| Copiapoa | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Copiapoa humilis | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Cactaceae |
| Subfamily: | Cactoideae |
| Tribe: | Notocacteae |
| Genus: | Copiapoa Britton & Rose |
| Type species | |
| Copiapoa marginata | |
Copiapoa is a genus of flowering plants in the cactus family Cactaceae, from the dry coastal deserts, particularly the Atacama Desert, of northern Chile.
It comprises 32 morphologically defined species and 5 heterotypic subspecies. [1] The species in the genus Copiapoa forms dense cushions of hundreds of large individual plants or produce only solitary plants. The shoots are spherical or elongated-cylindrical. The spines, which are usually present, are variably shaped. On the apex, the species are usually densely woolly-haired. The ribs are clearly developed. These species vary in form from spherical to slightly columnar and in color from a brownish to blue-green body. They have warty ribs and spiny areoles, and they usually produce tubular yellow flowers which grow from woolly crowns on the apex in summer. They are bell- to funnel-shaped and open during the day. The short, circular pericarp is glabrous. The flower tube is short and broad. The small, smooth fruits contain large, shiny black seeds. [2]
Pilocopiapoa F.Ritter has been brought into synonymy with this genus. Some authorities also include here the genus Blossfeldia .
Species of the genus Copiapoa according to Plants of the World Online As of January 2023 [update] [3] separated according to sections. [4] [5]
| Subgenus | Image | Scientific name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pilocopiapoa(F.Ritter) Doweld—Ritter |  | Copiapoa solaris (F.Ritter) F.Ritter | Chile (Antofagasta to NW. Atacama) |
 | Copiapoa australis (Hoxey) Helmut Walter & Larridon | Chile (Atacama) | |
| Unplaced |  | Copiapoa laui Diers | Chile (Antofagasta to NW. Atacama) |
| MammillopoaHelmut Walter & Larridon |  | Copiapoa humilis (Phil.) Hutchison | Chile (Antofagasta). |
| Copiapoa sect. Cinerei | Copiapoa ahremephiana N.P.Taylor & G.J.Charles | Chile (W. & SW. Antofagasta). | |
 | Copiapoa gigantea Backeb. | Chile (Antofagasta to N. Atacama) | |
 | Copiapoa cinerea (Phil.) Britton & Rose | Chile (Antofagasta to Atacama) | |
| Copiapoa sect. Copiapoa | Copiapoa angustiflora Helmut Walter, G.J.Charles & Mächler | Chile (SW. Antofagasta) | |
| Copiapoa aphanes Mächler & Helmut Walter | Chile (SW. Antofagasta) | ||
 | Copiapoa atacamensis Middled. | Chile (Antofagasta to NW. Atacama) | |
 | Copiapoa calderana F.Ritter | Chile (Antofagasta to Atacama) | |
 | Copiapoa cinerascens (Salm-Dyck) Britton & Rose | Chile (SW. Antofagasta to NW. Atacama). | |
| Copiapoa decorticans N.P.Taylor & G.J.Charles | Chile (Antofagasta to Atacama) | ||
| Copiapoa desertorum F.Ritter | Chile (Antofagasta to NW. Atacama) | ||
 | Copiapoa esmeraldana F.Ritter | Chile (SW. Antofagasta to NW. Atacama) | |
 | Copiapoa grandiflora F.Ritter | Chile (SW. Antofagasta to NW. Atacama). | |
 | Copiapoa hypogaea F.Ritter | Chile (SW. Antofagasta to NW. Atacama). | |
| Copiapoa leonensis I.Schaub & Keim | Chile (Atacama). | ||
| Copiapoa longispina F.Ritter | Chile (Atacama) | ||
 | Copiapoa longistaminea F.Ritter | Chile. | |
 | Copiapoa marginata (Salm-Dyck) Britton & Rose | Chile (SW. Atacama to NW. Coquimbo) | |
 | Copiapoa megarhiza Britton & Rose | Chile (Atacama). | |
 | Copiapoa mollicula F.Ritter | Chile (Atacama to NW. Coquimbo). | |
 | Copiapoa montana F.Ritter | Chile (SW. Antofagasta) | |
 | Copiapoa rupestris F.Ritter | Chile (Antofagasta). | |
 | Copiapoa serpentisulcata F.Ritter | Chile (SW. Antofaga to NW. Atacama). | |
 | Copiapoa taltalensis (Werderm.) Looser | Chile (SW. Antofagasta). | |
| Echinopoa Doweld |  | Copiapoa coquimbana (Karw. ex Rümpler) Britton & Rose | Chile (SW. Antofagasta to Coquimbo) |
| Copiapoa corralensis I.Schaub & Keim | Chile (Atacama) | ||
 | Copiapoa echinoides (Lem. ex Salm-Dyck) Britton & Rose | Chile (Atacama to NW. Coquimbo). | |
| Copiapoa fiedleriana (K.Schum.) Backeb. | Chile (SW. Antofagasta to NW. Coquimbo) | ||
| Copiapoa fusca I.Schaub & Keim | Chile (Atacama). | ||
| Copiapoa malletiana (Cels ex Salm-Dyck) Backeb. | Chile (Atacama) | ||
| Copiapoa pendulina F.Ritter | Chile (Coquimbo) | ||
| Copiapoa schulziana I.Schaub & Keim | Chile (Atacama). | ||
A cactus is a member of the plant family Cactaceae, a family comprising about 127 genera with some 1,750 known species of the order Caryophyllales. The word cactus derives, through Latin, from the Ancient Greek word κάκτος (káktos), a name originally used by Theophrastus for a spiny plant whose identity is now not certain. Cacti occur in a wide range of shapes and sizes. They are native to the Americas, ranging from Patagonia in the south to parts of western Canada in the north, with the exception of Rhipsalis baccifera, which is also found in Africa and Sri Lanka. Cacti are adapted to live in very dry environments, including the Atacama Desert, one of the driest places on Earth. Because of this, cacti show many adaptations to conserve water. For example, almost all cacti are succulents, meaning they have thickened, fleshy parts adapted to store water. Unlike many other succulents, the stem is the only part of most cacti where this vital process takes place. Most species of cacti have lost true leaves, retaining only spines, which are highly modified leaves. As well as defending against herbivores, spines help prevent water loss by reducing air flow close to the cactus and providing some shade. In the absence of true leaves, cacti's enlarged stems carry out photosynthesis.
Echinopsis is a genus of cacti native to South America, sometimes known as hedgehog cactus, sea-urchin cactus or Easter lily cactus. As of October 2023, there are about 20 accepted species, ranging from large and treelike types to small globose cacti. The name derives from echinos hedgehog or sea urchin, and opsis appearance, a reference to these plants' dense coverings of spines.
Armatocereus is a genus of mostly tree-like cacti from South America. These species have a conspicuous constriction at the end of the annual growth. The flowers are mostly white, with a more or less spiny ovary. The fruits are mostly spiny.
Blossfeldia is a genus of cactus containing only one species, Blossfeldia liliputana, native to South America in northwestern Argentina and southern Bolivia. It grows at 1,200–3,500 m altitude in the Andes, typically growing in rock crevices, and often close to waterfalls.
Pan de Azúcar National Park is a national park of Chile. The park straddles the border between the Antofagasta Region and the Atacama Region. Its name, Parque Nacional Pan de Azúcar, means "sugar loaf national park".
The native flora of Chile is characterized by a higher degree of endemism and relatively fewer species compared to the flora of other countries of South America. A classification of this flora necessitates its division into at least three general zones: the desert provinces of the north, Central Chile, and the humid regions of the south.
Copiapoa marginata is a species of clump-forming cactus of South America.
Mammillaria spinosissima, also known as the spiny pincushion cactus, is a species of flowering plant in the cactus family Cactaceae, endemic to the central Mexican states of Guerrero and Morelos, where they grow at elevations of approximately 1,600 to 1,900 metres. The species was described in 1838 by James Forbes, gardener of the Duke of Bedford. Botanist David Hunt collected a specimen in 1971, when he located one near Sierra de Tepoztlan, Mexico.
Copiapoa cinerea is a species of plant in the genus Copiapoa in the family Cactaceae. The epithet cinerea comes from the Latin word for ash, by reference to the color of the epidermis.
Copiapoa atacamensis is a species of cactus from the Atacama Desert in the province of Antofagasta in northern Chile. Its relationship with other species of Copiapoa, such as C. calderana, is unclear as of April 2012.
Notocacteae is a tribe of cacti belonging to the subfamily Cactoideae. It is one of the oldest cactus lineages endemic to South America.
Schoenus quartziticus is a species of sedge endemic to the Agulhas Plain region of the Western Cape Province in southern South Africa.
Schoenus arenicola is a species of sedge endemic to the south-west coast of South Africa.
Schoenus pictus is a species of sedge endemic to the Western Cape Province of South Africa. It is a species usually found on mountain slopes.
Schoenus auritus is a species of sedge endemic to southern and eastern South Africa.
Copiapoa hypogaea, the underground copiapoa, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Copiapoa in the cactus family (Cactaceae), native to northern Chile. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Schoenus complanatus is a species of sedge endemic to the western mountains of the Western Cape Province of South Africa.
Schoenus quadrangularis is a species of sedge endemic to mountainous of southern South Africa.
Schoenus gracillimus is a species of sedge endemic to the Western Cape Province of South Africa.
Schoenus rigidus is a species of sedge endemic to locations near central regions of the southern coast of South Africa.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (link)
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