Rhipsalis

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Rhipsalis
Rhipsalis cereuscula1PAKAL.jpg
Flowering Rhipsalis cereuscula
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Cactaceae
Subfamily: Cactoideae
Tribe: Rhipsalideae
Genus: Rhipsalis
Gaertn.
Species

Numerous, see text

Synonyms

Rhipsalis is a genus of epiphytic flowering plants in the cactus family, typically known as mistletoe cacti. They are found in parts of Central America, the Caribbean and northern regions of South America. They also inhabit isolated locations in Africa and Asia, and are the only cactus group naturally occurring in the Old World. This is the largest and most widely distributed genus of epiphytic cacti [1] (those which live on other plants without damaging them).

Contents

The scientific name Rhipsalis derives from the Ancient Greek term for wickerwork, [2] [3] referring to the plants' morphology.

Description

The morphology of Rhipsalis is very variable. The plants can grow mostly pendent, few grow more or less upright or sprawling. There are three main stem shapes: terete, angular and flattened. The stems are succulent, but the degree of succulence varies between the species. Some have very thick stems (e.g. Rhipsalis neves-armondii ), whereas other have very thin, filiform stems (e.g. Rhipsalis baccifera , Rhipsalis clavata ). In the majority of species, spines are missing or occur only in the juvenile stage (this is most prominent in Rhipsalis dissimilis ). Rhipsalis pilocarpa has stems and fruits densely covered by bristles, making this species easily distinguishable from all other Rhipsalis. The flowers are borne lateral or apical and are actinomorphic with a varying number of perianth segments, stamens and carpels. They are small, usually about 1 cm in diameter, white or whitish in most species. Yellowish flowers occur in R. dissimilis and R. elliptica and R. hoelleri is the only Rhipsalis species with red flowers. The fruits are always berries, they are whitish or coloured pink, red or yellow. Vivipary has been observed in R. micrantha and R. baccifera. [4]

Taxonomy

The genus was described by Joseph Gaertner in 1788. [5] But when he described the plant, he had in fact not realised it was a cactus. Instead, he assumed he had found a new species of Cassytha , [Note 1] a parasitic laurel from a completely different plant family.

Species

In the taxonomic treatment in The New Cactus Lexicon, 35 species were accepted, divided into five subgenera (Phyllarthrorhipsalis, Rhipsalis, Epallagogonium, Calamorhipsalis, Erythrorhipsalis). [6] A molecular study in 2011 showed the paraphyly of three subgenera as previously circumscribed (Rhipsalis, Calamorhipsalis and Epallagogonium). [7] So a new subgeneric classification of Rhipsalis with only monophyletic subgenera Rhipsalis, Calamorhipsalis and Erythrorhipsalis was proposed. [1] Species accepted by Plants of the World Online as of January 2023 are listed below, [8] with subgeneric placements, where given, based on Calvente (2012). [1]

SubgenusImageScientific nameDistribution
Calamorhipsalis
R. dissimilis f. dissimilis RhipsalisDissimilis.jpg
R. dissimilis f. dissimilis
Rhipsalis dissimilis (G.Lindb.) K.Schum.Brazil (Paraná, São Paulo)
R. floccosa ssp. tucumanensis RhipsalisFloccosaTucumanensis.jpg
R. floccosa ssp. tucumanensis
Rhipsalis floccosa.jpg
Rhipsalis floccosa Salm-Dyck ex Pfeiff. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela
R. hoelleri RhipsalisHoelleri.jpg
R. hoelleri
Rhipsalis hoelleri Barthlott & N.P.Taylor Brazil (Espírito Santo)
R. neves-armondii f. neves-armondii (yellow stamen) RhipsalisNevesArmondii.jpg
R. neves-armondii f. neves-armondii (yellow stamen)
R. neves-armondii f. neves-armondii (orange stamen) RhipsalisNevesArmondii2.jpg
R. neves-armondii f. neves-armondii (orange stamen)
R. neves-armondii f. megalantha RhiopsalisNevesArmondiiMegalantha.jpg
R. neves-armondii f. megalantha
Rhipsalis neves-armondii - Botanischer Garten - Heidelberg, Germany - DSC01363.jpg
Rhipsalis neves-armondii K.Schum. Brazil (Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo)
R. pacheco-leonis ssp. pacheco-leonis RhipsalisPachecoLeonis.jpg
R. pacheco-leonis ssp. pacheco-leonis
R. pacheco-leonis ssp. catenulata RhipsalisPachecoLeonisCatenulata.jpg
R. pacheco-leonis ssp. catenulata
Rhipsalis pacheco-leonis Loefgr. Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
R. paradoxa ssp. septentrionalis RhipsalisParadoxaSeptentrionalis.jpg
R. paradoxa ssp. septentrionalis
R. paradoxa ssp. paradoxa RhipsalisParadoxa.jpg
R. paradoxa ssp. paradoxa
Rhipsalis paradoxa.jpg
Rhipsalis paradoxa (Salm-Dyck ex Pfeiff.) Salm-DyckBrazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo)
R. puniceodiscus RhipsalisPuniceodiscus.jpg
R. puniceodiscus
Rhipsalis puniceodiscus G.Lindb. Brazil (Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo)
Rhipsalis trigona RhipsalisTrigona.jpg
Rhipsalis trigona
Rhipsalis trigona Pfeiff. Brazil (Paraná, Santa Catarina, São Paulo)
Erythrorhipsalis
R. aurea RhipsalisAurea.jpg
R. aurea
Rhipsalis aurea M.F.Freitas & J.M.A.BragaBrazil (Rio de ]aneiro)
R. burchellii RhipsalisBurchellii.jpg
R. burchellii
R. burchellii Rhipsalis burchellii 01 ies.jpg
R. burchellii
Rhipsalis burchellii Britton & Rose Brazil
R. campos-portoana Rhipsalis campos-portoana(13).jpg
R. campos-portoana
Rhipsalis campos-portoana Loefgr. Brazil
R. clavata f. delicatula RhipsalisClavataDelicatula.jpg
R. clavata f. delicatula
R. clavata f. clavata RhipsalisClavata.jpg
R. clavata f. clavata
Rhipsalis clavata F.A.C.Weber Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo)
R. cereuscula RhipsalisCereuscula.jpg
R. cereuscula
Rhipsalis cereuscula Haw. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay
R. juengeri RhipsalisJuengeri.jpg
R. juengeri
Rhipsalis juengeri Barthlott & N.P.Taylor Brazil (São Paulo)
R. ormindoi RhipsalisOrmindoi.jpg
R. ormindoi
Rhipsalis ormindoi N.P.Taylor & Zappi Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
R. pilocarpa RhiopsalisPilocarpa.jpg
R. pilocarpa
R. pilocarpa Rhipsalis pilocarpa pm 1.JPG
R. pilocarpa
Rhipsalis pilocarpa Loefgr. Brazil (Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo)
Rhipsalis pulchra Loefgr. Brazil (Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo)
Rhipsalis Rhipsalis agudoensis N.P.Taylor Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul)
Rhipsalis baccifera subsp. baccifera.JPG Rhipsalis baccifera (J.S.Muell.) Stearn Madagascar, Seychelles, Mauritius, Reunion, Sri Lanka
R. barthlottii RhipsalisBarthlottii.jpg
R. barthlottii
Rhipsalis barthlottii Ralf Bauer & N.KorotkovaBrazil (Rio de Janeiro; Serra dos Orgãos) [9]
Rhipsalis cereoides (Backeb. & Voll) Backeb.Brazil
R. crispata RhipsalisCrispata.jpg
R. crispata
R. crispata Rhipsalis crispata 2019-04-16 0889.jpg
R. crispata
Rhipsalis crispata (Haw.) Pfeiff.Brazil (Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo)
Rhipsalis cuneata Britton & Rose Bolivia
Rhipsalis elliptica.jpg Rhipsalis elliptica G.Lindb. ex K.Schum. Brazil (Minas Gerais, Paraná, Santa Catarina, São Paulo)
R. ewladiana RhipsalisEwaldiana.jpg
R. ewladiana
Rhipsalis ewaldiana Barthlott & N.P.Taylor Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
R. flagelliformis RhipsalisFlagelliformis.jpg
R. flagelliformis
Rhipsalis flagelliformis N.P.Taylor & ZappiBrazil (Rio de Janeiro) [9]
Rhipsalis goebeliana.jpg Rhipsalis goebeliana Backeb. Bolivia
R. grandiflora RhipsalisGrandiflora.jpg
R. grandiflora
Rhipsalis grandiflora Haw. Brazil (Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo)
Rhipsalis hileiabaiana (N.P.Taylor & Barthlott) N.Korotkova & BarthlottBrazil (Bahia)
Rhipsalis hylaea F.RitterPeru
R. lindbergiana RhipsalisLindbergiana.jpg
R. lindbergiana
R. lindbergiana RhipsalisLindbergianaBloom.jpg
R. lindbergiana
Rhipsalis lindbergiana K.Schum. Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Sergipe)
Rhipsalis mesembryanthoides 1zz.jpg Rhipsalis mesembryanthemoides Haw. Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
R. micrantha f. rauhiorum Rhipsalis micrantha 01.JPG
R. micrantha f. rauhiorum
R. micrantha f. kirbergii RhipsalisMicranthaKirbergii.jpg
R. micrantha f. kirbergii
R. micrantha f. micrantha RhipsalisMicrantha.jpg
R. micrantha f. micrantha
Rhipsalis micrantha (Kunth) DC.Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela
Rhipsalis oblonga (11153268233).jpg Rhipsalis oblonga Loefgr. , syn. Rhipsalis crispimarginataBrazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo)
Rhipsalis olivifera N.P.Taylor & Zappi Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
Rhipsalis occidentalis Barthlott & Rauh Ecuador, Peru, Suriname
R. pachyptera RhipsalisPachyptera.jpg
R. pachyptera
Rhipsalis pachyptera kz1.JPG
Rhipsalis pachyptera Pfeiff. Brazil (Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo)
R. pentaptera Rhipsalis pentaptera flw.JPG
R. pentaptera
Rhipsalis pentaptera Pfeiff. ex A.Dietr.Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
R. rhombea RhipsalisRhombea.jpg
R. rhombea
R. rhombea RhipsalisRhombea2.jpg
R. rhombea
Rhipsalis rhombea (Salm-Dyck) Pfeiff.Southeast Brazil [10]
Rhipsalis russellii Br. & R. Bahia Brasil.jpg Rhipsalis russellii Britton & Rose Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais)
R. shaferi RhipsalisShaferi.jpg
R. shaferi
Rhipsalis shaferi Britton & Rose 2011Paraguay, southern Bolivia, northern Argentina
R. sulcata RhipsalisSulcata.jpg
R. sulcata
R. sulcata RhipsalisSulcata2.jpg
R. sulcata
Rhipsalis sulcata F.A.C.Weber Brazil (Espírito Santo)
R. teres Rhipsalis teres 01 ies.jpg
R. teres
R. teres forma teres RhipsalisTeres.jpg
R. teres forma teres
R. teres f. capilliformis RhipsalisTeresCapilliformis.jpg
R. teres f. capilliformis
R. teres f. heteroclada RhipsalisTeresHeteroclada.jpg
R. teres f. heteroclada
R. teres f. prismatica RhipsalisTeresPrismatica.jpg
R. teres f. prismatica
Rhipsalis teres (Vell.) Steud.Brazil
Rhipsalis triangularis Werderm. Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
Unplaced Rhipsalis trigonoides (Doweld) N.KorotkovaBrazil (São Paulo)

Distribution and habitat

Rhipsalis is found as pendulous epiphyte in tropical rainforests, some species may also grow epilithic or, rarely, terrestrial. [11] [12] [7] The genus is found widely in Central America, parts of the Caribbean and a great part of northern and central South America. [2] The center of diversity of Rhipsalis lies in the rainforests of the Mata Atlantica in southeastern Brazil. [12] It is found throughout the New World, and additionally in tropical Africa, Madagascar and Sri Lanka. [13] [7] It is the only cactus with a natural occurrence outside the New World. [14]

Rhipsalis pilocarpa fruit Rhipsalis pilocarpa10.jpg
Rhipsalis pilocarpa fruit

Notes

  1. The original spelling in publication is cassutha, but this is presumably a typographical error.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Calvente, A. (2012), "A New Subgeneric Classification of Rhipsalis (Cactoideae, Cactaceae)", Systematic Botany, 37 (4): 983–988, doi:10.1600/036364412X656455, S2CID   84206266
  2. 1 2 Anderson (2001) , p. 612
  3. "Rhipsalis". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2022-03-06.
  4. Cota-Sánchez, J. Hugo (2004), "Vivipary in the Cactaceae: Its taxonomic occurrence and biological significance", Flora, 199 (6): 481–490, Bibcode:2004FMDFE.199..481C, doi:10.1078/0367-2530-00175
  5. Gaertner, Joseph (1788), "Rhipsalis", Fruct. Sem. Pl., i: 137, doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.53838
  6. Hunt (2006) , pp. 253–257
  7. 1 2 3 Calvente, A.; Zappi, D.C.; Forest, F.; Lohmann, L.G. (2011), "Molecular Phylogeny, Evolution, and Biogeography of South American Epiphytic Cacti", International Journal of Plant Sciences, 172 (7): 902–914, doi:10.1086/660881, S2CID   85110148
  8. "Rhipsalis Gaertn". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
  9. 1 2 Taylor, Nigel; Olsthoorn, Gerardus; Zappi, Daniela; Khew, Gillian; Quandt, Dietmar (2014-11-20). "A remarkable new Rhipsalis (Cactaceae) from eastern Brazil". Bradleya. 32 (32). British Cactus and Succulent Society: 2–12. doi:10.25223/brad.n32.2014.a12. ISSN   0265-086X. S2CID   90932884.
  10. Bauer, Ralf; Korotkova, Nadja (2021-03-01). "Neotypification of Rhipsalis rhombea (Rhipsalideae, Cactaceae) and Its Taxonomic History". Haseltonia. 27 (1). Cactus and Succulent Society of America. doi:10.2985/026.027.0111. ISSN   1070-0048. S2CID   232081075.
  11. Anderson (2001) , pp. 22–24
  12. 1 2 Korotkova, Nadja (2011), Phylogeny and evolution of the epiphytic Rhipsalideae (Cactaceae) (PDF) (PhD thesis), Bonn{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. Barthlott, Wilhelm (1983), "Biogeography and Evolution in Neo- and Paleotropical Rhipsalinae (Cactaceae)", Sonderb. Naturwiss. Vereins Hamburg, 7: 241–248
  14. Anderson (2001) , p. 18

Literature