaBackeb., WeingartiaWerderm.
synonyms: MeyeniaBackeb.

Notes and references

  1. 1 2 3 Nyffeler, R. & Eggli, U. (2010), "A farewell to dated ideas and concepts: molecular phylogenetics and a revised suprageneric classification of the family Cactaceae", Schumannia, 6: 109–149, doi:10.5167/uzh-43285, S2CID   89650660
  2. 1 2 3 Anderson 2001, pp. 99–103
  3. Hunt, D.R., ed. (2006), The New Cactus Lexicon (two volumes), Milborne Port: dh books, ISBN   978-0-9538134-4-5 , cited in Bárcenas, Yesson & Hawkins 2011
  4. 1 2 3 Bárcenas, Rolando T.; Yesson, Chris & Hawkins, Julie A. (2011), "Molecular systematics of the Cactaceae", Cladistics, 27 (5): 470–489, doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00350.x , PMID   34875796, S2CID   83525136
  5. 1 2 Edwards, Erika J.; Nyffeler, Reto & Donoghue, Michael J. (2005), "Basal cactus phylogeny: implications of Pereskia (Cactaceae) paraphyly for the transition to the cactus life form", American Journal of Botany, 92 (7): 1177–1188, doi:10.3732/ajb.92.7.1177, PMID   21646140
  6. 1 2 3 4 Wallace, R.S. & Dickie, S.L. (2002), "Systematic implication of chloroplast DNA sequence variation in subfam. Opuntioideae (Cactaceae)", Succulent Plant Research, 6: 9–24, cited in Griffith & Porter 2009
  7. Griffith, M. Patrick & Porter, J. Mark (2009), "Phylogeny of Opuntioideae (Cactaceae)", International Journal of Plant Sciences, 170 (1): 107–116, doi:10.1086/593048, S2CID   85142301 . Tree based on fig. 1 with tribes from fig. 2.
  8. Griffith & Porter 2009, p. 114
  9. Hernández-Hernández, Tania; Hernández, Héctor M.; De-Nova, J. Arturo; Puente, Raul; Eguiarte, Luis E. & Magallón, Susana (2011), "Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of growth form in Cactaceae (Caryophyllales, Eudicotyledoneae)", American Journal of Botany, 98 (1): 44–61, doi: 10.3732/ajb.1000129 , PMID   21613084
  10. Hunt, David (2016), CITES Cactaceae Checklist (PDF) (3rd ed.), Royal Botanic Gardens, ISBN   978-0-9933113-2-1 , retrieved 2017-03-30
  11. 1 2 3 Anderson 2001, pp. 100–103
  12. 1 2 3 "Family: Cactaceae Juss., nom. cons. subfam. Opuntioideae", Germplasm Resources Information Network, United States Department of Agriculture, 2004-02-13, archived from the original on 2012-08-25, retrieved 2012-03-26
  13. Bárcenas, Rolando, Héctor M. Hernández, Patricia Hernández-Ledesma, and Luis Manuel Montoya Gómez (2021). Chichimecactus (Cactoideae, Cactaceae), a new genus based on molecular characterisation of highly endangered Strombocactus species. Phytotaxa Vol. 512 No. 3: 27 July 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.512.3.2
  14. Kiesling, R. & Ferrari, O. (2003), "Yavia cryptocarpa – conservation action on a new and interesting cactus", British Cactus and Succulent Journal, 21 (1): 20–25

Bibliography

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