Thismia

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Thismia
Thismia rodwayi (Fairy lantern) 2.JPG
Thismia rodwayi
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Dioscoreales
Family: Burmanniaceae
Genus: Thismia
Griff. [1] [2]
Type species
Thismia brunonis Griff. [3] [4]
Species

See text

Synonyms [2]

Thismia is a genus of myco-heterotrophic plants in family Burmanniaceae, known as "fairy lanterns". [5] They are native to East and Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, and the Americas. [2] [6]

Contents

Description

Thismia neptunis Thismia neptunis Phytotaxa 340 2018 B.jpg
Thismia neptunis
Thismia neptunis painted by Marianne North Thismia neptunis.jpg
Thismia neptunis painted by Marianne North
Thismia thaithongiana Thismia thaithongiana.jpg
Thismia thaithongiana

Thismia are perennial, [7] achlorophyllous, mycoheterotrophic, [3] tuberous plants with branched or simple stems. [8] The 1–4 terminal, [8] solitary flowers [9] are erect. [7] The androecium consists of 6 stamens. [1] [8] The gynoecium consists of one carpel. [9] [8]

Name

The generic name Thismia refers to Thomas Smith (English microscopist, died ca. 1825). It is an anagram of his name. [7] [1]

Conservation

Most Thismia species are threatened with extinction [10] and many species are only known from very few collections. [11] For instance, the IUCN conservation status of Thismia melanomitra is Vulnerable (VU), [12] Thismia malayana is categorized as Vulnerable (VU), [13] Thismia kobensis , which was previously believed to be extinct, is now categorized as Critically Endangered (CR), [14] and Thismia americana is believed to be possibly extinct. [11] [15]

Ecology

The flowers of Thismia tentaculata are pollinated by fungus gnats. [16] The flowers of Thismia hongkongensis are visited by fungus gnats and scuttle flies. [17]

Cytology

The chromosome count of Thismia huangii is 2n = 18. [18] The chromosome count of Thismia abei is 2n = 12. [19]

Taxonomy

It was published by William Griffith in 1845 [2] with Thismia brunonis Griff. as the type species. [3] [4]

Thismia sp. in Sarawak, Borneo Thismia sp. Sarawak, Borneo 2016.jpg
Thismia sp. in Sarawak, Borneo
Thismia megalongensis Thismia megalongensis.jpg
Thismia megalongensis

Species

As of June 2024, Plants of the World Online recognises 108 species in this genus, as follows: [2]

Recently described species include:

2024

2025

References

  1. 1 2 3 Griffith, William (1844). "On the root parasites referred by authors to Rhizantheae and their allies". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. 1 (23): 221. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Thismia Griff". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  3. 1 2 3 4 BESI, E. E., JABAR, Q. A. M., ABD RAHMAN, S. Y. A. M. I. L., SAAD, M. Z., AHMADNI, A. S. A., & GO, R. (2024). Thismia perlisensis (Thismiaceae), a new red-annulus Thismia species from Peninsular Malaysia. Phytotaxa, 675(1), 1-10.
  4. 1 2 Thismia Griff. (n.d.). The Australian National Species List (auNSL). Retrieved December 8, 2024, from https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/rest/name/apni/56570
  5. ↑ Thorogood, Chris J.; Mat Yunoh, Siti-Munirah (2021). "Fairy lanterns in focus" . Plants, People, Planet. 3 (6): 680–684. Bibcode:2021PlPP....3..680T. doi: 10.1002/ppp3.10217 . ISSN   2572-2611.
  6. ↑ "Thismia Griff". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  7. 1 2 3 Thismia Griffith. (n.d.). Flora of North America @ efloras.org. Retrieved December 8, 2024, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=132837
  8. 1 2 3 4 Thismia Griffith. (n.d.-b). Flora of China @ efloras.org. Retrieved December 8, 2024, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=132837
  9. 1 2 Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. (n.d.-d). Thismia. VicFlora Flora of Victoria. Retrieved December 8, 2024, from https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/57c63c0d-3afa-424a-a2bb-f9a33b0fe033
  10. 1 2 Ya, J. D., Chen, H. Y., Zhang, W., Zhu, R. B., Cai, J., & Yu, W. B. (2024). Phylogenetic and biogeographical analyses of Thismia (Thismiaceae) support T. malipoensis as the eighth species in China. Willdenowia, 54(1), 47-63.
  11. 1 2 Merckx, V. S., & Smets, E. F. (2014). Thismia americana, the 101st anniversary of a botanical mystery. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 175(2), 165-175.
  12. ↑ Espinoza, C. & Pitman, N. 2003. Thismia melanomitra. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2003: e.T43472A10806123. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T43472A10806123.en. Accessed on 08 December 2024.
  13. 1 2 Siti-Munirah, M. Y., Hardy-Adrian, C., Mohamad-Shafiq, S., & Irwan-Syah, Z. (2024). Thismia malayana (Thismiaceae), a new mycoheterotrophic species from Peninsular Malaysia. PhytoKeys, 242, 229.
  14. ↑ Suetsugu, K., Yamana, K., & Okada, H. (2023). Rediscovery of the presumably extinct fairy lantern Thismia kobensis (Thismiaceae) in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, with discussions on its taxonomy, evolutionary history, and conservation. Phytotaxa, 585(2), 102-112.
  15. ↑ Thismia americana N. Pfeiffer. (n.d.). Flora of North America @ efloras.org. Retrieved December 9, 2024, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242101975
  16. ↑ Guo, X., Zhao, Z., Mar, S. S., Zhang, D., & Saunders, R. M. (2019). A symbiotic balancing act: arbuscular mycorrhizal specificity and specialist fungus gnat pollination in the mycoheterotrophic genus Thismia (Thismiaceae). Annals of Botany, 124(2), 331-342.
  17. ↑ Mar, S. S., & Saunders, R. M. (2015). Thismia hongkongensis (Thismiaceae): a new mycoheterotrophic species from Hong Kong, China, with observations on floral visitors and seed dispersal. PhytoKeys, (46), 21.
  18. ↑ Chiang, P. Y., & Hsieh, T. H. (2011). Thismia huangii (Thismiaceae), a new species from Taiwan. Taiwania, 56(2), 138-142.
  19. ↑ AOYAMA, M., & TSUBOTA, H. (2014). Karyotype Analysis of Japanese Burmannia (Burmanniaceae). Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica, 65(1), 37-42.
  20. ↑ Simons, Paul (2024-07-17). "Plantwatch: new species of elusive fairy lantern found in Malaysia". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2025-04-02.
  21. ↑ Nuraliev, Maxim S.; Yudina, Sophia V.; Dac, Le Xuan; Kuznetsov, Andrey N.; Kuznetsova, Svetlana P.; Semenyuk, Irina I. (2024-06-26). "Thismia papillata (Thismiaceae), a new species from northern Vietnam". Phytotaxa. 655 (3): 261–271. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.655.3.4. ISSN   1179-3163.
  22. ↑ Siti-Munirah, Mat Yunoh; Mohamad Alias, Shakri (2025). "Thismia aliasii (Thismiaceae), a new species from Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia". PhytoKeys (254): 175–188. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.254.136085 . ISSN   1314-2003. PMC   11976305 .
  23. ↑ Publishers, Pensoft. "New endangered 'fairy lantern' plant species discovered in Malaysia". phys.org. Retrieved 2025-04-02.
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