Echinocereus

Echinocereus
	Echinocereus triglochidiatus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Order:	Caryophyllales
Family:	Cactaceae
Subfamily:	Cactoideae
Tribe:	Echinocereeae
Genus:	Echinocereus ; Engelm.
Type species
	Echinocereus viridiflorus ;
Species
	See text
Synonyms
	Wilcoxia Britton & Rose

Last updated December 08, 2024

Echinocereus is a genus of ribbed, usually small to medium-sized, cylindrical shaped cacti, comprising about 70 species native to the southern United States and Mexico in very sunny, rocky places. Usually the flowers are large and the fruit edible.

Description

The species of the genus Echinocereus grow solitary or branching with prostrate to erect shoots that are spherical to cylindrical. The roots are fibrous or bulbous. The plants reach heights of growth between 1 and 60 centimeters. On the tips of the 4 to 26 ribs, which are mostly clear and only rarely resolved into humps, are the areoles, from which differently shaped spines can arise.

A distinctive characteristic and likely synapomorphy of the genus is the erumpent flowers.^[4] The floral buds develop internally and break through the epidermis of the stem. This flower morphology is likely an adaptation to protect the developing buds from low temperatures. Upon maturity, the flowers are usually brightly colored and open during the day. Echinocereus floral color is variable because perianth color reflects pollinator specificity. Red flowers are generally associated with hummingbird pollination, while pink flowers tend to correspond to moth pollination. Their pericarp and floral tubes are studded with thorns, bristles, and sometimes wool. The scar is usually green, but sometimes white in color.

The spherical to ovoid fruits are green to red and mostly thorny. They are mostly juicy and open along a longitudinal slit. The sometimes fragrant fruits contain broadly oval, black, tuberous seeds 0.8 to 2 millimeters long.^[5]

Taxonomy

Echinocereus is a genus in the tribe Echinocereeae within the subfamily Cactoideae of the Cactaceae family.^[6] The Cactoideae can be further divided into two sister clades, Cactoideae I and II.^[7] Echinocereus is situated within the Cactoideae I clade within the Pachycereeae tribe, a tribe that represents a diversification that yielded columnar and arborescent forms. Echinocereus emerged 4.6 ± 1.7 million years ago.^[8]Echinocereus is a strongly supported monophyletic genus that is sister to Stenocereus, although there has historically been substantial debate about infrageneric classification because of the genus's high rates of morphological variation and convergent evolution.

Cultivation

Echinocereus spp. are easier to cultivate than many other cacti.^{[ citation needed ]} They need light soil, a sunny exposure, and a fresh and dry winter to flower. They grow better in soil slightly richer than other cacti. In the wild, several of the species are cold hardy, tolerating temperatures as low as −23 °C, but only in dry conditions.

Species

The following species are recognized in the genus Echinocereus by Plants of the World Online:^[9] separated by sections established in Phylogeny in Echinocereus (Cactaceae) based on combined morphological and molecular evidence: taxonomic implications 2017.^[10]

Section	Scientific name	Subspecies	Distribution
Costati (Engelm.) N.P.Taylor (1994)	Echinocereus berlandieri (Engelm.) Haage		Mexico, Texas
	Echinocereus cinerascens (DC.) Lem.	Echinocereus cinerascens subsp. cinerascens Echinocereus cinerascens subsp. septentrionalis(N.P.Taylor) N.P.Taylor Echinocereus cinerascens subsp. tulensis(Bravo) N.P.Taylor	Texas to Mexico
	Echinocereus enneacanthus Engelm.		Mexico (Jalisco)
	Echinocereus freudenbergeri G.Frank		Mexico (S. Coahuila)
	Echinocereus longisetus (Engelm.) Lem.	Echinocereus longisetus subsp. delaetii(Gürke) N.P.Taylor Echinocereus longisetus subsp. longisetus	Mexico (Coahuila).
	Echinocereus nivosus Glass & R.A.Foster		Mexico (SE. Coahuila, Nuevo León)
	Echinocereus papillosus Linke ex Rümpler		Texas to NE. Mexico
	Echinocereus parkeri N.P.Taylor	Echinocereus parkeri subsp. arteagensisW.Blum & Mich.Lange Echinocereus parkeri subsp. gonzalezii(N.P.Taylor) N.P.Taylor Echinocereus parkeri subsp. mazapilensisW.Blum & Mich.Lange Echinocereus parkeri subsp. parkeri	Mexico.
	Echinocereus rayonesensis N.P.Taylor		Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas).
	Echinocereus stramineus (Engelm.) F.Seitz		New Mexico to W. Texas and NE. Mexico
	Echinocereus viereckii Werderm.	Echinocereus viereckii subsp. morricalii(Říha) N.P.Taylor Echinocereus viereckii subsp. viereckii	Mexico (SW. Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, Coahuila).
Echinocereus	Echinocereus canus D.Felix & H.Bauer		Texas
	Echinocereus mapimiensis E.F.Anderson, W.C.Hodgs. & P.Quirk		Mexico (Coahuila, Durango)
	Echinocereus pentalophus (DC.) J.N.Haage	Echinocereus pentalophus subsp. leonensis(Mathsson) N.P.Taylor Echinocereus pentalophus subsp. pentalophus Echinocereus pentalophus subsp. procumbens(Engelm.) W.Blum & Mich.Lange	Texas, Mexico (to Jalisco)
	Echinocereus occidentalis (N.P.Taylor) W.Rischer, S.Breckw. & Breckw.	Echinocereus occidentalis subsp. breckwoldtiorumDe-Nova, Cast.-Lara & W.Blum Echinocereus occidentalis subsp. occidentalis	Mexico
	Echinocereus russanthus D.Weniger		Texas to Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila)
	Echinocereus viridiflorus Engelm.	Echinocereus viridiflorus subsp. chloranthus(Engelm.) N.P.Taylor Echinocereus viridiflorus subsp. correllii(L.D.Benson) W.Blum & Mich.Lange Echinocereus viridiflorus subsp. cylindricus(Engelm.) N.P.Taylor Echinocereus viridiflorus subsp. davisii(Houghton) N.P.Taylor Echinocereus viridiflorus var. neocapillus(Weniger) A.D.Zimmerman Echinocereus viridiflorus subsp. viridiflorus	SW. South Dakota to N. Texas and Mexico (Coahuila)
Erecti (K.Schum.) Bravo (1982)	Echinocereus apachensis W.Blum & Rutow		Arizona.
	Echinocereus barthelowianus Britton & Rose		Mexico (Island Magdalena)
	Echinocereus bonkerae Thornber & Bonker		Arizona
	Echinocereus brandegeei (J.M.Coult.) K.Schum.		Mexico (Baja California)
	Echinocereus dasyacanthus Engelm.	Echinocereus dasyacanthus subsp. ctenoides(Engelm.) Lodé Echinocereus dasyacanthus subsp. dasyacanthus Echinocereus dasyacanthus subsp. multispinosusD.Felix & H.Bauer Echinocereus dasyacanthus subsp. rectispinus(Trocha & Fethke) W.Blum, W.Rischer & Rutow	Mexico (Coahuila)
	Echinocereus engelmannii (Parry ex Engelm.) Lem.	Echinocereus engelmannii subsp. engelmannii Echinocereus engelmannii subsp. llanuraensis(Rutow) Felger	United States (Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Utah), Mexico
	Echinocereus fasciculatus (Engelm. ex B.D.Jacks.) L.D.Benson		Colorado to NE. Mexico.
	Echinocereus felixianus H.Bauer		New Mexico, Texas, Mexico (N. Sonora to N. Chihuahua)
	Echinocereus fendleri (Engelm.) Sencke ex J.N.Haage	Echinocereus fendleri subsp. fendleri Echinocereus fendleri subsp. rectispinus(Peebles) N.P.Taylor	Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah; Mexico (Baja California, NW. Sonora).
	Echinocereus ferreirianus H.E.Gates	Echinocereus ferreirianus subsp. ferreirianus Echinocereus ferreirianus subsp. lindsayorum(J.Meyrán) N.P.Taylor	Mexico (C. Baja California)
	Echinocereus ledingii Peebles		Arizona.
	Echinocereus maritimus (M.E.Jones) K.Schum.		Mexico (Baja California).
	Echinocereus nicholii (L.D.Benson) B.D.Parfitt		Arizona to Mexico (Sonora)
	Echinocereus pectinatus (Scheidw.) Engelm.	Echinocereus pectinatus subsp. pectinatus Echinocereus pectinatus subsp. rutowiorumW.Blum Echinocereus pectinatus subsp. wenigeri(L.D.Benson) W.Blum & Rutow	Mexico.
	Echinocereus relictus Wellard		Utah
Pulchellus N.P.Taylor (1985)	Echinocereus acanthosetus (S.Arias & U.Guzmán) Gómez-Quintero & Dan.Sánchez		Mexico
	Echinocereus adustus Engelm.	Echinocereus adustus subsp. adustus Echinocereus adustus subsp. roemerianusW.Rischer Echinocereus adustus subsp. schwarzii(A.B.Lau) N.P.Taylor	Mexico (Chihuahua)
	Echinocereus knippelianus Liebner		Mexico (SE. Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí).
	Echinocereus laui G.Frank		Mexico (E. Sonora, Chihuahua)
	Echinocereus pamanesii A.B.Lau	Echinocereus pamanesii subsp. bonatzii(R.C.Römer) R.C.Römer Echinocereus pamanesii subsp. pamanesii	Mexico (Zacatecas)
	Echinocereus pulchellus (Mart.) K.Schum.		Mexico (Hidalgo, Puebla)
	Echinocereus schereri G.Frank		Mexico (Durango).
	Echinocereus sharpii (N.P.Taylor) Dan.Sánchez & Gómez-Quintero		Mexico (Nuevo León)
	Echinocereus weinbergii Weing.	Echinocereus weinbergii subsp. venustus(W.Blum & W.Rischer) Gómez-Quintero & Dan.Sánchez Echinocereus weinbergii subsp. weinbergii	Mexico (Jalisco)
Reichenbachii N.P.Taylor (1985)	Echinocereus bristolii W.T.Marshall		Mexico (Sonora)
	Echinocereus chisosensis W.T.Marshall	Echinocereus chisosensis subsp. chisosensis Echinocereus chisosensis subsp. fobeanus(Oehme) N.P.Taylor	Texas to Mexico
	Echinocereus grandis Britton & Rose		Mexico (Islands de las Animas)
	Echinocereus palmeri Britton & Rose	Echinocereus palmeri subsp. mazapilH.M.Hern. & Gómez-Hin. Echinocereus palmeri subsp. palmeri	Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango)
	Echinocereus primolanatus Fritz Schwarz ex N.P.Taylor		Mexico (to Jalisco).
	Echinocereus pseudopectinatus (N.P.Taylor) N.P.Taylor		Arizona to Mexico (NE. Sonora)
	Echinocereus reichenbachii (Terscheck ex Walp.) J.N.Haage	Echinocereus reichenbachii subsp. armatus(Poselger) N.P.Taylor Echinocereus reichenbachii subsp. baileyi(Rose) N.P.Taylor Echinocereus reichenbachii subsp. burrensisG.Frank, Metorn & E.Scherer Echinocereus reichenbachii subsp. fitchii(Britton & Rose) N.P.Taylor Echinocereus reichenbachii subsp. perbellus(Britton & Rose) N.P.Taylor Echinocereus reichenbachii subsp. reichenbachii	Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas; Mexico
	Echinocereus rigidissimus (Engelm.) Rose	Echinocereus rigidissimus subsp. rigidissimus Echinocereus rigidissimus subsp. rubispinus(G.Frank & A.B.Lau) N.P.Taylor	New Mexico, Arizona and N. Mexico
	Echinocereus sciurus (K.Brandegee) Dams	Echinocereus sciurus subsp. floresii(Schwarz ex Backeb.) N.P.Taylor Echinocereus sciurus subsp. sciurus	Mexico (S. Baja California Sur)
	Echinocereus scopulorum Britton & Rose		Mexico (to Nayarit)
	Echinocereus spinigemmatus A.B.Lau		Mexico (NW. Jalisco, W. Zacatecas)
	Echinocereus stolonifer W.T.Marshall	Echinocereus stolonifer subsp. stolonifer Echinocereus stolonifer subsp. tayopensis(W.T.Marshall) N.P.Taylor	Mexico (SE. Sonora, Sinaloa)
	Echinocereus subinermis Salm-Dyck ex Scheer	Echinocereus subinermis subsp. ochoterenae(J.G.Ortega) N.P.Taylor Echinocereus subinermis subsp. subinermis	Mexico (Sonora, Sinaloa, SW. Chihuahua, Durango)
	Echinocereus websterianus G.E.Linds.		Mexico (Sonora: Island San Pedro Nolasco)
Triglochidiata Bravo 1973	Echinocereus acifer (Otto ex Salm-Dyck) Jacobi		Mexico
	Echinocereus arizonicus Rose ex Orcutt	Echinocereus arizonicus subsp. arizonicus Echinocereus arizonicus subsp. matudae(Bravo) Rutow Echinocereus arizonicus subsp. nigrihorridispinusW.Blum & Rutow	Arizona, New Mexico, Mexico
	Echinocereus bakeri W.Blum, Oldach & J.Oldach		Arizona, Nevada, Utah
	Echinocereus coccineus Engelm.	Echinocereus coccineus subsp. coccineus Echinocereus coccineus subsp. paucispinus(Engelm.) W.Blum, Mich.Lange & Rutow Echinocereus coccineus subsp. rosei(Wooton & Standl.) W.Blum & Rutow	New Mexico and Mexico (Sonora, Sinaloa, Chihuahua)
	Echinocereus gurneyi (L.D.Benson) W.Blum, Oldach & J.Oldach		Texas.
	Echinocereus ortegae Rose	Echinocereus ortegae subsp. koehresianus(G.Frank) W.Rischer & G.Frank Echinocereus ortegae subsp. ortegae	Mexico
	Echinocereus pacificus (Engelm.) Britton & Rose	Echinocereus pacificus subsp. mombergerianus(G.Frank) W.Blum, W.Rischer & Rutow Echinocereus pacificus subsp. pacificus	Mexico (Baja California)
	Echinocereus polyacanthus Engelm.		Mexico (Chihuahua to Jalisco).
	Echinocereus salm-dyckianus Scheer		Mexico (E. Sonora to W. Chihuahua)
	Echinocereus santaritensis W.Blum & Rutow	Echinocereus santaritensis subsp. bacanorensis(W.Rischer & Trocha) W.Rischer & D.Felix Echinocereus santaritensis subsp. santaritensis	Arizona to New Mexico and Mexico (Sonora, Chihuahua)
	Echinocereus scheeri (Salm-Dyck) Scheer	Echinocereus scheeri subsp. gentryi(Clover) N.P.Taylor Echinocereus scheeri subsp. scheeri	Mexico (E. Sonora to W. Durango)
	Echinocereus triglochidiatus Engelm.	Echinocereus triglochidiatus subsp. mojavensis(Engelm. & J.M.Bigelow) W.Blum & Mich.Lange Echinocereus triglochidiatus subsp. triglochidiatus	Colorado to New Mexico and NW. Mexico.
	Echinocereus yavapaiensis M.A.Baker		Arizona
Wilcoxia (Britton & Rose) N.P.Taylor (1985)	Echinocereus kroenleinii (Mich.Lange) W.Blum & Waldeis		Mexico (Coahuila)
	Echinocereus leucanthus N.P.Taylor		Mexico (NW. Sonora, NW. Sinaloa)
	Echinocereus poselgeri Lem.		Texas to NE. Mexico.
	Echinocereus schmollii (Weing.) N.P.Taylor		Mexico (SE. Querétaro to Hidalgo)
	Echinocereus waldeisii Haugg		Mexico (San Luis Potosí)

Natural hybrids

Scientific name	Subspecies	Distribution
Echinocereus × kunzei Gürke ( E. coccineus × E. dasyacanthus.)		New Mexico
Echinocereus × neomexicanus Standl. (E. chloranthus × E. coccineus subsp. rosei. )		Mexico (Chihuahua)
Echinocereus × roetteri (Engelm.) Engelm. (E. coccineus × E. dasyacanthus)	Echinocereus ×roetteri var. lloydii(Britton & Rose) Backeb. Echinocereus ×roetteri var. neomexicanus(J.M.Coult.) A.D.Zimmerman	New Mexico to SW. Texas and Mexico (Chihuahua)

Formerly placed here

Echinopsis candicans (Gillies ex Salm-Dyck) F.A.C.Weber ex D.R.Hunt (as E. candicans(Gillies ex Salm-Dyck) Rümpler)^[11]

Related Research Articles

A cactus is a member of the plant family Cactaceae, a family of the order Caryophyllales comprising about 127 genera with some 1,750 known species. The word cactus derives, through Latin, from the Ancient Greek word κάκτος (káktos), a name originally used by Theophrastus for a spiny plant whose identity is now not certain. Cacti occur in a wide range of shapes and sizes. They are native to the Americas, ranging from Patagonia in the south to parts of western Canada in the north, with the exception of Rhipsalis baccifera, which is also found in Africa and Sri Lanka. Cacti are adapted to live in very dry environments, including the Atacama Desert, one of the driest places on Earth. Because of this, cacti show many adaptations to conserve water. For example, almost all cacti are succulents, meaning they have thickened, fleshy parts adapted to store water. Unlike many other succulents, the stem is the only part of most cacti where this vital process takes place. Most species of cacti have lost true leaves, retaining only spines, which are highly modified leaves. As well as defending against herbivores, spines help prevent water loss by reducing air flow close to the cactus and providing some shade. In the absence of true leaves, cacti's enlarged stems carry out photosynthesis.

Echinopsis is a genus of cacti native to South America, sometimes known as hedgehog cactus, sea-urchin cactus or Easter lily cactus. As of October 2023, there are about 20 accepted species, ranging from large and treelike types to small globose cacti. The name derives from echinos hedgehog or sea urchin, and opsis appearance, a reference to these plants' dense coverings of spines.

Mammillaria is one of the largest genera in the cactus family (Cactaceae), with currently 200 known species and varieties recognized. Most of the mammillarias are native to Mexico, while some come from the Southwestern United States, the Caribbean, Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras and Venezuela. The common name "pincushion cactus" refers to this genus and the closely-related Escobaria.

Echinocactus is a genus of cacti in the subfamily Cactoideae. The generic name derives from the Ancient Greek ἐχῖνος (echînos), meaning "spiny," and cactus. It and Ferocactus are the two genera of barrel cactus. Members of the genus usually have heavy spination and relatively small flowers. The fruits are copiously woolly, and this is one major distinction between Echinocactus and Ferocactus. Propagation is by seed.

In 1984, the International Organization for Succulent Plant Study set up a working party, now called the International Cactaceae Systematics Group, to produce a consensus classification of the cactus family, down to the level of genus. Their classification has been used as the basis for systems published since the mid-1990s. Treatments in the 21st century have generally divided the family into around 125–130 genera and 1,400–1,500 species, which are then arranged in a number of tribes and subfamilies. However, subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that a very high proportion of the higher taxa are not monophyletic, i.e. they do not contain all of the descendants of a common ancestor. As of August 2023, the internal classification of the family Cactaceae remained uncertain and subject to change. A classification incorporating many of the insights from the molecular studies was produced by Nyffeler and Eggli in 2010.

Armatocereus is a genus of mostly tree-like cacti from South America. These species have a conspicuous constriction at the end of the annual growth. The flowers are mostly white, with a more or less spiny ovary. The fruits are mostly spiny.

Ariocarpus is a small genus of succulent, subtropical plants of the family Cactaceae.

Pediocactus is a genus of cacti native to the Western United States. The genus comprises between 6 and 11 species, depending upon the authority. Species of this genus are referred to as hedgehog cacti, though that name is also applied to plants from the genera Echinocereus and Echinopsis. Species may also be referred to as pincushion cacti, a common name which is also applied to other genera.

Pelecyphora, pincushion cactus or foxtail cactus is a genus of cacti, comprising 20 species. They originate from Mexico and the United States.

The term ceroid cactus is used to describe any of the species of cacti with very elongated bodies, including columnar growth cacti and epiphytic cacti. The name is from the Latin cēreus, meaning "wax taper ", referring to the stiff, upright form of the columnar species. Some species of ceroid cacti were known as torch cactus or torch-thistle, supposedly due to their use as torches by Native Americans in the past.

Selenicereus, sometimes known as moonlight cactus, is a genus of epiphytic, lithophytic, and terrestrial cacti, found in Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean and northern South America. The term night-blooming cereus is also sometimes used, but this is also used for many night-blooming cacti, including Epiphyllum and Peniocereus. In 2017, the genus Hylocereus was brought into synonymy with Selenicereus. A number of species of Selenicereus produce fruit that is eaten. The fruit, known as pitaya or pitahaya in Spanish or as dragon fruit, may be collected from the wild or the plants may be cultivated.

Blossfeldia is a genus of cactus containing only one species, Blossfeldia liliputana, native to South America in northwestern Argentina and southern Bolivia. It grows at 1,200–3,500 m altitude in the Andes, typically growing in rock crevices, and often close to waterfalls.

Parodia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cactaceae, native to the eastern slopes of the Andes in northwestern Argentina and southwestern Bolivia and in the lowland pampas regions of northeastern Argentina, southern Brazil, eastern Paraguay, and Uruguay. This genus has about 65 species, many of which have been transferred from Eriocactus, Notocactus and Wigginsia. They range from small globose plants to 1 m (3 ft) tall columnar cacti. All are deeply ribbed and spiny, with single flowers at or near the crown. Some species produce offsets at the base. They are popular in cultivation, but must be grown indoors where temperatures fall below 10 °C (50 °F).

Leptocereus is a genus of cacti that are native to the Greater Antilles. It has been placed in the tribe Leptocereeae or in a broadly defined Echinocereeae.

Rhipsalis is a genus of epiphytic flowering plants in the cactus family, typically known as mistletoe cacti. They are found in parts of Central America, the Caribbean and northern regions of South America. They also inhabit isolated locations in Africa and Asia, and are the only cactus group naturally occurring in the Old World. This is the largest and most widely distributed genus of epiphytic cacti.

Soehrensia spachiana, commonly known as the golden torch, (white) torch cactus or golden column, is a species of cactus native to South America. Previously known as Trichocereus spachianus for many years, it is commonly cultivated as a pot or rockery plant worldwide. It has a columnar habit, with a lime-green cylindrical body with 1–2 cm long golden spines.

Soehrensia candicans is a species of cactus from northern and western Argentina. It has large fragrant white flowers that open at night.

Echinocereus dasyacanthus is a member of the cactus family, Cactaceae. It is one of about 2000 total species belonging to this family. The cactus is commonly known as Texas rainbow cactus because of the subtle rings or bands of contrasting colors along the stem of the plant. Not all Texas rainbow cacti have the "rainbow" coloration on their stems. Another common name is spiny hedgehog cactus.

Echinopsis strigosa, is a species of Soehrensia in the cactus family. It is native to north western Argentina. It was first published in Cactaceae Syst. Init. 28: 31 in 2012.

The Echinocereeae are a tribe of cacti in the subfamily Cactoideae. Since 2006, the tribe has included the former tribe Pachycereeae in many treatments of cactus classification. The exact circumscription of the tribe has been subject to considerable change, particularly since molecular phylogenetic approaches have been used in determining classifications, and remains uncertain. The tribe includes large treelike species, such as the saguaro, as well as shorter shrubby species. Most members of the tribe are found in desert regions, particularly in Mexico and the southwestern United States.

References

1 2 "Genus: Echinocereus Engelm". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2004-02-13. Archived from the original on 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2011-04-10.
↑ "Echinocereus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 2011-04-10.
↑ "Echinopsis (Hedgehog Cacti)". Cactus and Succulent Society of Australia. Archived from the original on 2008-07-20. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
↑ Sánchez, D., Grego-Valencia, D., Terrazas, T., & Arias, S. (2015). How and why does the areole meristem move in Echinocereus (Cactaceae)?. Annals of Botany, 115(1), 19-26.
↑ Taylor, Nigel P. (1985). The Genus Echinocereus. Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-052-5.
↑ United States Department of Agriculture. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?4097 (11 October 2012).
↑ Hernández‐Hernández, T., Hernández, H. M., De‐Nova, J. A., Puente, R., Eguiarte, L. E., & Magallón, S. (2011). Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of growth form in Cactaceae (Caryophyllales, Eudicotyledoneae). American journal of botany, 98(1), 44-61.
↑ Arakaki, M., Christin, P. A., Nyffeler, R., Lendel, A., Eggli, U., Ogburn, R. M., ... & Edwards, E. J. (2011). Contemporaneous and recent radiations of the world's major succulent plant lineages. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(20), 8379-8384.
↑ "Echinocereus Engelm. - Plants of the World Online". Plants of the World Online. 2021-07-08. Retrieved 2022-11-27.
↑ "Phylogeny in Echinocereus (Cactaceae) based on combined morphological and molecular evidence: taxonomic implications" (PDF). Retrieved 2024-07-20.
↑ "GRIN Species Records of Echinocereus". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-10.

External links

Data related to Echinocereus at Wikispecies
Media related to Echinocereus at Wikimedia Commons
Echinocereus on CactiGuide.com
Echinocereus Online (in German)
USDA PLANTS Profile
"Black Lace Cactus (Echinocereus reichenbachii var. albertii)". Endangered and Threatened Species. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department.

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[GRIN-1] 1 2 "Genus: Echinocereus Engelm". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2004-02-13. Archived from the original on 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2011-04-10.

[ITIS-2] "Echinocereus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 2011-04-10.

[3] "Echinopsis (Hedgehog Cacti)". Cactus and Succulent Society of Australia. Archived from the original on 2008-07-20. Retrieved 2008-07-29.

[4] Sánchez, D., Grego-Valencia, D., Terrazas, T., & Arias, S. (2015). How and why does the areole meristem move in Echinocereus (Cactaceae)?. Annals of Botany, 115(1), 19-26.

[t760-5] Taylor, Nigel P. (1985). The Genus Echinocereus. Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-052-5.

[6] United States Department of Agriculture. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?4097 (11 October 2012).

[7] Hernández‐Hernández, T., Hernández, H. M., De‐Nova, J. A., Puente, R., Eguiarte, L. E., & Magallón, S. (2011). Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of growth form in Cactaceae (Caryophyllales, Eudicotyledoneae). American journal of botany, 98(1), 44-61.

[8] Arakaki, M., Christin, P. A., Nyffeler, R., Lendel, A., Eggli, U., Ogburn, R. M., ... & Edwards, E. J. (2011). Contemporaneous and recent radiations of the world's major succulent plant lineages. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(20), 8379-8384.

[Plants_of_the_World_Online_2021-9] "Echinocereus Engelm. - Plants of the World Online". Plants of the World Online. 2021-07-08. Retrieved 2022-11-27.

[k940-10] "Phylogeny in Echinocereus (Cactaceae) based on combined morphological and molecular evidence: taxonomic implications" (PDF). Retrieved 2024-07-20.

[GRINSpecies-11] "GRIN Species Records of Echinocereus". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-04-10.

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