The Accused (1988 film)

Last updated
The Accused
Accused ver2.jpg
Theatrical release poster
Directed by Jonathan Kaplan
Written by Tom Topor
Produced by
Starring
Cinematography Ralf D. Bode
Edited by
  • O. Nicholas Brown
  • Gerald B. Greenberg
Music by Brad Fiedel
Distributed by Paramount Pictures
Release date
  • October 14, 1988 (1988-10-14)(United States)
Running time
111 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$13 million [1]
Box office$32.1 million (North America)

The Accused is a 1988 American legal drama film directed by Jonathan Kaplan and written by Tom Topor, loosely based on the 1983 gang rape of Cheryl Araujo in New Bedford, Massachusetts. The film stars Jodie Foster as Sarah Tobias, a young waitress who is gang raped by three men at a local bar. With the help of District Attorney Katheryn Murphy (played by Kelly McGillis), she sets out to prosecute the rapists as well as the men who helped induce the assault. It also features performances from Bernie Coulson, Leo Rossi, Ann Hearn, Carmen Argenziano, Steve Antin, and Tom O'Brien. Principal photography began in Vancouver on April 27, 1987, and concluded on June 22.

Contents

The Accused was released in limited theatres in North America on October 14, 1988, and premiered the following year at the 39th Berlin International Film Festival, where it competed for the Golden Bear. The film was highly controversial upon release due to its graphic portrayal of gang rape. Despite this, it received widespread acclaim from critics, with many praising the performances of the cast and authentic portrayal of its subject matter. It was chosen by the National Board of Review as the 3rd best film of the year. The film was credited for being one of the first mainstream films to deal with the horrors of rape and its aftermath on a victim's life. Foster's performance marked her breakthrough into adult roles, earning numerous accolades including the Academy Award for Best Actress at the 61st ceremony. [2] [3]

Plot

On April 18, 1987, 24-year- old waitress Sarah Tobias is brutally gang-raped by three men at a local bar while several patrons watch and cheer. District Attorney Katheryn Murphy is assigned to the case. Although there is strong physical evidence corroborating Sarah's rape, Katheryn feels that Sarah will not make a credible witness if the case goes to trial due to her checkered past and flirtatious behavior with the men before her attack. She agrees to a plea bargain, allowing the three rapists to plead guilty to the lesser offense of reckless endangerment, a felony without a sexual offense, and serve nine months in prison. Sarah is angered and feels betrayed by Katheryn's decision, as she wants the chance to tell her story.

Several months later, Sarah is harassed in a parking lot by one of the men who watched and encouraged her rape. In response, she drives her car into his truck, resulting in her hospitalization. Katheryn feels guilty for not giving Sarah the choice to take her case to trial and offering her rapists a plea deal. She decides to prosecute the men who clapped and cheered during Sarah's assault for criminal solicitation. If convicted, the rape will go on record, nullifying the plea deal, and her rapists will serve 5 years in prison.

As the case goes to trial, Sarah is finally able to testify about what happened the night of her attack. Meanwhile, Katheryn pores over evidence and comes across a tape of a 911 call in which a young man reports Sarah's rape. She discovers the caller is Kenneth Joyce, a college student who was present that night at the bar. Reluctant at first, he agrees to testify for the prosecution, recounting how the accused men cheered and goaded the rapists on as they brutalized Sarah. The three men are found guilty of criminal solicitation, and as a result, the rapists will serve additional time in prison. Sarah leaves the courtroom triumphant with Katheryn.

The film closes with a title stating, "In the United States a rape is reported every six minutes. One out of every four rape victims is attacked by two or more assailants".

Cast

Themes

It is loosely based on the 1983 gang rape of Cheryl Araujo in New Bedford, Massachusetts, and the resulting trial which received national coverage (and was also the focus of an episode on the 2020 Netflix documentary series Trial by Media ). [4] [5] The film explores the themes of classism, misogyny, post-traumatic stress disorder, slut shaming, victim blaming and women's empowerment.

Production

Development

"Jonathan and I looked at a lot of old films, and we couldn't find one that had explored the subject. There were almost no movies where the subject of the movie is rape. There are many movies that have a rape incident in them, but The Accused is about rape. There's no other subject. And it's about two women; there's no man who comes to rescue them. It's a very tough subject."

—Topor explaining the importance of making the film [6]

Screenwriter Tom Topor was inspired to write the film after the trial involving the rape of Cheryl Araujo became national news. [6] Dawn Steel called him to ask if he'd be interested in doing a movie on the subject. Sherry Lansing and Stanley Jaffe from Paramount Pictures were subsequently signed on to produce the film. Topor interviewed 30 rape victims and numerous rapists, prosecutors, defense attorneys and medical professionals. [6] Jonathan Kaplan met with Steel and discussed the possibility of making a film on the subject. The original draft of the script mainly focused on the lawyer's story. However, Kaplan wanted the rape victim to be as prominent as the lawyer; the script also featured a pool table (reflecting the real life incident), but the producers were concerned with being sued, so it was changed to a pinball machine.

Following the test screenings, the film received the lowest scores in the history of Paramount. According to Lansing, "The audience thought that Jodie's character deserved the rape." [6] Studio executives wanted to put the film on the shelf and were looking for ways to prevent it from being released. Lansing asked for another screening with just women, which was far more successful. Of the 20 women in the room, 18 had experience with rape — either they or someone they knew had been raped. When tested again months later, it was given one of the highest scores in the studio's history. [6]

Casting

Due to its hard-edged themes and graphic screenplay, the studio was already skeptical about making the film, and it was essential for the producers to cast a bankable actress in the role of Sarah Tobias. Numerous actresses were offered or considered for the part including Kim Basinger, Demi Moore, Jennifer Beals, Meg Tilly, and Rosanna Arquette, but all of them rejected the film due to its controversial themes. [7] Producers Sherry Lansing and Stanley R. Jaffe both had serious reservations for casting Foster since they thought she couldn't be sexual enough for the role of Sarah. Also, Foster who had recently graduated from Yale and didn't make any successful films during her time at school, wasn't the prime choice for the producers. Following numerous auditions as well as rejection from various established actresses, she was finally cast in the part.

Kelly McGillis was initially offered to play Sarah Tobias, but instead took the role of Katheryn Murphy. KellyMcGillisSept10TIFF.jpg
Kelly McGillis was initially offered to play Sarah Tobias, but instead took the role of Katheryn Murphy.

Jane Fonda was initially attached to play attorney Katheryn Murphy but left the project as she found the script exploitative and poorly written. [8] Ellen Barkin, Michelle Pfeiffer, Sigourney Weaver, Debra Winger, Meryl Streep and Geena Davis were also considered for the part. Kelly McGillis, who had just experienced commercial success with the action film Top Gun (1986), was cast for the bankable prospects of the film. [6] McGillis was initially offered to play Sarah but declined, citing her personal experience. [9] She acknowledged at the time of the film's release that she herself had survived a violent attack and rape in 1982 when two men broke into her apartment. Based on her experience, she took on the role of Murphy.

After a long career as a child star, including a breakout performance in Taxi Driver, at age 18, Foster had taken a sabbatical from Hollywood to attend Yale, and had experienced a bit of a dry spell upon her return to acting, with several films receiving a lukewarm response with critics and at the box office. She stated that she had thought about retiring from acting had The Accused followed suit.

Filming

Principal photography for The Accused began on April 22, 1987, and wrapped two months later, on June 2. Although set in Washington state, the film was shot primarily in Vancouver, British Columbia. The gang rape scene was highly controversial at the time of the film's release. It took five days to complete, and filming was a difficult experience for the cast and crew. Everyone felt protective of Jodie Foster and was concerned about how traumatic the scene could be for her. In an interview, Foster explained that the rape scene was meticulously rehearsed beforehand to ensure there would be no unpleasant surprises during filming. She has stated that she does not remember shooting the scene and completely blacked out, even breaking blood vessels in her right eye from crying during the process. The male actors were deeply upset. [10] [11] Leo Rossi, who played Cliff "Scorpion" Albrect, a bystander, recalled that Woody Brown, who played Danny, one of the rapists, bolted from the set and vomited in his trailer after the scene. [6] Complex ranked the rape scene #16 on its list of "The 53 Most Hard-To-Watch Scenes in Movie History." [12]

Soundtrack

No.TitleArtistLength
1."I'm Talking Love"Vanessa Anderson3:35
2."At This Moment" Billy Vera & The Beaters 2:30
3."Kiss of Fire" James Harman 3:50
4."Love to the Limit"Only Child3:21
5."Love in Return" Gina Schock 2:20
6."Middle of Nowhere"Gina Schock and Vance DeGeneres 2:10
7."Walk in My Sleep" House of Schock 1:50
8."Mojo Boogie" Johnny Winter 2:50

Release

The Accused was released in limited theatres in North America on October 14, 1988. Although it was supposed to be released in April, it was deferred to October due to the Writers Guild of America's strike. The film premiered at the 39th Berlin International Film Festival in 1989, where it competed for the Golden Bear. [13]

Reception

Box office

In its opening weekend in the United States and Canada, The Accused was number one at the box office, grossing $4.3 million in 796 theaters. Domestically, the film grossed $32.1 million. [14]

Critical response

Jodie Foster's performance received widespread critical acclaim, earning her the Academy Award for Best Actress. Jodiefoster at 61st Academy Awards re-cropped.jpg
Jodie Foster's performance received widespread critical acclaim, earning her the Academy Award for Best Actress.

The Accused received positive reviews from critics upon its release, with Foster's performance receiving widespread acclaim. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 93% based on 27 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10. [15] On Metacritic, the film has an average score of 65 out of 100 indicating "generally favourable reviews". [16]

In a positive review, writing of the two criminal prosecutions in the film, Roger Ebert finds that the lesson of the trial "may be the most important message this movie has to offer...that verbal sexual harassment, whether crudely in a saloon back room or subtly in an everyday situation, is a form of violence - one that leaves no visible marks but can make its victims feel unable to move freely and casually in society. It is a form of imprisonment." [17] Rob Beattie from Empire , gave the film five out of five stars, calling it phenomenal and called the controversial rape scene "devastating, harrowing and utterly convincing". [18] Judy Steed of The Globe and Mail called it "An experience that is sometimes unbearable and always riveting". Vincent Canby of The New York Times called it "A consistently engrossing melodrama, modest in its aims and as effective for the clichés it avoids as for the clear eye through which it sees its working-class American lives". [19]

Marjorie Heins, in the 1998 book The V-Chip Debate: Content Filtering from Television to the Internet, said that educators worried that the film would "receive V ratings and be subject to at least a presumption against curricular use in many public schools." [20]

Accolades

At the 61st Academy Awards, Foster won Best Actress. This was the film's sole nomination, thus marking the first occurrence of such an event since 1962 (when Sophia Loren won for Two Women ) that the winner of the category won for a film with a single nomination. In 2006, Foster's performance was ranked #56 on Premiere's 100 Greatest Film Performances of all-time. [21]

Award/FestivalCategoryNominee(s)ResultRef.
Academy Awards Best Actress Jodie Foster Won [22]
Berlin International Film Festival Golden Bear Jonathan Kaplan Nominated [23]
Boston Society of Film Critics Awards Best Actress Jodie FosterRunner-up [24]
British Academy Film Awards Best Actress in a Leading Role Nominated [25]
Chicago Film Critics Association Awards Best Actress Nominated [26]
David di Donatello Awards Best Foreign Actress Won
Golden Globe Awards Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama Won [lower-alpha 1] [29]
Jupiter Awards Best International ActressNominated
Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards Best ActressWon [30]
Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards Best Actress Runner-up [31]
National Board of Review Awards Top Ten Films 3rd Place [32]
Best Actress Jodie FosterWon
New York Film Critics Circle Awards Best Actress Runner-up [33]
People's Choice Awards Favourite Dramatic Motion Picture Actress Nominated
Political Film Society Awards Human Rights Nominated

Notes

Related Research Articles

<i>The Silence of the Lambs</i> (film) 1991 horror film by Jonathan Demme

The Silence of the Lambs is a 1991 American psychological horror thriller film directed by Jonathan Demme and written by Ted Tally, adapted from Thomas Harris's 1988 novel. It stars Jodie Foster as Clarice Starling, a young FBI trainee who is hunting a serial killer named "Buffalo Bill", who skins his female victims. To catch him, she seeks the advice of the imprisoned Hannibal Lecter, a brilliant psychiatrist and cannibalistic serial killer. The film also features performances from Scott Glenn, Anthony Heald, and Kasi Lemmons.

The Sydney gang rapes were a series of gang rape attacks committed by a group of up to 14 youths led by Bilal Skaf against Australian women and teenage girls, as young as 14, in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia across several days in 2000. The crimes, described as ethnically motivated hate crimes by officials and commentators, were covered extensively by the news media, and prompted the passing of new laws. In 2002, the nine men convicted of the gang rapes were sentenced to a total of more than 240 years in jail. According to court transcripts, Judge Michael Finnane described the rapes as events that "you hear about or read about only in the context of wartime atrocities".

<i>Nell</i> (film) 1994 American film

Nell is a 1994 American drama film directed by Michael Apted from a screenplay written by William Nicholson. The film stars Jodie Foster as Nell Kellty, a young woman who has to face other people for the first time after being raised by her mother in an isolated cabin. Liam Neeson, Natasha Richardson, Richard Libertini, and Nick Searcy are featured in supporting roles. Based on Mark Handley's play Idioglossia, the script for Nell was developed by co-producer Renée Missel and was inspired by Handley's time living in the Cascade Mountains in the 1970s, and the story of Poto and Cabengo, twins who created their own language.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kelly McGillis</span> American actress (born 1957)

Kelly Ann McGillis is an American actress. She is known for her film roles such as Rachel Lapp in Witness (1985), for which she received Golden Globe and BAFTA nominations; Charlie in Top Gun (1986); Made in Heaven (1987); The House on Carroll Street (1988); and as Katheryn Murphy in The Accused (1988). In her later career, she has starred in horror films such as Stake Land (2010), The Innkeepers (2011), and We Are What We Are (2013).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mukhtar Mai</span> Pakistani rape survivor and human rights activist

Mukhtaran Bibi, now known as Mukhtār Mā'ī, is a Pakistani human rights activist from the village of Meerwala, located in the rural tehsil of Jatoi in the Muzaffargarh District of Punjab, Pakistan. In June 2002, Mā'ī was the victim of a gang-rape sanctioned by a tribal council of the local Mastoi Baloch clan, as a form of 'honour revenge'; the council ruling was a result of a dispute between the wealthier Mastoi Baloch and Mā'ī's Tatla clan.

Cheryl Ann Araujo was a Portuguese-American woman from New Bedford, Massachusetts, who was gang-raped in 1983 at age 21 by four men in a tavern in the city. Her case became national news and drew widespread attention to media coverage of rape trials.

Rape and revenge, or rape-revenge, is a horror film subgenre characterized by an individual enacting revenge for rape or other sexual acts committed against them. Rape and revenge films are commonly thrillers or vigilante films.

Zakhmi Aurat is a 1988 Indian Hindi drama movie starring Dimple Kapadia and Raj Babbar and directed by Avtar Bhogal. Kapadia played Kiran Dutt, a police officer who is subject to gang rape and, when the judicial system fails to convict the criminals, unites with other rape victims to castrate the rapists in revenge.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jodie Foster</span> American actress (born 1962)

Alicia Christian "Jodie" Foster is an American actress and filmmaker. She has received numerous accolades, including two Academy Awards, three BAFTA Awards, three Golden Globe Awards and a Primetime Emmy Award. She was also honored with the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award in 2013 and the Honorary Palme d'Or in 2021.

Kainat Soomro is a Pakistani woman whose struggle to obtain justice for her gang rape at the age of 13 drew international attention. Kainat was steadfast in her determination to obtain justice against her alleged attackers.

<i>The Central Park Five</i> (film) 2012 documentary film directed by Ken Burns

The Central Park Five is a 2012 documentary film about the Central Park jogger case, directed by documentary filmmaker Ken Burns, his daughter Sarah Burns, and her husband David McMahon. It covers the arrests, interrogations, trials, convictions and vacating the convictions of the five men who were teenagers in 1989 at the time of the case. It was released in the US on November 23, 2012.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2012 Delhi gang rape and murder</span> Gang rape, torture, murder and assault incident in India

The 2012 Delhi gang rape and murder, commonly known as the Nirbhaya case, involved a rape and fatal assault that occurred on 16 December 2012 in Munirka, a neighbourhood in South Delhi. The incident took place when Jyoti Singh, a 22-year-old physiotherapy intern, was beaten, gang-raped, and tortured in a private bus in which she was travelling with her male friend, Avnindra Pratap Pandey. There were six others in the bus, including the driver, all of whom raped the woman and beat her friend. She was rushed to Safdarjung Hospital in Delhi for treatment and, as the public outrage mounted, the government had her transferred to Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore eleven days after the assault, where she succumbed to her injuries two days later. The incident generated widespread national and international coverage and was widely condemned, both in India and abroad. Subsequently, public protests against the state and central governments for failing to provide adequate security for women took place in New Delhi, where thousands of protesters clashed with security forces. Similar protests took place in major cities throughout the country. Since Indian law does not allow the press to publish a rape victim's name, the victim was widely known as Nirbhaya, meaning "fearless", and her struggle and death became a symbol of women's resistance to rape around the world.

<i>The Ladies Club</i> 1986 American film

The Ladies Club is a 1986 American rape and revenge film directed by Janet Greek, and starring Karen Austin, Diana Scarwid, Christine Belford and Bruce Davison. It follows a Los Angeles policewoman who, after being raped, bands together with other rape victims, forming a group that collectively begin hunting rapists. The script by Fran Lewis Ebeling and Paul Mason was based on Casey Bishop and Betty Black's novel, The Sisterhood.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shakti Mills gang rape</span> August 2013 gang rape in Mumbai, India

The 2013 Mumbai gang rape, also known as the Shakti Mills gang rape, refers to the incident in which a 22-year-old photojournalist, who was interning with an English-language magazine in Mumbai, was gang-raped by five people including a juvenile. The incident occurred on 22 August 2013, when she had gone to the deserted Shakti Mills compound, near Mahalaxmi in South Mumbai, with a male colleague on an assignment. The accused had tied up the victim's colleague with belts and raped her. The accused took photos of the victim during the sexual assault, and threatened to release them to social networks if she reported the rape. Later, an eighteen-year-old call centre employee reported that she too had been gang-raped, on 31 July 2013 inside the mills complex.

India's Daughter is a documentary film directed by Leslee Udwin and is part of the BBC's ongoing Storyville series. The film is based on the 2012 Delhi gang rape and murder of 22-year-old Jyoti Singh, aliased “Nirbhaya”, who was a physiotherapy student. The documentary explores the events of the night of 16 December 2012, the protests which were sparked both nationally and internationally as a result of the assault, and the lives of the men before they committed the attack. The film is told through the use of reconstructed footage and interviews with those involved in the case, including the defence lawyers, psychiatrists, and one of the rapists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jodie Comer</span> English actress (born 1993)

Jodie Comer is an English actress. She began her career in an episode of The Royal Today in 2008. Comer gained recognition for appearing in the series My Mad Fat Diary (2013–2015) and Doctor Foster (2015–2017), and starred in the drama miniseries Thirteen (2016).

After a sexual assault or rape, victims are often subjected to scrutiny and, in some cases, mistreatment. Victims undergo medical examinations and are interviewed by police. If there is a criminal trial, victims suffer a loss of privacy, and their credibility may be challenged. Victims may also become the target of slut-shaming, abuse, social stigmatization, sexual slurs and cyberbullying. These factors, contributing to a rape culture, are among some of the reasons that may contribute up to 80% of all rapes going unreported in the U.S, according to a 2016 study done by the U.S. Department of Justice.

<i>Code of Silence</i> (2015 film) 2015 Nigerian film

Code of Silence is a 2015 Nigerian drama film directed by Emem Isong and written by Bola Aduwo. The film was produced by the Royal Arts Academy in collaboration with Nollywood Workshop. It stars Makida Moka in the lead role of Adanma, Patience Ozokwor, Ini Edo and Omoni Oboli. It is notable for its powerful stance against rape in Nigeria and addresses issues facing rape victims in the country.

<i>The Mauritanian</i> 2021 legal drama film directed by Kevin Macdonald

The Mauritanian is a 2021 legal drama film based on the memoir of Mohamedou Ould Slahi, a Mauritanian man who was held from 2002 to 2016 without charge in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, a United States military prison. The film was directed by Kevin Macdonald based on a screenplay written by M.B. Traven, Rory Haines, and Sohrab Noshirvani, adapted from Slahi's 2015 memoir Guantánamo Diary. It stars Tahar Rahim as Slahi, and also features Jodie Foster, Shailene Woodley, Benedict Cumberbatch, and Zachary Levi in supporting roles.

In November 2019, the gang rape and murder of a 26-year-old veterinary doctor in Shamshabad, near Hyderabad, sparked outrage across India. Her body was found in Shadnagar on 28 November 2019, the day after she was murdered. Four suspects were arrested and, according to the Cyberabad Metropolitan Police, confessed to having raped and killed the doctor.

References

  1. ↑ "AFI|Catalog". Catalog.afi.com. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  2. ↑ "1989 | Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences". Oscars.org. 5 October 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
  3. ↑ "Jodie Foster Wins Best Actress: 1989 Oscars". 4 January 2010. Retrieved March 14, 2023– via YouTube.
  4. ↑ "Cheryl Araujo's Sexual Assault, Revisited in Netflix's 'Trial By Media,' Put Victim Blaming in the Spotlight". Esquire.com. May 18, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
  5. ↑ Raga, Pippa (May 13, 2020). "'The Accused' Is Actually Based on This 'Trial by Media' Case". Distractify.com. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ford, Rebecca (January 16, 2014). "'The Accused' Oral History: A Brutal Rape Scene, Traumatized Actors and Producers' Fights to Make the Movie". The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 5, 2016.
  7. ↑ Mell, Eila (2004). Casting Might-Have-Beens: A Film by Film Directory of Actors Considered for Roles Given to Others. McFarland. p. 4. ISBN   9780786420179.
  8. ↑ Marilyn Beck (April 6, 1987). "Rape Film's Topic". Victoria Advocate . Jane Fonda bowed out of the part for which McGillis has now been set.
  9. ↑ Kelly McGillis, as told to Kristin McMurran (14 November 1988). "Memoir of a Brief Time in Hell". People . Retrieved 18 August 2015.
  10. ↑ van Meter, Jonathan (January 6, 1991). "Child of the Movies". The New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
  11. ↑ Hollinger 2012, p. 46
  12. ↑ Borone, Matt (March 16, 2018). "The 53 Most Hard-To-Watch Scenes in Movie History". complex.com . Retrieved July 6, 2018.
  13. ↑ "Berlinale: 1989 Programme". berlinale.de. Retrieved 2011-03-09.
  14. ↑ "The Accused (1988)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 13, 2012.
  15. ↑ "The Accused". Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 9, 2023.
  16. ↑ "The Accused Reviews". Metacritic . Retrieved September 19, 2013.
  17. ↑ Roger Ebert (October 14, 1988). "The Accused", Chicago Sun-Times
  18. ↑ Beattie, Rob (October 14, 2015). "The Accused Review". Empire . Retrieved May 25, 2017.
  19. ↑ Canby, Vincent (October 14, 1988). "The Accused Review". The New York Times . Retrieved May 25, 2017.
  20. ↑ Marjorie Heins, "Three Questions About Television Ratings," in The V-Chip Debate: Content Filtering from Television to the Internet, ed. Monroe E. Price. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers (1998): 54
  21. ↑ "100 Greatest Movie Performances of All Time by Premiere Magazine". Filmsite.org. April 2006. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
  22. ↑ "The 61st Academy Awards (1989) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved July 31, 2011.
  23. ↑ "PRIZES & HONOURS 1989". Berlin International Film Festival . Retrieved April 3, 2023.
  24. ↑ "BSFC Winners: 1980s". Boston Society of Film Critics . July 27, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
  25. ↑ "BAFTA Awards: Film in 1990". British Academy Film Awards . Retrieved April 3, 2023.
  26. ↑ "1988–2013 Award Winner Archives". Chicago Film Critics Association . January 2013. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
  27. ↑ "Jodie Foster, Sigourney Weaver & Shirley Maclaine Win Actress Motion Picture - Golden Globes 1989". 13 October 2009. Retrieved March 14, 2023– via YouTube.
  28. ↑ "Winners & Nominees 1989". Golden Globes. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
  29. ↑ "The Accused – Golden Globes". HFPA . Retrieved April 3, 2023.
  30. ↑ "KCFCC Award Winners – 1980-89". December 14, 2013. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
  31. ↑ "The 14th Annual Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards". Los Angeles Film Critics Association . Retrieved April 3, 2023.
  32. ↑ "1988 Award Winners". National Board of Review . Retrieved April 3, 2023.
  33. ↑ "1988 New York Film Critics Circle Awards". New York Film Critics Circle . Retrieved April 3, 2023.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.