It is the heaviest of all living Odonata, and additionally are the second largest of all living Odonates by wingspan, second only to Megaloprepus caerulatus (Pseudostigmatidae). T. plagiata is additionally the largest living dragonfly, with a maximum wingspan of 163 millimeters, exceeding the wingspan of runner-up Petalura ingentissima at 162 millimeters.
Taxonomy
Tetracanthagyna plagiata was initially described by Charles Owen Waterhouse in 1877 under the name Gynacantha plagiata, classifying it under the now-separate dragonfly genus Gynacantha, the type locality was listed as Borneo.[3]:61Robert McLachlan commented that his peer Edmond de Sélys Longchamps proposed the separation of T. plagiata from the other members of the genus Gynacantha as a distinct subspecies that he labelled as Tetracanthagyna. His decision was due to, in his words, the "conformation of the 10th ventral segment in the female."[4]:439Ferdinand Karsch refused to recognize the proposed classification as a valid subgenus in his 1891 book Kritik des Systems der Aeschniden.[5]:79[4]:439 However, Robert McLachlan writing in the Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, upon review of the available material stated that "not only is Tetracanthagyna valid, but also that its relationship to Gynacantha is perhaps not so intimate as has been thought." His analysis raised the proposed subgenus of Tetracanthagyna onto the level of a distinct species.[4]:439 With the reclassification of Gynacantha plagiata as Tetracanthagyna plagiata, it was rendered as the newly-erected genus' type species.[6][3]:61Commonly known as the "giant hawker", it has also been named the "gigantic riverhawker".[7]
Description
The giant hawker is a large black-bodied dragonfly with large wings. The thorax is black in color,[8] with the side of the synthorax marked with two pale yellowish bands, differentiating it from the reddish brown bands of the related Tetracanthagyna brunnea.[9] The abdomen is reddish-brown in color and cylindrical in shape, with a length of 100 millimetres (3.9in),[10] and narrowing in size to the tip of the abdomen.[8]Tetracanthagyna plagiata has a variable distal transverse banding pattern on the forewings and hindwings, with males and some females sporting dark costal streaks.[9]:75 Only a few specimens of T. plagiata lack the dark bands.[11] According to Leonard Tan of the blog Singapore Odonata, males lack the transverse brown patches near the wing tips that females have. Apart from differences in wing patterns, males and females of the giant hawker are very similar in appearance.[12]
The giant hawker is sexually dimorphic. Males are smaller than females. Females have a hindwing length of 80-84 millimeters, while males have a hindwing length of 76 millimeters.[9] Females sport a dentigerous plate on their abdomen, a pitchfork-shaped organ used to scoop holes in the surface beneath it or to hold onto the surface during oviposition.[6] Males have a pair of oreillets, lobes which help guide female genitalia into the proper position during mating,[13] on the second abdominal segment.[11]
Largest dragonfly
The giant hawker is the heaviest of all living Odonates, the largest living dragonfly (infraorder Anisoptera),[14][15][16] and the second largest living Odonate overall, behind the damselfly Megaloprepus caerulatus.[11][17]Tetracanthagyna plagiata has been known to reach upwards of 163 millimeters in wingspan,[14][10] with a body length of 100 millimeters.[10] This puts T. plagiata as being the largest living Anisopteran, surpassing Petalura ingentissima at 162 millimeters. There is some uncertainty regarding T. plagiata's weight, with Paulson (2019) stating that there is no weight records available for T. plagiata.[18] However most researchers are generally in agreement that females of T. plagiata are the heaviest living Odonate.[19][11][17] Corbet (1999) stated that a male specimen of Tetracanthagyna plagiata had a hindwing span of 144 millimetres (5.7in).[13] The wingspan of T. plagiata specimens held at the Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum (formerly the Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research) were between 134 millimeters and 144 millimeters,[20] with another account putting T. plagiata at a wingspan of 160 millimeters,[15] putting T. plagiata additionally as the largest Anisopteran in Southeast Asia.[21]
Regarding the size of T. plagiata, studies by Dorrington (2012) have shown that the practice of aerial predation inhibits further size development of extant Anisopterans. Specimens of both the giant hawker and Petalura ingentissima were measured for their hindwing lengths for the aforementioned study. Specimens stored at the Natural History Museum, London had a hindwing length of 84-86 millimeters.[22]
Life history
Females of T. plagiata lay their eggs in rotting logs. One female was observed at the MacRitchie Reservoir (pictured), displaying the aforementioned behavior.
Females lay their eggs within rotting logs and other soft substrates covered by moss[19] by streams through inserting their ovipositor into the rotten log. Before doing so, the female would scrape at the surface for a minute to prepare the surface while arching its abdomen. One female was spotted by the MacRitchie Reservoir displaying the aforementioned behavior. Watanabe (2003) recorded a female T. plagiata depositing its eggs into decaying wood, 150 centimeters above the water's surface.[11]
The larvae of Tetracanthagyna plagiata were previously unknown to science, unlike the larvae of related species. Studies of the related Tetracanthagyna waterhousei in Hong Kong recorded larval predation of fish and its eclosion from the larval exuviae.[11] Follow up studies conducted in 2010 by Orr et al. using larvae identified using exuviae and collected from slow-moving forest streams from which adult specimens of T. plagiata were observed emerging, those identified by their large comparative size and distinctive sculpturing.[17]:154 Larvae were found within Singapore's Central Catchment Nature Reserve at two separate sites (the MacRitchie Reservoir and the Nee Soon Swamp Forest). In captivity, larvae were reared on live shrimp (Macrobrachium lanchesteri), small fish, or tubifex worms (Tubifex tubifex).[17]:154 It is believed that the larvae feed on the shrimp species Macrobrachium trompii and Caridina temasek, as well as catfish, cyprinids, halfbeaks, and tadpoles in the wild.[17]:161 The anatomy of the labial palps suggest a specialization towards predation of larger prey items.[17]:164 Unlike the larvae of other members of the genus Tetracanthagyna, the larvae of the giant hawker are ambush predators rather than actively hunting their prey, concealing themselves by resembling a stick as they wait for prey. The larvae also exhibit ballistic defecation, whereby the larvae would shoot their excrement, a tactic likely to avoid detection by potential prey items due to a cloud of contaminant fecal matter.[17]:164
Orr et al., in the first ever larval description for a T. plagiata nymph, described the larva as a large elongate aeshnid larva.[17]:155 The outline of the larva was primarily angular, and it had a "distinctive, pronounced" sculpturing on its head.[17]:155 The banded coloration on its legs was the only deviation from its dark appearance. The larva's legs were short and robust, which were adapted for performing grasping.[17]:155 The larval mask (a hinged lower mandible also known as a "hinged labium") had a robust prementum with distal expansion, and the short, thin labial palps had serrated inner margins along its terminal hook.[17]:155,157 Male exuviae were 57.5 millimetres (2.26in) long, and those of the female were 62 millimetres (2.4in) long.[17]:160 Compared to the larvae of related species Tetracanthagyna waterhousei and Tetracanthagyna degorsi, T. plagiata's larvae had a more angular head.[17]:159
Adult dragonflies forage during the dawn and dusk and are attracted to lights. Akin to other members of the family Aeshnidae, they display a crepuscular lifestyle, flying during the twilight period.[15]
Frank Fortescue Laidlaw (1901) described T. plagiata as being recorded on the islands of Sumatra and Borneo.[5]:79 René Martin (1909) described T. plagiata as being found in Borneo, Sumatra, and Malacca. M. A. Lieftinck (1954) stated that T. plagiata was also found in Singapore,[24][11] where it is the only member of the genus Tetracanthagyna on the island.[17]:154 It has also been recorded in the state of Johor on Peninsular Malaysia.[7]
Habitat
Male larvae were found in slow-moving streams within secondary forests. The streams were about 1 metre (3ft 3in) wide and 0.6 metres (2ft 0in) deep, with a substrate composed of a mix of sand and mud. Streams in which Tetracanthagyna plagiata larvae were observed contained organic matter, including tree branches and leaf litter. Female larvae are found in similar conditions, with vegetation such as sedges and ferns within the stream habitat in addition to trees providing shade.[17]:160 Adults are found in primary and secondary lowland forests.[9]:75
Threats and conservation
Tetracanthagyna plagiata was assessed in 2010 by the IUCN Red List as being of Least Concern. The IUCN report stated that T. plagiata was potentially threatened by logging in its habitat, environmental degradation by mining developments, and by wood and pulp plantations.[1]
In a survey of Odonates conducted at nature reserves within Singapore, D.H. Murphy listed the species as "rare" within the Nee Soon Swamp Forest of Singapore.[25] Y. Norma-Rashid corroborates upon this account, listing the species as "rare" on a checklist of Singaporean dragonflies.[20] Murphy additionally stated that his report was an "old record". He proceeded to describe the giant hawker as "totally confined" within Nee Soon Swamp Forest.[25] Leong et al. subsequently reported that the giant hawker has been seen multiple times outside of the Nee Soon Swamp Forest, being found within the broader context of the Central Catchment Nature Reserve within Singapore.[11] In a 2016 revision of Murphy's previous work and an update of the national conservation status for various Odonata, T. plagiata was listed as "Restricted & Uncommon", receiving the designation of "Vulnerable".[26][27]
Chlorogomphus papilio, the Odonate with the largest wing area with a maximum breadth of 35 millimeters
Related Research Articles
Odonata is an order of predatory flying insects that includes the dragonflies and damselflies. The two groups are distinguished with dragonflies usually being bulkier with large compound eyes together and wings spread up or out at rest, while damselflies are usually more slender with eyes placed apart and wings folded together along body at rest. Adult odonates can land and perch, but rarely walk.
The Aeshnidae, also called aeshnids, hawkers, or darners, is a family of dragonflies, found nearly worldwide. The family includes some of the largest dragonflies.
The petaltails of the family Petaluridae are among the most ancient of the extant true dragonflies, having fossil members from as early as the Jurassic, over 150 million years ago.
Aeshna, or the mosaic darners, is a genus of dragonflies from the family Aeshnidae. Species within this genus are generally known as "hawkers" or "darners".
The emperor dragonfly or blue emperor is a large species of hawker dragonfly of the family Aeshnidae. It is the bulkiest dragonfly in most of Europe, including the United Kingdom, although exceeded by the magnificent emperor and in length by females of the golden-ringed dragonfly.
The giant Hawaiian darner, also known as the giant Hawaiian dragonfly or pinao, is a species of dragonfly in the family Aeshnidae. It is one of two species of dragonfly that is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. It is found near streams and wetlands on all islands of the archipelago and it has a wide altitude range, but is particularly common at higher elevations.
Petalura gigantea, the giant dragonfly or south-eastern petaltail, is a species of dragonfly in the family Petaluridae from southeastern Australia. Males have body length of 6–7.5 cm (2.4–3.0 in) and a wingspan up to 11 cm (4.3 in), while females have body length of 8–9 cm (3.1–3.5 in) and a wingspan up to 12.5 cm (4.9 in). This makes it a very large species of dragonfly, although it is exceeded by a few other species, including the closely related northeast Australian giant petaltail.
Petalura ingentissima, the giant petaltail, has been described as the world's largest dragonfly, with a wingspan of 160 mm. It is found in Queensland, Australia.
Anaciaeschna is a genus of dragonflies in the family Aeshnidae. Species of Anaciaeschna are found in Africa, Asia and Australia.
Gynacantha is a genus of dragonflies in the family Aeshnidae. The females have two prominent spines under the last abdominal segment. This gives the genus name and the common name two-spined darners; they are also known as duskhawkers.
Anax guttatus, the pale-spotted emperor or lesser green emperor, is a dragonfly of the family Aeshnidae.
Tetracanthagyna is an Asian genus of dragonflies in the family Aeshnidae.
Gynacantha dravida, also known as Indian duskhawker or brown darner, is a species of dragonfly in the family Aeshnidae. It is found in India and Sri Lanka.
Gynacantha rosenbergi is a species of dragonfly in the family Aeshnidae, known as the grey duskhawker. It inhabits still waters and is found in New Guinea, Indonesia, through parts of northern Australia, as well as islands in the south Pacific.
Gynacantha dobsoni is a species of dragonfly in the family Aeshnidae, known as the lesser duskhawker. It inhabits ponds and swamps and is found in northern Australia.
Gynacantha mocsaryi is a species of dragonfly in the family Aeshnidae, known as the paddle-tipped duskhawker. It is found in northern Queensland, Australia, the Maluku Islands and New Guinea.
Gynacantha bayadera, parakeet darner or small duskhawker, is a species of dragonfly in the family Aeshnidae. It is found from India to South China and northern New Guinea. This is a crepuscular species which probably breeds in forested swamps and marshy areas, or in forest pools.
Gynacantha nervosa, the twilight darner, is a species of darner in the dragonfly family Aeshnidae. It is found in the Caribbean Sea, Central America, North America, and South America.
Gynacantha millardi, is a species of dragonfly in the family Aeshnidae. It is found from India and Sri Lanka. This is a crepuscular species which probably breeds in forested swamps and marshy areas, or in forest pools.
1 2 Laidlaw, Frank Fortescue (1902). "Dragonflies of the "Skeat Expedition."". Journal of Zoology: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. London: Zoological Society of London. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
1 2 "Tetracanthagyna plagiata". Malaysia Biodiversity Information System (MyBIS). Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
1 2 3 Wilson, Keith D.P. (January 2009). "Dragonfly Giants". Agrion. 13 (1). Worldwide Dragonfly Association. ISSN1476-2552. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
1 2 3 Fah, Cheong Loong; Bun, Tang Hung; Jiang, Robin Ngiam Wen (January 2010). Ode to Odonata(PDF). Nature Watch. pp.8–16. Archived(PDF) from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
1 2 Murphy, D.H. (1997). "Odonata Biodiversity in the Nature Reserves of Singapore"(PDF). Proceedings of the Nature Reserves Survey Seminar. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore. 49. Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore: 333–352. Archived(PDF) from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
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