Thismia

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Thismia
Thismia rodwayi (Fairy lantern) 2.JPG
Thismia rodwayi
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Dioscoreales
Family: Burmanniaceae
Genus: Thismia
Griff. [1] [2]
Type species
Thismia brunonis Griff. [3] [4]
Species

See text

Synonyms [2]

Thismia is a genus of myco-heterotrophic plants in family Burmanniaceae, first described as a genus in 1845. It is native to East and Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, and the Americas. [2] [5]

Contents

Description

Thismia neptunis Thismia neptunis Phytotaxa 340 2018 B.jpg
Thismia neptunis
Thismia thaithongiana Thismia thaithongiana.jpg
Thismia thaithongiana

Vegetative characteristics

Thismia are perennial, [6] achlorophyllous, mycoheterotrophic, [3] tuberous plants with branched or simple stems. [7]

Generative characteristics

The 1–4 terminal, [7] solitary flowers [8] are erect. [6] The androecium consists of 6 stamens. [1] [7] The gynoecium consists of one carpel. [8] [7]

Cytology

The chromosome count of Thismia huangii is 2n = 18. [9] The chromosome count of Thismia abei is 2n = 12. [10]

Taxonomy

It was published by William Griffith in 1845 [2] with Thismia brunonis Griff. as the type species. [3] [4]

Species

As of June 2024, Plants of the World Online recognises 108 species in this genus, as follows: [2]

Recently described species include:

Etymology

The generic name Thismia refers to Thomas Smith. It is an anagram of his name. [6] [1]

Conservation

Most Thismia species are threatened with extinction [12] and many species are only known from very few collections. [13] For instance, the IUCN conservation status of Thismia melanomitra is Vulnerable (VU), [14] Thismia malayana is categorized as Vulnerable (VU), [11] Thismia kobensis, which was previously believed to be extinct, is now categorized as Critically Endangered (CR), [15] and Thismia americana is believed to be possibly extinct. [13] [16]

Ecology

Pollination

The flowers of Thismia tentaculata are pollinated by fungus gnats. [17] The flowers of Thismia hongkongensis are visited by fungus gnats and scuttle flies. [18]

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Annonaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

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<i>Xylopia</i> Genus of flowering plants

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References

  1. 1 2 3 Griffith, William (1844). "On the root parasites referred by authors to Rhizantheae and their allies". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. 1 (23): 221. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Thismia Griff". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  3. 1 2 3 4 BESI, E. E., JABAR, Q. A. M., ABD RAHMAN, S. Y. A. M. I. L., SAAD, M. Z., AHMADNI, A. S. A., & GO, R. (2024). Thismia perlisensis (Thismiaceae), a new red-annulus Thismia species from Peninsular Malaysia. Phytotaxa, 675(1), 1-10.
  4. 1 2 Thismia Griff. (n.d.). The Australian National Species List (auNSL). Retrieved December 8, 2024, from https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/rest/name/apni/56570
  5. "Thismia Griff". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  6. 1 2 3 Thismia Griffith. (n.d.). Flora of North America @ efloras.org. Retrieved December 8, 2024, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=132837
  7. 1 2 3 4 Thismia Griffith. (n.d.-b). Flora of China @ efloras.org. Retrieved December 8, 2024, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=132837
  8. 1 2 Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. (n.d.-d). Thismia. VicFlora Flora of Victoria. Retrieved December 8, 2024, from https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/57c63c0d-3afa-424a-a2bb-f9a33b0fe033
  9. Chiang, P. Y., & Hsieh, T. H. (2011). Thismia huangii (Thismiaceae), a new species from Taiwan. Taiwania, 56(2), 138-142.
  10. AOYAMA, M., & TSUBOTA, H. (2014). Karyotype Analysis of Japanese Burmannia (Burmanniaceae). Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica, 65(1), 37-42.
  11. 1 2 Siti-Munirah, M. Y., Hardy-Adrian, C., Mohamad-Shafiq, S., & Irwan-Syah, Z. (2024).  Thismia malayana (Thismiaceae), a new mycoheterotrophic species from Peninsular Malaysia. PhytoKeys, 242, 229.
  12. 1 2 Ya, J. D., Chen, H. Y., Zhang, W., Zhu, R. B., Cai, J., & Yu, W. B. (2024). Phylogenetic and biogeographical analyses of Thismia (Thismiaceae) support T. malipoensis as the eighth species in China. Willdenowia, 54(1), 47-63.
  13. 1 2 Merckx, V. S., & Smets, E. F. (2014). Thismia americana, the 101st anniversary of a botanical mystery. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 175(2), 165-175.
  14. Espinoza, C. & Pitman, N. 2003. Thismia melanomitra. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2003: e.T43472A10806123. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T43472A10806123.en. Accessed on 08 December 2024.
  15. Suetsugu, K., Yamana, K., & Okada, H. (2023). Rediscovery of the presumably extinct fairy lantern Thismia kobensis (Thismiaceae) in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, with discussions on its taxonomy, evolutionary history, and conservation. Phytotaxa, 585(2), 102-112.
  16. Thismia americana N. Pfeiffer. (n.d.). Flora of North America @ efloras.org. Retrieved December 9, 2024, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242101975
  17. Guo, X., Zhao, Z., Mar, S. S., Zhang, D., & Saunders, R. M. (2019). A symbiotic balancing act: arbuscular mycorrhizal specificity and specialist fungus gnat pollination in the mycoheterotrophic genus Thismia (Thismiaceae). Annals of Botany, 124(2), 331-342.
  18. Mar, S. S., & Saunders, R. M. (2015). Thismia hongkongensis (Thismiaceae): a new mycoheterotrophic species from Hong Kong, China, with observations on floral visitors and seed dispersal. PhytoKeys, (46), 21.