Timeline of the invasion of Poland

Last updated

Key events

This list should only include links to events that already have their own pages on Wikipedia. More detailed entries can be listed in the detailed timeline.

Contents

Detailed timeline

Links to pages that are also "key events" (see above) are depicted in bold.

August

17 August

  • Following German advances that started in early 1939, Soviet Foreign Commissar Vyacheslav Molotov, after the failure to find a diplomatic agreement with the Allies, agrees to specific diplomatic talks with the Germans. [1] : 78 

21 August

23 August

  • Following intense German-Soviet negotiations, the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact is finalized (to be publicized on 24 August). The two powers agree to a broad economic exchange and to mutual military non-aggression. In a secret additional protocol, the two powers approve of each other's expansionist ambitions in Central Eastern Europe. Poland is divided (along the line of the San, Vistula and Narew rivers) into a German and Soviet sphere of influence. [1] : 78f. 

25 August

  • Orders are issued to German forces to commence the invasion on 26 August. [2] : 103 
  • With the Anglo-Polish alliance , [2] : 103  the United Kingdom reaffirms its guarantee of independence issued on 31 March 1939. [3]

26 August

  • The scheduled invasion (see 25 August) is called off at the last possible moment to buy the Germans more time. [4] : 16 
  • The cancellation of the invasion orders fail to reach all German units in time; German saboteurs carry out a bombing attack at the Jablunkov Pass in what becomes known as the Jabłonków incident . [5] : 47 
  • Italian dictator Benito Mussolini sends a long list of equipment and support requests to German dictator Adolf Hitler to create an excuse for Italy to stay neutral in the imminent war. [6] : 160f. 

28 August

29 August

  • Polish general mobilization orders are called off under pressure by the Western Allies. [7] : 110 
  • Polish military leaders are ordered to move their troops into their jumping-off points. [7] : 110 

30 August

  • Polish general mobilization ordered again, to go into effect on 31 August. [7] : 110 
  • The Polish government announces that it has carried out defensive mining operations in its territorial waters. [5] : 49 
  • The Polish navy launches the Peking Plan to evacuate its three main destroyers to the United Kingdom. [2] : 103f. 

31 August

  • Hitler gives final approval to the invasion, to begin on the morning of 1 September; SS instructed to executed "Operation Himmler" to create various pretexts for invasion. [2] : 106f. 
  • In the night from 31 August to 1 September, the SS instigates a false flag attack (" Gleiwitz Incident ") against Gleiwitz Radio Station and sends broadcasts in the Polish language to create a pretext for German invasion. [9] : 668 
  • Germany issues a last-minute ultimatum to Poland (but does not provide either Poland or the United Kingdom with enough time to formulate diplomatic responses). [1] : 83 

September

1 September

2 September

3 September

  • In the best-known incident of violence by Poles against ethnic Germans during the early stage of the war, around 300 Germans are killed by Poles in Bromberg Bloody Sunday; these numbers are later upped to 58,000 by German propagandists. [19] : 26 
  • Soviet Defense Commissar Voroshilov orders seven military districts in the western Soviet Union to increase their combat readiness. [20] : 125 

4 September

  • Schleswig-Holstein intensifies its bombardment (supported through 21cm howitzers brought from East Prussia) against Polish defenders at Westerplatte as the Battle of Westerplatte continues. [21] : 31 
  • German 8th Army captures five bridges across the Warta river intact and begins its river crossing. [13] : 122f. 
  • Polish high command assigns the 41st Infantry Division and 44th Infantry Division, both still in deployment and unready for combat, to frontline duty to throw them into action. [14] : 357 

5 September

6 September

  • Wyszków Operational Group begins its counterattack (as ordered on 5 September) towards Pułtusk against I Corps; 1st Legions Infantry Division and 61st Infantry Division clash. [14] : 247 
  • Corps Wodrig forces the Germans' way across the Narew river; the corps subsequently wastes time with preparations to attack Różan (already evacuated by Polish defenders during the night of 5/6 September). [14] : 248 
  • XXII Corps severs the line between Warsaw and Częstochowa. [22] : 109 
  • Krakow is captured by German forces. [15] : Ch.III 
  • The Polish air force attempts a general offensive and musters 164 sorties with 13 victories and nine planes lost. In the evening, orders are given to move all remaining Polish fighters to Lublin, where 88 fighters are subsequently formed into the newly-improvised Pursuit Brigade. [14] : 160 
  • The Polish government and its accredited ambassadors evacuate Warsaw and relocate to Lublin. [22] : 102 
  • During the night of 6/7 September, the Wyszków Operational Group's progess is significantly hampered by logistical chaos when the 33rd and 41st Infantry Divisions become hopelessly entangled with each other, causing mass confusion among the troops. [14] : 247 

7 September

  • At 04:15 in the morning, Schleswig-Holstein opens the final bombardment against Westerplatte, whose defenders surrender around 10:15. [21] : 32 

8 September

  • German forces reach the outskirts of Warsaw; [15] : Ch.III  probing attacks by the 4th Panzer Division, which had judged Warsaw to be undefended the previous day, meet heavy Polish resistance in the Ochota suburb. [12] : 308 

9 September

  • 4th Panzer Division repeats its attack against Warsaw; Panzer Regiment 35 suffers heavy casualties, leading to the eventual recall of 4th Panzer Division from the Warsaw sector. [12] : 308f. 
  • The German 8th Army captures Łódź, and subsequently advances against a concentration of Polish forces southwest of Warsaw that was giving XVI Corps of 10th Army significant trouble. [7] : 123 
  • During the night of 9/10 September, the Poznan Army attempts a breakout attempt towards the south of Łódź and strikes the flank of the German 8th Army (primarily the 30th Infantry Division), [13] : 127  achieving operational surprise against the Germans. [23] : 11 

10 September

  • German 14th Army forces its way across the river San on both sides of Przemyśl. The gros of the 11th Polish Infantry Division is trapped inside Przemyśl. [24] : 208f. 

11 September

  • Poland's submarines are ordered via radio to attempt the breakout to British waters, or to otherwise seek internment in neutral ports. [16] : 15 
  • II Corps approaches Modlin Fortress, where parts of the corps settle in to besiege the defenders, while the main body of the corps advances towards Dębe. [7] : 123 

12 September

  • The German 207th Infantry Division breaks Polish positions at Reda and forces the Land Coastal Command to withdraw to Kępa Oksywsk. [14] : 168f. 
  • Wilhelm Canaris warns Wilhelm Keitel that the SS is making urgent preparations for imminent mass executions in German-occupied Poland; Keitel responds that these executions are approved by Hitler and that the Wehrmacht must tolerate them. [25] : 62 

13 September

  • The German Group Kaupisch enters Gdynia (Polish remnant resistance in the city continues until 19 September). [7] : 121 
  • Luftwaffe formations are concentrated against the area northeast of Lodz, where Polish marching columns make for appealing targets. [7] : 124 

14 September

15 September

  • XVIII Corps captures the fortress at Przemyśl. [7] : 124 

16 September

  • 4th Panzer Division attempts to cross the Bzura river to attack the Poznan Army in its German-encircled position, but is beaten back; Panzer Regiment 36 and SS Leibstandarte are temporarily trapped by Polish forces. [12] : 309 
  • German attackers are repulsed at Lviv. [7] : 124 
  • Order No. 005 of the Soviet Minsk Military District is read out to Soviet troops, promising them the "liberation of Ukrainian and Belarussian workers from Polish landowners and capitalists". [20] : 125 

17 September

  • In the Soviet invasion of Poland , the Red Army intervenes in the German-Polish war on the German side, beginning its advance towards the German-Soviet demarcation line agreed in the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. [20] : 125 
  • Rydz-Śmigły instructs Polish units in eastern Poland to avoid combat with the Red Army as far as possible and to withdraw towards the national frontiers with Romania and Hungary. [20] : 126f. 
  • XV Corps (of 10th Army) crosses the Warsaw—Sochaczew road and further tightens the chokehold around Warsaw. [7] : 124 

18 September

  • The main clashes of the Battle of the Bzura cease; OKH reports 120,000+ Polish prisoners from a total of 19 divisions and three cavalry brigades. [7] : 124 
  • Following Soviet pressure against the Estonian government, Orzel leaves Tallinn and begins its breakout towards the United Kingdom, which it would reach (without maps) on 14 October. [16] : 16 

19 September

  • German forces complete the encirclement of Warsaw, ending what the Germans would subsequently dub the "Eighteen Days Campaign". [26] : 132 
  • Krakow Army attempts a breakout towards the Romanian frontier through Tomaszow Lubelski. [23] : 12 
  • Pomorze Army and Poznan Army are forced to surrender. [15] : Ch.III 

20 September

  • Army Group South is ordered to abort its attacks and to withdraw west of the Vistula-San line to make space for the advancing Soviets. The German siege of Lviv is aborted and left to the Soviets. A German attack against the city by XVIII Army Corps planned for 21 September is cancelled. [17] : 118 
  • Clashes between Polish and Soviet forces at Grodno (" Battle of Grodno "). [20] : 129 

21 September

  • Polish garrison of Lviv unexpectedly attempts surrender to the withdrawing Germans; [17] : 118  occupation of Lviv is left to the Soviets, who take the city after an artillery bombardment. [27] : 83 
  • Reinhard Heydrich issues a directive to begin the concentration of Poland's Jews in the major cities to prepare the formation of ghettos and to ease subsequent deportations to concentration camps. [25] : 62 

22 September

24 September

27 September

  • Warsaw surrenders. [28] : 327  Polish general Tadeusz Kutrzeba meets with Johannes Blaskowitz to discuss the terms of surrender. [22] : 252 
  • In the early morning, the 19th Uhlans are ambushed by a Soviet tank column, but manage to repel the initial assault. [22] : 250 
  • 26th Uhlans and 27th Uhlans are surprised by strong Soviet armored formations (" Battle of Wladypol ") and shatter. Small groups of survivors begin to fight their way to the Hungarian border, some 40km away. [22] : 250 

28 September

  • Soviet-Polish battle at Szack; 52nd Rifle Division and 411th Tank Battalion forced in temporary retreats by Polish defenders. [20] : 130 
  • Germany and the Soviet Union sign a Border and Friendship Treaty and adjust the frontiers of occupied Poland. The Soviet Union publicly blames the Western Allies for the continuation of the war. [29] : 233–236 

29 September

  • The Polish garrison of Modlin fortress surrenders at 08:00; the roughly 35,000 defenders (including 4,000 wounded) are released as agreed in the surrender agreement, though most officers are subsequently recaptured in the following weeks and detained in POW camps. [22] : 255 

30 September

October

1 October

  • Around 02:00 at night, a Polish vanguard of the Border Protection Corps meets a column of Soviet tanks near Wytyczno and destroys four of them. As the BPC crosses the Bug river south of Włodawa to catch up with Independent Operational Group Polesie forces, a Soviet counterattack (" Battle of Wytyczno ") commences in the early morning. General Wilhelm Orlik-Rückemann decides to break up his force into small units and send them into various directions. Several massacres are subsequently committed by the Soviet pursuers against Polish groups of soldiers. [22] : 259f. 
  • After a final assault against Hela by the German Infantry Regiment 374 towards Hela, the Polish commander asks for an armistice around 14:00. [21] : 38 
  • At 14:30, the German mineseeker M85 is sunk by the Polish submarine Zbik with 23 lives lost, sole Polish submarine victory of the campaign. [21] : 39 
  • Ger. 10th Army is alerted to return to Germany to prepare operations against France.

3 October

  • Gerd von Rundstedt becomes military commander in German-occupied Poland. [17] : 118 

4 October

  • The final clashes of the campaign erupt in the Battle of Kock . [17] : 119 
  • Adolf Hitler issues a general armistice for any war crimes committed by German troops during the campaign against Poland. [30] : 58 

5 October

  • The Germans hold the first of their victory campaigns in Warsaw, which is filmed by Leni Riefenstahl. [22] : 265 
  • Around 19:30, General Kleeberg (the commander of the last active Polish formations in the Kock sector) gives orders to cease fighting. [22] : 267 

6 October

  • The final Polish resistance (around two divisions in strength, under General Kleeberg around Kock) surrender, ending the campaign. [7] : 123f. 

Related Research Articles

<i>Waffen-SS</i> Military branch of the Nazi SS

The Waffen-SS was the combat branch of the Nazi Party's paramilitary Schutzstaffel (SS) organisation. Its formations included men from Nazi Germany, along with volunteers and conscripts from both occupied and unoccupied lands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heinz Guderian</span> German general (1888–1954)

Heinz Wilhelm Guderian was a German general during World War II who, after the war, became a successful memoirist. An early pioneer and advocate of the "blitzkrieg" approach, he played a central role in the development of the panzer division concept. In 1936, he became the Inspector of Motorized Troops.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Invasion of Poland</span> German, Soviet, and Slovak attack at the beginning of World War II

The Invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign, Polish Campaign, War of Poland of 1939, and Polish Defensive War of 1939, was a joint attack on the Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Slovak Republic, and the Soviet Union; which marked the beginning of World War II. The German invasion began on 1 September 1939, one week after the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union, and one day after the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union had approved the pact. The Soviets invaded Poland on 17 September. The campaign ended on 6 October with Germany and the Soviet Union dividing and annexing the whole of Poland under the terms of the German–Soviet Frontier Treaty. The invasion is also known in Poland as the September campaign or 1939 defensive war and known in Germany as the Poland campaign.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Siege of Warsaw (1939)</span> Part of the German invasion of Poland

The siege of Warsaw in 1939 was fought between the Polish Warsaw Army garrisoned and entrenched in Warsaw and the invading German Army.

Independent Operational Group Polesie was one of the Polish Army Corps that defended Poland during the Invasion of Poland in 1939. It was created on 11 September 1939 and was commanded by general Franciszek Kleeberg. The SGO is most notable for fighting in the battle of Kock, the last battle of the Invasion of Poland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler</span> German armored division from 1933 to 1945

The 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler or SS Division Leibstandarte, abbreviated as LSSAH, began as Adolf Hitler's personal bodyguard unit, responsible for guarding the Führer's person, offices, and residences. Initially the size of a regiment, the LSSAH eventually grew into an elite division-sized unit during World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Wizna</span> Battle between Wehrmacht and Polish Army forces during the 1939 Invasion of Poland

The Battle of Wizna was fought between September 7 and September 10, 1939, between the forces of Poland and Germany during the initial stages of the invasion of Poland, which marked the beginning of the Second World War in Europe. According to Polish historian Leszek Moczulski, between 350 and 720 Poles defended a fortified line for three days against more than 40,000 Germans. Although defeat was inevitable, the Polish defence stalled the attacking forces for three days and postponed the encirclement of Independent Operational Group Narew fighting nearby. Eventually the tanks broke through the Polish line and German engineers eliminated all the shelters one by one. The last shelter surrendered around midday on September 10.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Brześć Litewski</span>

The Battle of Brześć Litewski was a World War II battle involving German and Polish forces that took place between 14 and 17 September 1939, near the town of Brześć Litewski. After three days of heavy fights for the stronghold in the town of Brześć, the Germans captured the fortress and the Poles withdrew.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Tuchola Forest</span>

The Battle of Tuchola Forest was one of the first battles of World War II, during the invasion of Poland. The battle occurred from 1 September to 5 September 1939 and resulted in a major German victory. Poor Polish command and control, as well as German numerical and tactical superiority, allowed the Germans to manage to cripple Poland's Armia Pomorze and, by breaking through the Polish Corridor, to connect mainland Germany with East Prussia.

The 1st Infantry Division, was one of the original infantry divisions of the Reichswehr and Wehrmacht that served throughout World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Erich Hoepner</span> German general

Erich Kurt Richard Hoepner was a German general during World War II. An early proponent of mechanisation and armoured warfare, he was a Wehrmacht army corps commander at the beginning of the war, leading his troops during the invasion of Poland and the Battle of France.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">13th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)</span> German army division during World War II

The 13th Panzer Division was a unit of the German Army during World War II, established in 1940.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Lwów (1939)</span>

The Battle of Lwów was a World War II battle for the control over the Polish city of Lwów between the Polish Army and the invading Wehrmacht and the Red Army. The city was seen as the key to the so-called Romanian Bridgehead and was defended at all cost.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">3rd SS Panzer Division Totenkopf</span> German armored division

The 3rd SS Panzer Division "Totenkopf" was an elite division of the Waffen-SS of Nazi Germany during World War II, formed from the Standarten of the SS-TV. Its name, Totenkopf, is German for "death's head" – the skull and crossbones symbol – and it is thus sometimes referred to as the Death's Head Division.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">4th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)</span> German army division during World War II

The 4th Panzer Division was an armored division in the Army of Nazi Germany.

The Battle of Mława, otherwise known as the Defence of the Mława position, took place to the north of the town of Mława in northern Poland between 1 and 3 September 1939. It was one of the opening battles of the Invasion of Poland and World War II in general. It was fought between the forces of the Polish Modlin Army under General Krukowicz-Przedrzymirski and the German 3rd Army under General Georg von Küchler.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">4th Panzer Army</span> Military unit of Nazi Germany

The 4th Panzer Army was a German panzer formation during World War II. As a key armoured component of the Wehrmacht, the army took part in the crucial battles of the German-Soviet war of 1941–45, including Operation Barbarossa, the Battle of Moscow, the Battle of Stalingrad, the Battle of Kursk, and the 1943 Battle of Kiev.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">I Army Corps (Wehrmacht)</span> Military unit

The I Army Corps was a corps of the German army during World War II. It was active between 1934 and 1945, and participated in the Invasion of Poland, the Battle of France and the campaigns on the Eastern Front before eventually ending the war trapped in the Courland Pocket.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">24th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)</span> Military unit

The 24th Infantry Division was a German Army infantry division active in World War II. It served across the Eastern Front in engagements such as the Sieges of Sevastopol and the Leningrad, finally being destroyed in the Courland Pocket in 1945.

The XIX Army Corps was an armored corps of the German Wehrmacht between 1 July 1939 and 16 November 1940, when the unit was renamed Panzer Group 2 and later 2nd Panzer Army. It took part in the Invasion of Poland and the Battle of France.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Overy, Richard (2022). The Origins of the Second World War (5th ed.). Routledge. ISBN   9781138963269.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Zaloga, Steven J.; Madej, Victor (1985). The Polish Campaign 1939. Hippocrene Books. ISBN   9780882549941.
  3. ↑ Foster, Alan J. (1991). "An Unequivocal Guarantee? Fleet Street and the British Guarantee to Poland, 31 March 1939". Journal of Contemporary History. 26 (1): 33–47. ISSN   0022-0094.
  4. ↑ Gruchmann, Lothar (1967). Der Zweite Weltkrieg: Kriegführung und Politik. DTV Wissenschaft. ISBN   9783423040105.
  5. 1 2 Grooss, Poul (2014). The Naval War in the Baltic, 1939–1945. Translated by Young, David. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN   9781526700001.
  6. ↑ Goeschel, Christian (2018). Mussolini and Hitler: The Forging of the Fascist Alliance. Yale University Press. ISBN   9780300178838.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Rohde, Horst (1979). "Hitlers erster „Blitzkrieg" und seine Auswirkungen auf Nordosteuropa". In Maier, Klaus A.; et al. (eds.). Die Errichtung der Hegemonie auf dem Europäischen Kontinent. Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg. Vol. 2. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. pp. 79–158. ISBN   0198228856.
  8. ↑ Burleigh, Michael (2010). Moral Combat: A History of World War II. HarperCollins. ISBN   9780007195763.
  9. 1 2 Winkler, Heinrich August (2015). The Age of Catastrophe: A History of the West, 1914–1945. Translated by Spencer, Stewart. Yale University Press. ISBN   9780300204896.
  10. ↑ Saunders, Alan (1984). Turning Points of World War II: The Invasion of Poland. Franklin Watts. ISBN   0531048640.
  11. ↑ Wandycz, Piotr S. (2011). "Poland and the Origins of the Second World War". In McDonough, Frank (ed.). The Origins of the Second World War: An International Perspective. London/New York: Continuum. pp. 374–393. ISBN   9781441107732.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pöhlmann, Markus (2016). Der Panzer und die Mechanisierung des Krieges: Eine deutsche Geschichte, 1890 bis 1945. Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh. ISBN   9783506783554.
  13. 1 2 3 Giziowski, Richard (1997). The Enigma of General Blaskowitz. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN   0781805031.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Forczyk, Robert (2019). Case White: The Invasion of Poland 1939. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN   9781472834935.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Neitzel, Sönke (2020). Deutsche Krieger: Vom Kaiserreich zur Berliner Republik – eine Militärgeschichte. Propyläen Verlag. ISBN   9783843723701.
  16. 1 2 3 Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (1968). Chronik des Seekrieges 1939–45. Herrsching: Manfred Pawlak Verlagsgesellschaft. ISBN   3881990097.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kennedy, Robert M. (1956). The German Campaign in Poland. Washington DC: US Department of the Army. ISBN   9781576383643.
  18. ↑ Graf, Jürgen; Mattogno, Carlo (1999). Das Konzentrationslager Stutthof: Seine Geschichte und Funktion in der nationalsozialistischen Judenpolitik. Castle Hill. ISBN   9781591481355.
  19. ↑ Friedrich, Klaus-Peter, ed. (2011). Polen, September 1939 – Juli 1941. Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland 1933 – 1945 (in German). Vol. 4. Munich: R. Oldenbourg. ISBN   9783486585254.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hill, Alexander (2017). The Red Army and the Second World War. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9781107020795.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 Piekalkiewicz, Janusz (1980). Seekrieg, 1939–1945. Munich: Südwest Verlag. ISBN   351700703X.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Piekalkiewicz, Janusz (1982). Polenfeldzug: Hitler und Stalin zerschlagen die Polnische Republik. Gustav Lübbe. ISBN   3785703260.
  23. 1 2 Zaloga, Steven J. (2002). Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg. Osprey Publishing. ISBN   1841764086.
  24. ↑ Mitcham, Samuel W. (2008). The Rise of the Wehrmacht: The German Armed Forces and World War II. Greenwood Press. ISBN   9780275996413.
  25. 1 2 3 Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler, the Germans, and the Final Solution. Yale University Press. ISBN   9780300124279.
  26. ↑ Citino, Robert M. (2011). "The Prussian Tradition, the Myth of the Blitzkrieg and the Illusion of German Military Dominance, 1939–41". In McDonough, Frank (ed.). The Origins of the Second World War: An International Perspective. Continuum. pp. 126–143. ISBN   9781441107732.
  27. ↑ Hoffmann, Joachim (1983). "Die Sowjetunion bis zum Vorabend des deutschen Angriffs". In Boog, Horst; et al. (eds.). Der Angriff auf die Sowjetunion. Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg. Vol. 4. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. pp. 38–97. ISBN   3421060983.
  28. ↑ Lukowski, Jerzy; Zawadski, Hubert (2019). A Concise History of Poland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9780521853323.
  29. ↑ Hofer, Walther, ed. (1977). Der Nationalsozialismus: Dokumente 1933-1945. Fischer. ISBN   3596260841.
  30. ↑ Förster, Jürgen (2009). Die Wehrmacht im NS-Staat: Eine strukturgeschichtliche Analyse (2nd ed.). Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag. ISBN   9783486591712.

See also

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.