The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei, of varied origin, in the brains of vertebrates. In humans, and some primates, there are some differences, mainly in the division of the globus pallidus into an external and internal region, and in the division of the striatum. The basal ganglia are situated at the base of the forebrain and top of the midbrain. Basal ganglia are strongly interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem, as well as several other brain areas. The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions, including control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, habit learning, eye movements, cognition, and emotion.
The globus pallidus (GP), also known as paleostriatum or dorsal pallidum, is a subcortical structure of the brain. It consists of two adjacent segments, one external, known in rodents simply as the globus pallidus, and one internal, known in rodents as the entopeduncular nucleus. It is part of the telencephalon, but retains close functional ties with the subthalamus in the diencephalon – both of which are part of the extrapyramidal motor system. The globus pallidus is a major component of the basal ganglia, with principal inputs from the striatum, and principal direct outputs to the thalamus and the substantia nigra. The latter is made up of similar neuronal elements, has similar afferents from the striatum, similar projections to the thalamus, and has a similar synaptology. Neither receives direct cortical afferents, and both receive substantial additional inputs from the intralaminar thalamus.
The small minivet is a small passerine bird. This minivet is found in tropical southern Asia from the Indian subcontinent east to Indonesia.
Tarsonemidae is a family of mites, also called thread-footed mites or white mites.
The painted francolin or painted partridge is a species of francolin found in grassy areas in central and southern India and in the lowlands of southeastern Sri Lanka. They are easily detected by their loud calls especially during the breeding season. Thomas C. Jerdon noted that the species was found mainly in Central India south of the Narmada and to the east of the Western Ghats as well as the Chota Nagpur and Northern Circars. It can be confused only with the black francolin with which it partly overlaps and is said to sometimes hybridize. This species can be told apart from the female of a black francolin by the lack of a rufous hind collar and the white spots on the underside. The face is rufous and there is no dark stripe running behind the eye.
The nucleus raphe pallidus receives afferent connections from the periaqueductal gray, the Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus, central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral hypothalamic area, and parvocellular reticular nucleus.
The pallid bat is a species of bat that ranges from western Canada to central Mexico. It is the sole species of its genus and is closely related to Van Gelder's bat, which is sometimes included in Antrozous. Although it has in the past been placed in its own subfamily (Antrozoinae) or even family (Antrozoidae), it is now considered part of the subfamily Vespertilioninae and the tribe Antrozoini.
Orthosiphon is a genus of plants in the family Lamiaceae native to Africa, Southern Asia and Queensland, with one species (O. americanus) in Colombia. They are herbaceous shrubs which grow to a height of 1.5 m (5 ft). Some Orthosiphon species are popular garden plants because of their flowers, which are white and bluish with filaments resembling a cat's whiskers. In the wild, the plants can be seen growing in forests and along roadsides.
The pale spotted catshark, Asymbolus pallidus, is a cat shark of the family Scyliorhinidae found only off Queensland, at depths of between 225 and 400 m. Its length is up to 44 cm.
The desert yellow bat is a species of vesper bat. It is found in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, rural gardens, and urban areas. It is threatened by habitat loss.
The external globus pallidus combines with the internal globus pallidus (GPi) to form the globus pallidus, an anatomical subset of the basal ganglia. Globus pallidus means "pale globe" in Latin, indicating its appearance. The external globus pallidus is the segment of the globus pallidus that is relatively further (lateral) from the midline of the brain.
The internal globus pallidus and the external globus pallidus (GPe) make up the globus pallidus. The GPi is one of the output nuclei of the basal ganglia. The GABAergic neurons send their axons to the ventral anterior nucleus (VA) and the ventral lateral nucleus (VL) in the dorsal thalamus, to the centromedian complex, and to the pedunculopontine complex.
Chrysopogon is a genus of tropical and subtropical plants in the grass family. They are widespread across Eurasia, Africa, Australia, southeastern North America, and various islands.
Smerinthulus perversa, the lichenous hawkmoth, is a species of moth of the family Sphingidae. It is known from Taiwan, Nepal, north-eastern India, northern Myanmar, south-western and southern China and Thailand.
Juncus pallidus, commonly known as the great soft-rushpale rush, giant rush, or leafless rush is a species of rush that is native to southern Australia, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, and Lord Howe Island. It is a vigorous, tufted, tussock-forming, rhizomatous perennial herb with culms growing to 70–135 cm in height. The inflorescence, which is 25–185 mm long, contains many straw coloured flowers, each with six floral segments. It is usually found in moist, nutrient-poor soils subject to periodic flooding, such as fresh and brackish waterways, including swamps, creek banks, lake edges and sand seeps.
Melaleuca pallida, commonly known as lemon bottlebrush, is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is an upright shrub with thin, spreading branches, silvery new growth and pale yellow, sometimes pinkish bottlebrush flowers.
Calopogon pallidus, the pale grass-pink, is a species of orchid native to the southeastern United States, from Louisiana to Virginia.
Anisochilus is a genus in the family Lamiaceae, first described in 1830. It is native to China, the Indian Subcontinent, and Indochina.
- Anisochilus adenanthusDalzell & A.Gibson - southern India
- Anisochilus argenteusGamble - southern India
- Anisochilus cambodianusMurata - Thailand, Cambodia
- Anisochilus carnosus(L.f.) Wall. - India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Himalayas, Bhutan, Assam, Myanmar, Thailand
- Anisochilus dysophylloidesBenth. - Shervarayan Hills in Tamil Nadu
- Anisochilus harmandiiDoan ex Suddee & A.J.Paton - Thailand, Laos, Cambodia
- Anisochilus mitisR.A.Clement - eastern Himalayas
- Anisochilus pallidusWall. - Yunnan, India, Assam, Bangladesh, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam
- Anisochilus paniculatusBenth. - southern India
- Anisochilus plantagineusHook.f. - southern India
- Anisochilus polystachysBenth. - Nepal, Bhutan, Assam, Bangladesh, eastern Himalayas
- Anisochilus robustusHook.f. - southern India
- Anisochilus scaberBenth. - southern India
- Anisochilus siamensisRidl. - Thailand
- Anisochilus suffruticosusWight - southern India
- Anisochilus velutinusTrimen - Sri Lanka
- Anisochilus wightiiHook.f. - southern India
Penstemon pallidus, the pale beardtongue, is a flower native to the eastern United States. It has been introduced to Canada.
Largus pallidus is a species of bordered plant bug in the family Largidae. It is found in North America.
